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GNU troff
*********
* Menu:
* Introduction::
* Invoking groff::
* Tutorial for Macro Users::
* Macro Packages::
* gtroff Reference::
* Preprocessors::
* Output Devices::
* File formats::
* Installation::
* Copying This Manual::
* Request Index::
* Escape Index::
* Operator Index::
* Register Index::
* Macro Index::
* String Index::
* Glyph Name Index::
* Font File Keyword Index::
* Program and File Index::
* Concept Index::
This manual documents GNU 'troff' version 1.22.4.
Copyright (C) 1994-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
"GNU Free Documentation License."
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
developing GNU and promoting software freedom."
File: groff.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Invoking groff, Prev: Top, Up: Top
1 Introduction
**************
GNU 'troff' (or 'groff') is a system for typesetting documents. 'troff'
is very flexible and has been used extensively for some thirty years.
It is well entrenched in the Unix community.
* Menu:
* What Is groff?::
* History::
* groff Capabilities::
* Macro Package Intro::
* Preprocessor Intro::
* Output device intro::
* Credits::
File: groff.info, Node: What Is groff?, Next: History, Prev: Introduction, Up: Introduction
1.1 What Is 'groff'?
====================
'groff' belongs to an older generation of document preparation systems,
which operate more like compilers than the more recent interactive
WYSIWYG(1) (*note What Is groff?-Footnote-1::) systems. 'groff' and its
contemporary counterpart, TeX, both work using a "batch" paradigm: The
input (or "source") files are normal text files with embedded formatting
commands. These files can then be processed by 'groff' to produce a
typeset document on a variety of devices.
'groff' should not be confused with a "word processor", an integrated
system of editor and text formatter. Also, many word processors follow
the WYSIWYG paradigm discussed earlier.
Although WYSIWYG systems may be easier to use, they have a number of
disadvantages compared to 'troff':
* They must be used on a graphics display to work on a document.
* Most of the WYSIWYG systems are either non-free or are not very
portable.
* 'troff' is firmly entrenched in all Unix systems.
* It is difficult to have a wide range of capabilities within the
confines of a GUI/window system.
* It is more difficult to make global changes to a document.
"GUIs normally make it simple to accomplish simple actions and
impossible to accomplish complex actions." -Doug Gwyn (22/Jun/91
in 'comp.unix.wizards')
File: groff.info, Node: History, Next: groff Capabilities, Prev: What Is groff?, Up: Introduction
1.2 History
===========
'troff' can trace its origins back to a formatting program called
'RUNOFF', written by Jerry Saltzer, which ran on the CTSS (_Compatible
Time Sharing System_, a project of MIT, the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology) in the mid-sixties.(1) (*note History-Footnote-1::) The
name came from the use of the phrase "run off a document", meaning to
print it out. Bob Morris ported it to the 635 architecture and called
the program 'roff' (an abbreviation of 'runoff'). It was rewritten as
'rf' for the PDP-7 (before having Unix), and at the same time (1969),
Doug McIlroy rewrote an extended and simplified version of 'roff' in the
BCPL programming language.
In 1971, the Unix developers wanted to get a PDP-11, and to justify
the cost, proposed the development of a document formatting system for
the AT&T patents division. This first formatting program was a
reimplementation of McIlroy's 'roff', written by J. F. Ossanna.
When they needed a more flexible language, a new version of 'roff'
called 'nroff' ("Newer 'roff'") was written. It had a much more
complicated syntax, but provided the basis for all future versions.
When they got a Graphic Systems CAT Phototypesetter, Ossanna wrote a
version of 'nroff' that would drive it. It was dubbed 'troff', for
"typesetter 'roff'", although many people have speculated that it
actually means "Times 'roff'" because of the use of the Times font
family in 'troff' by default. As such, the name 'troff' is pronounced
't-roff' rather than 'trough'.
With 'troff' came 'nroff' (they were actually the same program except
for some '#ifdef's), which was for producing output for line printers
and character terminals. It understood everything 'troff' did, and
ignored the commands that were not applicable (e.g. font changes).
Since there are several things that cannot be done easily in 'troff',
work on several preprocessors began. These programs would transform
certain parts of a document into 'troff', which made a very natural use
of pipes in Unix.
The 'eqn' preprocessor allowed mathematical formulae to be specified
in a much simpler and more intuitive manner. 'tbl' is a preprocessor
for formatting tables. The 'refer' preprocessor (and the similar
program, 'bib') processes citations in a document according to a
bibliographic database.
Unfortunately, Ossanna's 'troff' was written in PDP-11 assembly
language and produced output specifically for the CAT phototypesetter.
He rewrote it in C, although it was now 7000 lines of uncommented code
and still dependent on the CAT. As the CAT became less common, and was
no longer supported by the manufacturer, the need to make it support
other devices became a priority. However, before this could be done,
Ossanna died by a severe heart attack in a hospital while recovering
from a previous one.
So, Brian Kernighan took on the task of rewriting 'troff'. The newly
rewritten version produced device independent code that was very easy
for postprocessors to read and translate to the appropriate printer
codes. Also, this new version of 'troff' (called 'ditroff' for "device
independent 'troff'") had several extensions, which included drawing
functions.
Due to the additional abilities of the new version of 'troff',
several new preprocessors appeared. The 'pic' preprocessor provides a
wide range of drawing functions. Likewise the 'ideal' preprocessor did
the same, although via a much different paradigm. The 'grap'
preprocessor took specifications for graphs, but, unlike other
preprocessors, produced 'pic' code.
James Clark began work on a GNU implementation of 'ditroff' in
early 1989. The first version, 'groff' 0.3.1, was released June 1990.
'groff' included:
* A replacement for 'ditroff' with many extensions.
* The 'soelim', 'pic', 'tbl', and 'eqn' preprocessors.
* Postprocessors for character devices, POSTSCRIPT, TeX DVI, and
X Windows. GNU 'troff' also eliminated the need for a separate
'nroff' program with a postprocessor that would produce ASCII
output.
* A version of the 'me' macros and an implementation of the 'man'
macros.
Also, a front-end was included that could construct the, sometimes
painfully long, pipelines required for all the post- and preprocessors.
Development of GNU 'troff' progressed rapidly, and saw the additions
of a replacement for 'refer', an implementation of the 'ms' and 'mm'
macros, and a program to deduce how to format a document ('grog').
It was declared a stable (i.e. non-beta) package with the release of
version 1.04 around November 1991.
Beginning in 1999, 'groff' has new maintainers (the package was an
orphan for a few years). As a result, new features and programs like
'grn', a preprocessor for gremlin images, and an output device to
produce HTML and XHTML have been added.
File: groff.info, Node: groff Capabilities, Next: Macro Package Intro, Prev: History, Up: Introduction
1.3 'groff' Capabilities
========================
So what exactly is 'groff' capable of doing? 'groff' provides a wide
range of low-level text formatting operations. Using these, it is
possible to perform a wide range of formatting tasks, such as footnotes,
table of contents, multiple columns, etc. Here's a list of the most
important operations supported by 'groff':
* text filling, adjusting, and centering
* hyphenation
* page control
* font and glyph size control
* vertical spacing (e.g. double-spacing)
* line length and indenting
* macros, strings, diversions, and traps
* number registers
* tabs, leaders, and fields
* input and output conventions and character translation
* overstrike, bracket, line drawing, and zero-width functions
* local horizontal and vertical motions and the width function
* three-part titles
* output line numbering
* conditional acceptance of input
* environment switching
* insertions from the standard input
* input/output file switching
* output and error messages
File: groff.info, Node: Macro Package Intro, Next: Preprocessor Intro, Prev: groff Capabilities, Up: Introduction
1.4 Macro Packages
==================
Since 'groff' provides such low-level facilities, it can be quite
difficult to use by itself. However, 'groff' provides a "macro"
facility to specify how certain routine operations (e.g. starting
paragraphs, printing headers and footers, etc.) should be done. These
macros can be collected together into a "macro package". There are a
number of macro packages available; the most common (and the ones
described in this manual) are 'man', 'mdoc', 'me', 'ms', and 'mm'.
File: groff.info, Node: Preprocessor Intro, Next: Output device intro, Prev: Macro Package Intro, Up: Introduction
1.5 Preprocessors
=================
Although 'groff' provides most functions needed to format a document,
some operations would be unwieldy (e.g. to draw pictures). Therefore,
programs called "preprocessors" were written that understand their own
language and produce the necessary 'groff' operations. These
preprocessors are able to differentiate their own input from the rest of
the document via markers.
To use a preprocessor, Unix pipes are used to feed the output from
the preprocessor into 'groff'. Any number of preprocessors may be used
on a given document; in this case, the preprocessors are linked together
into one pipeline. However, with 'groff', the user does not need to
construct the pipe, but only tell 'groff' what preprocessors to use.
'groff' currently has preprocessors for producing tables ('tbl'),
typesetting equations ('eqn'), drawing pictures ('pic' and 'grn'),
processing bibliographies ('refer'), and drawing chemical structures
('chem'). An associated program that is useful when dealing with
preprocessors is 'soelim'.
A free implementation of 'grap', a preprocessor for drawing graphs,
can be obtained as an extra package; 'groff' can use 'grap' also.
Unique to 'groff' is the 'preconv' preprocessor that enables 'groff'
to handle documents in various input encodings.
There are other preprocessors in existence, but, unfortunately, no
free implementations are available. Among them is a preprocessor for
drawing mathematical pictures ('ideal').
File: groff.info, Node: Output device intro, Next: Credits, Prev: Preprocessor Intro, Up: Introduction
1.6 Output Devices
==================
'groff' actually produces device independent code that may be fed into a
postprocessor to produce output for a particular device. Currently,
'groff' has postprocessors for POSTSCRIPT devices, character terminals,
X Windows (for previewing), TeX DVI format, HP LaserJet 4 and Canon LBP
printers (which use CAPSL), HTML, XHTML, and PDF.
File: groff.info, Node: Credits, Prev: Output device intro, Up: Introduction
1.7 Credits
===========
Large portions of this manual were taken from existing documents, most
notably, the manual pages for the 'groff' package by James Clark, and
Eric Allman's papers on the 'me' macro package.
The section on the 'man' macro package is partly based on Susan G.
Kleinmann's 'groff_man' manual page written for the Debian GNU/Linux
system.
Larry Kollar contributed the section on the 'ms' macro package.
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking groff, Next: Tutorial for Macro Users, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
2 Invoking 'groff'
******************
This section focuses on how to invoke the 'groff' front end. This front
end takes care of the details of constructing the pipeline among the
preprocessors, 'gtroff' and the postprocessor.
It has become a tradition that GNU programs get the prefix 'g' to
distinguish it from its original counterparts provided by the host (see
*note Environment::, for more details). Thus, for example, 'geqn' is
GNU 'eqn'. On operating systems like GNU/Linux or the Hurd, which don't
contain proprietary versions of 'troff', and on MS-DOS/MS-Windows, where
'troff' and associated programs are not available at all, this prefix is
omitted since GNU 'troff' is the only used incarnation of 'troff'.
Exception: 'groff' is never replaced by 'roff'.
In this document, we consequently say 'gtroff' when talking about the
GNU 'troff' program. All other implementations of 'troff' are called
AT&T 'troff', which is the common origin of all 'troff' derivates (with
more or less compatible changes). Similarly, we say 'gpic', 'geqn',
etc.
* Menu:
* Groff Options::
* Environment::
* Macro Directories::
* Font Directories::
* Paper Size::
* Invocation Examples::
File: groff.info, Node: Groff Options, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking groff, Up: Invoking groff
2.1 Options
===========
'groff' normally runs the 'gtroff' program and a postprocessor
appropriate for the selected device. The default device is 'ps' (but it
can be changed when 'groff' is configured and built). It can optionally
preprocess with any of 'gpic', 'geqn', 'gtbl', 'ggrn', 'grap', 'gchem',
'grefer', 'gsoelim', or 'preconv'.
This section only documents options to the 'groff' front end. Many
of the arguments to 'groff' are passed on to 'gtroff', therefore those
are also included. Arguments to pre- or postprocessors can be found in
*note Invoking gpic::, *note Invoking geqn::, *note Invoking gtbl::,
*note Invoking ggrn::, *note Invoking grefer::, *note Invoking gchem::,
*note Invoking gsoelim::, *note Invoking preconv::, *note Invoking
grotty::, *note Invoking grops::, *note Invoking gropdf::, *note
Invoking grohtml::, *note Invoking grodvi::, *note Invoking grolj4::,
*note Invoking grolbp::, and *note Invoking gxditview::.
The command-line format for 'groff' is:
groff [ -abceghijklpstvzCEGNRSUVXZ ] [ -dCS ] [ -DARG ]
[ -fFAM ] [ -FDIR ] [ -IDIR ] [ -KARG ]
[ -LARG ] [ -mNAME ] [ -MDIR ] [ -nNUM ]
[ -oLIST ] [ -PARG ] [ -rCN ] [ -TDEV ]
[ -wNAME ] [ -WNAME ] [ FILES... ]
The command-line format for 'gtroff' is as follows.
gtroff [ -abcivzCERU ] [ -dCS ] [ -fFAM ] [ -FDIR ]
[ -mNAME ] [ -MDIR ] [ -nNUM ] [ -oLIST ]
[ -rCN ] [ -TNAME ] [ -wNAME ] [ -WNAME ]
[ FILES... ]
Obviously, many of the options to 'groff' are actually passed on to
'gtroff'.
Options without an argument can be grouped behind a single '-'. A
filename of '-' denotes the standard input. It is possible to have
whitespace between an option and its parameter.
The 'grog' command can be used to guess the correct 'groff' command
to format a file.
Here's the description of the command-line options:
'-a'
Generate an ASCII approximation of the typeset output. The
read-only register '.A' is then set to 1. *Note Built-in
Registers::. A typical example is
groff -a -man -Tdvi troff.man | less
which shows how lines are broken for the DVI device. Note that
this option is rather useless today since graphic output devices
are available virtually everywhere.
'-b'
Print a backtrace with each warning or error message. This
backtrace should help track down the cause of the error. The line
numbers given in the backtrace may not always be correct: 'gtroff'
can get confused by 'as' or 'am' requests while counting line
numbers.
'-c'
Suppress color output.
'-C'
Enable compatibility mode. *Note Implementation Differences::, for
the list of incompatibilities between 'groff' and AT&T 'troff'.
'-dCS'
'-dNAME=S'
Define C or NAME to be a string S. C must be a one-letter name;
NAME can be of arbitrary length. All string assignments happen
before loading any macro file (including the start-up file).
'-DARG'
Set default input encoding used by 'preconv' to ARG. Implies '-k'.
'-e'
Preprocess with 'geqn'.
'-E'
Inhibit all error messages.
'-fFAM'
Use FAM as the default font family. *Note Font Families::.
'-FDIR'
Search 'DIR' for subdirectories 'devNAME' (NAME is the name of the
device), for the 'DESC' file, and for font files before looking in
the standard directories (*note Font Directories::). This option
is passed to all pre- and postprocessors using the
'GROFF_FONT_PATH' environment variable.
'-g'
Preprocess with 'ggrn'.
'-G'
Preprocess with 'grap'. Implies '-p'.
'-h'
Print a help message.
'-i'
Read the standard input after all the named input files have been
processed.
'-IDIR'
This option may be used to specify a directory to search for files.
It is passed to the following programs:
* 'gsoelim' (see *note gsoelim:: for more details); it also
implies 'groff''s '-s' option.
* 'gtroff'; it is used to search files named in the 'psbb' and
'so' requests.
* 'grops'; it is used to search files named in the
'\X'ps: import' and '\X'ps: file' escapes.
The current directory is always searched first. This option may be
specified more than once; the directories are searched in the order
specified. No directory search is performed for files specified
using an absolute path.
'-j'
Preprocess with 'gchem'. Implies '-p'.
'-k'
Preprocess with 'preconv'. This is run before any other
preprocessor. Please refer to 'preconv''s manual page for its
behaviour if no '-K' (or '-D') option is specified.
'-KARG'
Set input encoding used by preconv to ARG. Implies '-k'.
'-l'
Send the output to a spooler for printing. The command used for
this is specified by the 'print' command in the device description
file (see *note Font Files::, for more info). If not present, '-l'
is ignored.
'-LARG'
Pass ARG to the spooler. Each argument should be passed with a
separate '-L' option. Note that 'groff' does not prepend a '-' to
ARG before passing it to the postprocessor. If the 'print' keyword
in the device description file is missing, '-L' is ignored.
'-mNAME'
Read in the file 'NAME.tmac'. Normally 'groff' searches for this
in its macro directories. If it isn't found, it tries 'tmac.NAME'
(searching in the same directories).
'-MDIR'
Search directory 'DIR' for macro files before the standard
directories (*note Macro Directories::).
'-nNUM'
Number the first page NUM.
'-N'
Don't allow newlines with 'eqn' delimiters. This is the same as
the '-N' option in 'geqn'.
'-oLIST'
Output only pages in LIST, which is a comma-separated list of page
ranges; 'N' means print page N, 'M-N' means print every page
between M and N, '-N' means print every page up to N, 'N-' means
print every page beginning with N. 'gtroff' exits after printing
the last page in the list. All the ranges are inclusive on both
ends.
Within 'gtroff', this information can be extracted with the '.P'
register. *Note Built-in Registers::.
If your document restarts page numbering at the beginning of each
chapter, then 'gtroff' prints the specified page range for each
chapter.
'-p'
Preprocess with 'gpic'.
'-PARG'
Pass ARG to the postprocessor. Each argument should be passed with
a separate '-P' option. Note that 'groff' does not prepend '-' to
ARG before passing it to the postprocessor.
'-rCN'
'-rNAME=N'
Set number register C or NAME to the value N. C must be a
one-letter name; NAME can be of arbitrary length. N can be any
'gtroff' numeric expression. All register assignments happen
before loading any macro file (including the start-up file).
'-R'
Preprocess with 'grefer'. No mechanism is provided for passing
arguments to 'grefer' because most 'grefer' options have equivalent
commands that can be included in the file. *Note grefer::, for
more details.
Note that 'gtroff' also accepts a '-R' option, which is not
accessible via 'groff'. This option prevents the loading of the
'troffrc' and 'troffrc-end' files.
'-s'
Preprocess with 'gsoelim'.
'-S'
Safer mode. Pass the '-S' option to 'gpic' and disable the 'open',
'opena', 'pso', 'sy', and 'pi' requests. For security reasons,
this is enabled by default.
'-t'
Preprocess with 'gtbl'.
'-TDEV'
Prepare output for device DEV. The default device is 'ps', unless
changed when 'groff' was configured and built. The following are
the output devices currently available:
'ps'
For POSTSCRIPT printers and previewers.
'pdf'
For PDF viewers or printers.
'dvi'
For TeX DVI format.
'X75'
For a 75dpi X11 previewer.
'X75-12'
For a 75dpi X11 previewer with a 12pt base font in the
document.
'X100'
For a 100dpi X11 previewer.
'X100-12'
For a 100dpi X11 previewer with a 12pt base font in the
document.
'ascii'
For typewriter-like devices using the (7-bit) ASCII character
set.
'latin1'
For typewriter-like devices that support the Latin-1
(ISO 8859-1) character set.
'utf8'
For typewriter-like devices that use the Unicode (ISO 10646)
character set with UTF-8 encoding.
'cp1047'
For typewriter-like devices that use the EBCDIC encoding IBM
cp1047.
'lj4'
For HP LaserJet4-compatible (or other PCL5-compatible)
printers.
'lbp'
For Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser
printers).
'html'
'xhtml'
To produce HTML and XHTML output, respectively. Note that
this driver consists of two parts, a preprocessor
('pre-grohtml') and a postprocessor ('post-grohtml').
The predefined 'gtroff' string register '.T' contains the current
output device; the read-only number register '.T' is set to 1 if
this option is used (which is always true if 'groff' is used to
call 'gtroff'). *Note Built-in Registers::.
The postprocessor to be used for a device is specified by the
'postpro' command in the device description file. (*Note Font
Files::, for more info.) This can be overridden with the '-X'
option.
'-U'
Unsafe mode. This enables the 'open', 'opena', 'pso', 'sy', and
'pi' requests.
'-wNAME'
Enable warning NAME. Available warnings are described in *note
Debugging::. Multiple '-w' options are allowed.
'-WNAME'
Inhibit warning NAME. Multiple '-W' options are allowed.
'-v'
Make programs run by 'groff' print out their version number.
'-V'
Print the pipeline on 'stdout' instead of executing it. If
specified more than once, print the pipeline on 'stderr' and
execute it.
'-X'
Preview with 'gxditview' instead of using the usual postprocessor.
This is unlikely to produce good results except with '-Tps'.
Note that this is not the same as using '-TX75' or '-TX100' to view
a document with 'gxditview': The former uses the metrics of the
specified device, whereas the latter uses X-specific fonts and
metrics.
'-z'
Suppress output from 'gtroff'. Only error messages are printed.
'-Z'
Do not postprocess the output of 'gtroff'. Normally 'groff'
automatically runs the appropriate postprocessor.
File: groff.info, Node: Environment, Next: Macro Directories, Prev: Groff Options, Up: Invoking groff
2.2 Environment
===============
There are also several environment variables (of the operating system,
not within 'gtroff') that can modify the behavior of 'groff'.
'GROFF_BIN_PATH'
This search path, followed by 'PATH', is used for commands executed
by 'groff'.
'GROFF_COMMAND_PREFIX'
If this is set to X, then 'groff' runs 'Xtroff' instead of
'gtroff'. This also applies to 'tbl', 'pic', 'eqn', 'grn', 'chem',
'refer', and 'soelim'. It does not apply to 'grops', 'grodvi',
'grotty', 'pre-grohtml', 'post-grohtml', 'preconv', 'grolj4',
'gropdf', and 'gxditview'.
The default command prefix is determined during the installation
process. If a non-GNU troff system is found, prefix 'g' is used,
none otherwise.
'GROFF_ENCODING'
The value of this environment value is passed to the 'preconv'
preprocessor to select the encoding of input files. Setting this
option implies 'groff''s command-line option '-k' (that is, 'groff'
actually always calls 'preconv'). If set without a value, 'groff'
calls 'preconv' without arguments. An explicit '-K' command-line
option overrides the value of 'GROFF_ENCODING'. See the manual
page of 'preconv' for details.
'GROFF_FONT_PATH'
A colon-separated list of directories in which to search for the
'dev'NAME directory (before the default directories are tried).
*Note Font Directories::.
'GROFF_TMAC_PATH'
A colon-separated list of directories in which to search for macro
files (before the default directories are tried). *Note Macro
Directories::.
'GROFF_TMPDIR'
The directory in which 'groff' creates temporary files. If this is
not set and 'TMPDIR' is set, temporary files are created in that
directory. Otherwise temporary files are created in a
system-dependent default directory (on Unix and GNU/Linux systems,
this is usually '/tmp'). 'grops', 'grefer', 'pre-grohtml', and
'post-grohtml' can create temporary files in this directory.
'GROFF_TYPESETTER'
The default output device.
'SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH'
A timestamp (expressed as seconds since the Unix epoch) to use in
place of the current time when initializing time-based built-in
registers such as '\n[seconds]'.
Note that MS-DOS and MS-Windows ports of 'groff' use semi-colons,
rather than colons, to separate the directories in the lists described
above.
File: groff.info, Node: Macro Directories, Next: Font Directories, Prev: Environment, Up: Invoking groff
2.3 Macro Directories
=====================
All macro file names must be named 'NAME.tmac' or 'tmac.NAME' to make
the '-mNAME' command-line option work. The 'mso' request doesn't have
this restriction; any file name can be used, and 'gtroff' won't try to
append or prepend the 'tmac' string.
Macro files are kept in the "tmac directories", all of which
constitute the "tmac path". The elements of the search path for macro
files are (in that order):
* The directories specified with 'gtroff''s or 'groff''s '-M'
command-line option.
* The directories given in the 'GROFF_TMAC_PATH' environment
variable.
* The current directory (only if in unsafe mode using the '-U'
command-line switch).
* The home directory.
* A platform-dependent directory, a site-specific
(platform-independent) directory, and the main tmac directory; the
default locations are
/usr/local/lib/groff/site-tmac
/usr/local/share/groff/site-tmac
/usr/local/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac
assuming that the version of 'groff' is 1.22.3, and the
installation prefix was '/usr/local'. It is possible to fine-tune
those directories during the installation process.
File: groff.info, Node: Font Directories, Next: Paper Size, Prev: Macro Directories, Up: Invoking groff
2.4 Font Directories
====================
Basically, there is no restriction how font files for 'groff' are named
and how long font names are; however, to make the font family mechanism
work (*note Font Families::), fonts within a family should start with
the family name, followed by the shape. For example, the Times family
uses 'T' for the family name and 'R', 'B', 'I', and 'BI' to indicate the
shapes 'roman', 'bold', 'italic', and 'bold italic', respectively. Thus
the final font names are 'TR', 'TB', 'TI', and 'TBI'.
All font files are kept in the "font directories", which constitute
the "font path". The file search functions always append the directory
'dev'NAME, where NAME is the name of the output device. Assuming, say,
DVI output, and '/foo/bar' as a font directory, the font files for
'grodvi' must be in '/foo/bar/devdvi'.
The elements of the search path for font files are (in that order):
* The directories specified with 'gtroff''s or 'groff''s '-F'
command-line option. All device drivers and some preprocessors
also have this option.
* The directories given in the 'GROFF_FONT_PATH' environment
variable.
* A site-specific directory and the main font directory; the default
locations are
/usr/local/share/groff/site-font
/usr/local/share/groff/1.22.3/font
assuming that the version of 'groff' is 1.22.3, and the
installation prefix was '/usr/local'. It is possible to fine-tune
those directories during the installation process.
File: groff.info, Node: Paper Size, Next: Invocation Examples, Prev: Font Directories, Up: Invoking groff
2.5 Paper Size
==============
In groff, the page size for 'gtroff' and for output devices are handled
separately. *Note Page Layout::, for vertical manipulation of the page
size. *Note Line Layout::, for horizontal changes.
A default paper size can be set in the device's 'DESC' file. Most
output devices also have a command-line option '-p' to override the
default paper size and option '-l' to use landscape orientation. *Note
DESC File Format::, for a description of the 'papersize' keyword, which
takes the same argument as '-p'.
A convenient shorthand to set a particular paper size for 'gtroff' is
command-line option '-dpaper=SIZE'. This defines string 'paper', which
is processed in file 'papersize.tmac' (loaded in the start-up file
'troffrc' by default). Possible values for SIZE are the same as the
predefined values for the 'papersize' keyword (but only in lowercase)
except 'a7'-'d7'. An appended 'l' (ell) character denotes landscape
orientation.
For example, use the following for PS output on A4 paper in landscape
orientation:
groff -Tps -dpaper=a4l -P-pa4 -P-l -ms foo.ms > foo.ps
Note that it is up to the particular macro package to respect default
page dimensions set in this way (most do).
File: groff.info, Node: Invocation Examples, Prev: Paper Size, Up: Invoking groff
2.6 Invocation Examples
=======================
This section lists several common uses of 'groff' and the corresponding
command lines.
groff file
This command processes 'file' without a macro package or a preprocessor.
The output device is the default, 'ps', and the output is sent to
'stdout'.
groff -t -mandoc -Tascii file | less
This is basically what a call to the 'man' program does. 'gtroff'
processes the manual page 'file' with the 'mandoc' macro file (which in
turn either calls the 'man' or the 'mdoc' macro package), using the
'tbl' preprocessor and the ASCII output device. Finally, the 'less'
pager displays the result.
groff -X -m me file
Preview 'file' with 'gxditview', using the 'me' macro package. Since no
'-T' option is specified, use the default device ('ps'). Note that you
can either say '-m me' or '-me'; the latter is an anachronism from the
early days of Unix.(1) (*note Invocation Examples-Footnote-1::)
groff -man -rD1 -z file
Check 'file' with the 'man' macro package, forcing double-sided printing
- don't produce any output.
* Menu:
* grog::
File: groff.info, Node: grog, Prev: Invocation Examples, Up: Invocation Examples
2.6.1 'grog'
------------
'grog' reads files, guesses which of the 'groff' preprocessors and/or
macro packages are required for formatting them, and prints the 'groff'
command including those options on the standard output. It generates
one or more of the options '-e', '-man', '-me', '-mm', '-mom', '-ms',
'-mdoc', '-mdoc-old', '-p', '-R', '-g', '-G', '-s', and '-t'.
A special file name '-' refers to the standard input. Specifying no
files also means to read the standard input. Any specified options are
included in the printed command. No space is allowed between options
and their arguments. The only options recognized are '-C' (which is
also passed on) to enable compatibility mode, and '-v' to print the
version number and exit.
For example,
grog -Tdvi paper.ms
guesses the appropriate command to print 'paper.ms' and then prints it
to the command line after adding the '-Tdvi' option. For direct
execution, enclose the call to 'grog' in backquotes at the Unix shell
prompt:
`grog -Tdvi paper.ms` > paper.dvi
As seen in the example, it is still necessary to redirect the output to
something meaningful (i.e. either a file or a pager program like
'less').
File: groff.info, Node: Tutorial for Macro Users, Next: Macro Packages, Prev: Invoking groff, Up: Top
3 Tutorial for Macro Users
**************************
Most users tend to use a macro package to format their papers. This
means that the whole breadth of 'groff' is not necessary for most
people. This chapter covers the material needed to efficiently use a
macro package.
* Menu:
* Basics::
* Common Features::
File: groff.info, Node: Basics, Next: Common Features, Prev: Tutorial for Macro Users, Up: Tutorial for Macro Users
3.1 Basics
==========
This section covers some of the basic concepts necessary to understand
how to use a macro package.(1) (*note Basics-Footnote-1::) References
are made throughout to more detailed information, if desired.
'gtroff' reads an input file prepared by the user and outputs a
formatted document suitable for publication or framing. The input
consists of text, or words to be printed, and embedded commands
("requests" and "escapes"), which tell 'gtroff' how to format the
output. For more detail on this, see *note Embedded Commands::.
The word "argument" is used in this chapter to mean a word or number
that appears on the same line as a request, and which modifies the
meaning of that request. For example, the request
.sp
spaces one line, but
.sp 4
spaces four lines. The number 4 is an argument to the 'sp' request,
which says to space four lines instead of one. Arguments are separated
from the request and from each other by spaces (_no_ tabs). More
details on this can be found in *note Request and Macro Arguments::.
The primary function of 'gtroff' is to collect words from input
lines, fill output lines with those words, justify the right-hand margin
by inserting extra spaces in the line, and output the result. For
example, the input:
Now is the time
for all good men
to come to the aid
of their party.
Four score and seven
years ago, etc.
is read, packed onto output lines, and justified to produce:
Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their party.
Four score and seven years ago, etc.
Sometimes a new output line should be started even though the current
line is not yet full; for example, at the end of a paragraph. To do
this it is possible to cause a "break", which starts a new output line.
Some requests cause a break automatically, as normally do blank input
lines and input lines beginning with a space.
Not all input lines are text to be formatted. Some input lines are
requests that describe how to format the text. Requests always have a
period ('.') or an apostrophe (''') as the first character of the input
line.
The text formatter also does more complex things, such as
automatically numbering pages, skipping over page boundaries, putting
footnotes in the correct place, and so forth.
Here are a few hints for preparing text for input to 'gtroff'.
* First, keep the input lines short. Short input lines are easier to
edit, and 'gtroff' packs words onto longer lines anyhow.
* In keeping with this, it is helpful to begin a new line after every
comma or phrase, since common corrections are to add or delete
sentences or phrases.
* End each sentence with two spaces - or better, start each sentence
on a new line. 'gtroff' recognizes characters that usually end a
sentence, and inserts sentence space accordingly.
* Do not hyphenate words at the end of lines - 'gtroff' is smart
enough to hyphenate words as needed, but is not smart enough to
take hyphens out and join a word back together. Also, words such
as "mother-in-law" should not be broken over a line, since then a
space can occur where not wanted, such as "mother- in-law".
'gtroff' double-spaces output text automatically if you use the
request '.ls 2'. Reactivate single-spaced mode by typing '.ls 1'.(2)
(*note Basics-Footnote-2::)
A number of requests allow to change the way the output looks,
sometimes called the "layout" of the output page. Most of these
requests adjust the placing of "whitespace" (blank lines or spaces).
The 'bp' request starts a new page, causing a line break.
The request '.sp N' leaves N lines of blank space. N can be omitted
(meaning skip a single line) or can be of the form Ni (for N inches) or
Nc (for N centimeters). For example, the input:
.sp 1.5i
My thoughts on the subject
.sp
leaves one and a half inches of space, followed by the line "My thoughts
on the subject", followed by a single blank line (more measurement units
are available, see *note Measurements::).
Text lines can be centered by using the 'ce' request. The line after
'ce' is centered (horizontally) on the page. To center more than one
line, use '.ce N' (where N is the number of lines to center), followed
by the N lines. To center many lines without counting them, type:
.ce 1000
lines to center
.ce 0
The '.ce 0' request tells 'groff' to center zero more lines, in other
words, stop centering.
All of these requests cause a break; that is, they always start a new
line. To start a new line without performing any other action, use
'br'.
File: groff.info, Node: Common Features, Prev: Basics, Up: Tutorial for Macro Users
3.2 Common Features
===================
'gtroff' provides very low-level operations for formatting a document.
There are many common routine operations that are done in all documents.
These common operations are written into "macros" and collected into a
"macro package".
All macro packages provide certain common capabilities that fall into
the following categories.
* Menu:
* Paragraphs::
* Sections and Chapters::
* Headers and Footers::
* Page Layout Adjustment::
* Displays::
* Footnotes and Annotations::
* Table of Contents::
* Indices::
* Paper Formats::
* Multiple Columns::
* Font and Size Changes::
* Predefined Strings::
* Preprocessor Support::
* Configuration and Customization::
File: groff.info, Node: Paragraphs, Next: Sections and Chapters, Prev: Common Features, Up: Common Features
3.2.1 Paragraphs
----------------
One of the most common and most used capability is starting a paragraph.
There are a number of different types of paragraphs, any of which can be
initiated with macros supplied by the macro package. Normally,
paragraphs start with a blank line and the first line indented, like the
text in this manual. There are also block style paragraphs, which omit
the indentation:
Some men look at constitutions with sanctimonious
reverence, and deem them like the ark of the covenant, too
sacred to be touched.
And there are also indented paragraphs, which begin with a tag or label
at the margin and the remaining text indented.
one This is the first paragraph. Notice how the first
line of the resulting paragraph lines up with the
other lines in the paragraph.
longlabel
This paragraph had a long label. The first
character of text on the first line does not line up
with the text on second and subsequent lines,
although they line up with each other.
A variation of this is a bulleted list.
. Bulleted lists start with a bullet. It is possible
to use other glyphs instead of the bullet. In nroff
mode using the ASCII character set for output, a dot
is used instead of a real bullet.
File: groff.info, Node: Sections and Chapters, Next: Headers and Footers, Prev: Paragraphs, Up: Common Features
3.2.2 Sections and Chapters
---------------------------
Most macro packages supply some form of section headers. The simplest
kind is simply the heading on a line by itself in bold type. Others
supply automatically numbered section heading or different heading
styles at different levels. Some, more sophisticated, macro packages
supply macros for starting chapters and appendices.
File: groff.info, Node: Headers and Footers, Next: Page Layout Adjustment, Prev: Sections and Chapters, Up: Common Features
3.2.3 Headers and Footers
-------------------------
Every macro package gives some way to manipulate the "headers" and
"footers" (also called "titles") on each page. This is text put at the
top and bottom of each page, respectively, which contain data like the
current page number, the current chapter title, and so on. Its
appearance is not affected by the running text. Some packages allow for
different ones on the even and odd pages (for material printed in a book
form).
The titles are called "three-part titles", that is, there is a
left-justified part, a centered part, and a right-justified part. An
automatically generated page number may be put in any of these fields
with the '%' character (see *note Page Layout::, for more details).
File: groff.info, Node: Page Layout Adjustment, Next: Displays, Prev: Headers and Footers, Up: Common Features
3.2.4 Page Layout
-----------------
Most macro packages let the user specify top and bottom margins and
other details about the appearance of the printed pages.
File: groff.info, Node: Displays, Next: Footnotes and Annotations, Prev: Page Layout Adjustment, Up: Common Features
3.2.5 Displays
--------------
"Displays" are sections of text to be set off from the body of the
paper. Major quotes, tables, and figures are types of displays, as are
all the examples used in this document.
"Major quotes" are quotes that are several lines long, and hence are
set in from the rest of the text without quote marks around them.
A "list" is an indented, single-spaced, unfilled display. Lists
should be used when the material to be printed should not be filled and
justified like normal text, such as columns of figures or the examples
used in this paper.
A "keep" is a display of lines that are kept on a single page if
possible. An example for a keep might be a diagram. Keeps differ from
lists in that lists may be broken over a page boundary whereas keeps are
not.
"Floating keeps" move relative to the text. Hence, they are good for
things that are referred to by name, such as "See figure 3". A floating
keep appears at the bottom of the current page if it fits; otherwise, it
appears at the top of the next page. Meanwhile, the surrounding text
'flows' around the keep, thus leaving no blank areas.
File: groff.info, Node: Footnotes and Annotations, Next: Table of Contents, Prev: Displays, Up: Common Features
3.2.6 Footnotes and Annotations
-------------------------------
There are a number of requests to save text for later printing.
"Footnotes" are printed at the bottom of the current page.
"Delayed text" is very similar to a footnote except that it is
printed when called for explicitly. This allows a list of references to
appear (for example) at the end of each chapter, as is the convention in
some disciplines.
Most macro packages that supply this functionality also supply a
means of automatically numbering either type of annotation.
File: groff.info, Node: Table of Contents, Next: Indices, Prev: Footnotes and Annotations, Up: Common Features
3.2.7 Table of Contents
-----------------------
"Tables of contents" are a type of delayed text having a tag (usually
the page number) attached to each entry after a row of dots. The table
accumulates throughout the paper until printed, usually after the paper
has ended. Many macro packages provide the ability to have several
tables of contents (e.g. a standard table of contents, a list of tables,
etc).
File: groff.info, Node: Indices, Next: Paper Formats, Prev: Table of Contents, Up: Common Features
3.2.8 Indices
-------------
While some macro packages use the term "index", none actually provide
that functionality. The facilities they call indices are actually more
appropriate for tables of contents.
To produce a real index in a document, external tools like the
'makeindex' program are necessary.
File: groff.info, Node: Paper Formats, Next: Multiple Columns, Prev: Indices, Up: Common Features
3.2.9 Paper Formats
-------------------
Some macro packages provide stock formats for various kinds of
documents. Many of them provide a common format for the title and
opening pages of a technical paper. The 'mm' macros in particular
provide formats for letters and memoranda.
File: groff.info, Node: Multiple Columns, Next: Font and Size Changes, Prev: Paper Formats, Up: Common Features
3.2.10 Multiple Columns
-----------------------
Some macro packages (but not 'man') provide the ability to have two or
more columns on a page.
File: groff.info, Node: Font and Size Changes, Next: Predefined Strings, Prev: Multiple Columns, Up: Common Features
3.2.11 Font and Size Changes
----------------------------
The built-in font and size functions are not always intuitive, so all
macro packages provide macros to make these operations simpler.
File: groff.info, Node: Predefined Strings, Next: Preprocessor Support, Prev: Font and Size Changes, Up: Common Features
3.2.12 Predefined Strings
-------------------------
Most macro packages provide various predefined strings for a variety of
uses; examples are sub- and superscripts, printable dates, quotes and
various special characters.
File: groff.info, Node: Preprocessor Support, Next: Configuration and Customization, Prev: Predefined Strings, Up: Common Features
3.2.13 Preprocessor Support
---------------------------
All macro packages provide support for various preprocessors and may
extend their functionality.
For example, all macro packages mark tables (which are processed with
'gtbl') by placing them between 'TS' and 'TE' macros. The 'ms' macro
package has an option, '.TS H', that prints a caption at the top of a
new page (when the table is too long to fit on a single page).
File: groff.info, Node: Configuration and Customization, Prev: Preprocessor Support, Up: Common Features
3.2.14 Configuration and Customization
--------------------------------------
Some macro packages provide means of customizing many of the details of
how the package behaves. This ranges from setting the default type size
to changing the appearance of section headers.
File: groff.info, Node: Macro Packages, Next: gtroff Reference, Prev: Tutorial for Macro Users, Up: Top
4 Macro Packages
****************
This chapter documents the main macro packages that come with 'groff'.
Different main macro packages can't be used at the same time; for
example
groff -m man foo.man -m ms bar.doc
doesn't work. Note that option arguments are processed before
non-option arguments; the above (failing) sample is thus reordered to
groff -m man -m ms foo.man bar.doc
* Menu:
* man::
* mdoc::
* ms::
* me::
* mm::
* mom::
File: groff.info, Node: man, Next: mdoc, Prev: Macro Packages, Up: Macro Packages
4.1 'man'
=========
This is the most popular and probably the most important macro package
of 'groff'. It is easy to use, and a vast majority of manual pages are
based on it.
* Menu:
* Man options::
* Man usage::
* Man font macros::
* Miscellaneous man macros::
* Predefined man strings::
* Preprocessors in man pages::
* Optional man extensions::
File: groff.info, Node: Man options, Next: Man usage, Prev: man, Up: man
4.1.1 Options
-------------
The command-line format for using the 'man' macros with 'groff' is:
groff -m man [ -rLL=LENGTH ] [ -rLT=LENGTH ] [ -rFT=DIST ]
[ -rcR=1 ] [ -rC1 ] [ -rD1 ] [-rHY=FLAGS ]
[ -rPNNN ] [ -rSXX ] [ -rXNNN ]
[ -rIN=LENGTH ] [ -rSN=LENGTH ] [ FILES... ]
It is possible to use '-man' instead of '-m man'.
'-rcR=1'
This option (the default if a TTY output device is used) creates a
single, very long page instead of multiple pages. Use '-rcR=0' to
disable it.
'-rC1'
If more than one manual page is given on the command line, number
the pages continuously, rather than starting each at 1.
'-rD1'
Double-sided printing. Footers for even and odd pages are
formatted differently.
'-rFT=DIST'
Set the position of the footer text to DIST. If positive, the
distance is measured relative to the top of the page, otherwise it
is relative to the bottom. The default is -0.5i.
'-rHY=FLAGS'
Set hyphenation flags. Possible values are 1 to hyphenate without
restrictions, 2 to not hyphenate the last word on a page, 4 to not
hyphenate the last two characters of a word, and 8 to not hyphenate
the first two characters of a word. These values are additive; the
default is 8.
'-rIN=LENGTH'
Set the body text indentation to LENGTH. If not specified, the
indentation defaults to 7n (7 characters) in nroff mode and 7.2n
otherwise. For nroff, this value should always be an integer
multiple of unit 'n' to get consistent indentation.
'-rLL=LENGTH'
Set line length to LENGTH. If not specified, the line length is
set to respect any value set by a prior 'll' request (which _must_
be in effect when the 'TH' macro is invoked), if this differs from
the built-in default for the formatter; otherwise it defaults to
78n in nroff mode (this is 78 characters per line) and 6.5i in
troff mode.(1) (*note Man options-Footnote-1::)
'-rLT=LENGTH'
Set title length to LENGTH. If not specified, the title length
defaults to the line length.
'-rPNNN'
Page numbering starts with NNN rather than with 1.
'-rSXX'
Use XX (which can be 10, 11, or 12pt) as the base document font
size instead of the default value of 10pt.
'-rSN=LENGTH'
Set the indentation for sub-subheadings to LENGTH. If not
specified, the indentation defaults to 3n.
'-rXNNN'
After page NNN, number pages as NNNa, NNNb, NNNc, etc. For
example, the option '-rX2' produces the following page numbers: 1,
2, 2a, 2b, 2c, etc.
File: groff.info, Node: Man usage, Next: Man font macros, Prev: Man options, Up: man
4.1.2 Usage
-----------
This section describes the available macros for manual pages. For
further customization, put additional macros and requests into the file
'man.local', which is loaded immediately after the 'man' package.
-- Macro: .TH title section [extra1 [extra2 [extra3]]]
Set the title of the man page to TITLE and the section to SECTION,
which must have a value between 1 and 8. The value of SECTION may
also have a string appended, e.g. '.pm', to indicate a specific
subsection of the man pages.
Both TITLE and SECTION are positioned at the left and right in the
header line (with SECTION in parentheses immediately appended to
TITLE. EXTRA1 is positioned in the middle of the footer line.
EXTRA2 is positioned at the left in the footer line (or at the left
on even pages and at the right on odd pages if double-sided
printing is active). EXTRA3 is centered in the header line.
For HTML and XHTML output, headers and footers are completely
suppressed.
Additionally, this macro starts a new page; the new line number
is 1 again (except if the '-rC1' option is given on the command
line) - this feature is intended only for formatting multiple man
pages; a single man page should contain exactly one 'TH' macro at
the beginning of the file.
-- Macro: .SH [heading]
Set up an unnumbered section heading sticking out to the left.
Prints out all the text following 'SH' up to the end of the line
(or the text in the next line if there is no argument to 'SH') in
bold face (or the font specified by the string 'HF'), one size
larger than the base document size. Additionally, the left margin
and the indentation for the following text is reset to its default
value.
-- Macro: .SS [heading]
Set up an unnumbered (sub)section heading. Prints out all the text
following 'SS' up to the end of the line (or the text in the next
line if there is no argument to 'SS') in bold face (or the font
specified by the string 'HF'), at the same size as the base
document size. Additionally, the left margin and the indentation
for the following text is reset to its default value.
-- Macro: .TP [nnn]
Set up an indented paragraph with label. The indentation is set to
NNN if that argument is supplied (the default unit is 'n' if
omitted), otherwise it is set to the previous indentation value
specified with 'TP', 'IP', or 'HP' (or to the default value if none
of them have been used yet).
The first line of text following this macro is interpreted as a
string to be printed flush-left, as it is appropriate for a label.
It is not interpreted as part of a paragraph, so there is no
attempt to fill the first line with text from the following input
lines. Nevertheless, if the label is not as wide as the
indentation the paragraph starts at the same line (but indented),
continuing on the following lines. If the label is wider than the
indentation the descriptive part of the paragraph begins on the
line following the label, entirely indented. Note that neither
font shape nor font size of the label is set to a default value; on
the other hand, the rest of the text has default font settings.
-- Macro: .LP
-- Macro: .PP
-- Macro: .P
These macros are mutual aliases. Any of them causes a line break
at the current position, followed by a vertical space downwards by
the amount specified by the 'PD' macro. The font size and shape
are reset to the default value (10pt roman if no '-rS' option is
given on the command line). Finally, the current left margin and
the indentation is restored.
-- Macro: .IP [designator [nnn]]
Set up an indented paragraph, using DESIGNATOR as a tag to mark its
beginning. The indentation is set to NNN if that argument is
supplied (default unit is 'n'), otherwise it is set to the previous
indentation value specified with 'TP', 'IP', or 'HP' (or the
default value if none of them have been used yet). Font size and
face of the paragraph (but not the designator) are reset to their
default values.
To start an indented paragraph with a particular indentation but
without a designator, use '""' (two double quotes) as the first
argument of 'IP'.
For example, to start a paragraph with bullets as the designator
and 4 en indentation, write
.IP \(bu 4
-- Macro: .HP [nnn]
Set up a paragraph with hanging left indentation. The indentation
is set to NNN if that argument is supplied (default unit is 'n'),
otherwise it is set to the previous indentation value specified
with 'TP', 'IP', or 'HP' (or the default value if non of them have
been used yet). Font size and face are reset to their default
values.
-- Macro: .RS [nnn]
Move the left margin to the right by the value NNN if specified
(default unit is 'n'); otherwise it is set to the previous
indentation value specified with 'TP', 'IP', or 'HP' (or to the
default value if none of them have been used yet). The indentation
value is then set to the default.
Calls to the 'RS' macro can be nested.
-- Macro: .RE [nnn]
Move the left margin back to level NNN, restoring the previous left
margin. If no argument is given, it moves one level back. The
first level (i.e., no call to 'RS' yet) has number 1, and each call
to 'RS' increases the level by 1.
To summarize, the following macros cause a line break with the
insertion of vertical space (which amount can be changed with the 'PD'
macro): 'SH', 'SS', 'TP', 'LP' ('PP', 'P'), 'IP', and 'HP'.
The macros 'RS' and 'RE' also cause a break but do not insert
vertical space.
Finally, the macros 'SH', 'SS', 'LP' ('PP', 'P'), and 'RS' reset the
indentation to its default value.
File: groff.info, Node: Man font macros, Next: Miscellaneous man macros, Prev: Man usage, Up: man
4.1.3 Macros to set fonts
-------------------------
The standard font is roman; the default text size is 10 points. If
command-line option '-rS=N' is given, use N points as the default text
size.
-- Macro: .SM [text]
Set the text on the same line or the text on the next line in a
font that is one point size smaller than the default font.
-- Macro: .SB [text]
Set the text on the same line or the text on the next line in bold
face font, one point size smaller than the default font.
-- Macro: .BI text
Set its arguments alternately in bold face and italic, without a
space between the arguments. Thus,
.BI this "word and" that
produces "thisword andthat" with "this" and "that" in bold face,
and "word and" in italics.
-- Macro: .IB text
Set its arguments alternately in italic and bold face, without a
space between the arguments.
-- Macro: .RI text
Set its arguments alternately in roman and italic, without a space
between the arguments.
-- Macro: .IR text
Set its arguments alternately in italic and roman, without a space
between the arguments.
-- Macro: .BR text
Set its arguments alternately in bold face and roman, without a
space between the arguments.
-- Macro: .RB text
Set its arguments alternately in roman and bold face, without a
space between the arguments.
-- Macro: .B [text]
Set TEXT in bold face. If no text is present on the line where the
macro is called, then the text of the next line appears in bold
face.
-- Macro: .I [text]
Set TEXT in italic. If no text is present on the line where the
macro is called, then the text of the next line appears in italic.
File: groff.info, Node: Miscellaneous man macros, Next: Predefined man strings, Prev: Man font macros, Up: man
4.1.4 Miscellaneous macros
--------------------------
The default indentation is 7.2n in troff mode and 7n in nroff mode
except for 'grohtml', which ignores indentation.
-- Macro: .DT
Set tabs every 0.5 inches. Since this macro is always executed
during a call to the 'TH' macro, it makes sense to call it only if
the tab positions have been changed.
-- Macro: .PD [nnn]
Adjust the empty space before a new paragraph (or section). The
optional argument gives the amount of space (default unit is 'v');
without parameter, the value is reset to its default value (1 line
in nroff mode, 0.4v otherwise).
This affects the macros 'SH', 'SS', 'TP', 'LP' (as well as 'PP' and
'P'), 'IP', and 'HP'.
The following two macros are included for BSD compatibility.
-- Macro: .AT [system [release]]
Alter the footer for use with AT&T manpages. This command exists
only for compatibility; don't use it. The first argument SYSTEM
can be:
'3'
7th Edition (the default)
'4'
System III
'5'
System V
An optional second argument RELEASE to 'AT' specifies the release
number (such as "System V Release 3").
-- Macro: .UC [version]
Alters the footer for use with BSD manpages. This command exists
only for compatibility; don't use it. The argument can be:
'3'
3rd Berkeley Distribution (the default)
'4'
4th Berkeley Distribution
'5'
4.2 Berkeley Distribution
'6'
4.3 Berkeley Distribution
'7'
4.4 Berkeley Distribution
File: groff.info, Node: Predefined man strings, Next: Preprocessors in man pages, Prev: Miscellaneous man macros, Up: man
4.1.5 Predefined strings
------------------------
The following strings are defined:
-- String: \*[S]
Switch back to the default font size.
-- String: \*[HF]
The typeface used for headings. The default is 'B'.
-- String: \*[R]
The 'registered' sign.
-- String: \*[Tm]
The 'trademark' sign.
-- String: \*[lq]
-- String: \*[rq]
Left and right quote. This is equal to '\(lq' and '\(rq',
respectively.
File: groff.info, Node: Preprocessors in man pages, Next: Optional man extensions, Prev: Predefined man strings, Up: man
4.1.6 Preprocessors in 'man' pages
----------------------------------
If a preprocessor like 'gtbl' or 'geqn' is needed, it has become common
usage to make the first line of the man page look like this:
'\" WORD
Note the single space character after the double quote. WORD consists
of letters for the needed preprocessors: 'e' for 'geqn', 'r' for
'grefer', 't' for 'gtbl'. Modern implementations of the 'man' program
read this first line and automatically call the right preprocessor(s).
File: groff.info, Node: Optional man extensions, Prev: Preprocessors in man pages, Up: man
4.1.7 Optional 'man' extensions
-------------------------------
Use the file 'man.local' for local extensions to the 'man' macros or for
style changes.
Custom headers and footers
..........................
In groff versions 1.18.2 and later, you can specify custom headers and
footers by redefining the following macros in 'man.local'.
-- Macro: .PT
Control the content of the headers. Normally, the header prints
the command name and section number on either side, and the
optional fifth argument to 'TH' in the center.
-- Macro: .BT
Control the content of the footers. Normally, the footer prints
the page number and the third and fourth arguments to 'TH'.
Use the 'FT' number register to specify the footer position. The
default is -0.5i.
Ultrix-specific man macros
..........................
The 'groff' source distribution includes a file named 'man.ultrix',
containing macros compatible with the Ultrix variant of 'man'. Copy
this file into 'man.local' (or use the 'mso' request to load it) to
enable the following macros.
-- Macro: .CT key
Print '<CTRL/KEY>'.
-- Macro: .CW
Print subsequent text using the constant width (Courier) typeface.
-- Macro: .Ds
Begin a non-filled display.
-- Macro: .De
End a non-filled display started with 'Ds'.
-- Macro: .EX [indent]
Begin a non-filled display using the constant width (Courier)
typeface. Use the optional INDENT argument to indent the display.
-- Macro: .EE
End a non-filled display started with 'EX'.
-- Macro: .G [text]
Set TEXT in Helvetica. If no text is present on the line where the
macro is called, then the text of the next line appears in
Helvetica.
-- Macro: .GL [text]
Set TEXT in Helvetica Oblique. If no text is present on the line
where the macro is called, then the text of the next line appears
in Helvetica Oblique.
-- Macro: .HB [text]
Set TEXT in Helvetica Bold. If no text is present on the line
where the macro is called, then all text up to the next 'HB'
appears in Helvetica Bold.
-- Macro: .TB [text]
Identical to 'HB'.
-- Macro: .MS title sect [punct]
Set a manpage reference in Ultrix format. The TITLE is in Courier
instead of italic. Optional punctuation follows the section number
without an intervening space.
-- Macro: .NT [C] [title]
Begin a note. Print the optional title, or the word "Note",
centered on the page. Text following the macro makes up the body
of the note, and is indented on both sides. If the first argument
is 'C', the body of the note is printed centered (the second
argument replaces the word "Note" if specified).
-- Macro: .NE
End a note begun with 'NT'.
-- Macro: .PN path [punct]
Set the path name in constant width (Courier), followed by optional
punctuation.
-- Macro: .Pn [punct] path [punct]
If called with two arguments, identical to 'PN'. If called with
three arguments, set the second argument in constant width
(Courier), bracketed by the first and third arguments in the
current font.
-- Macro: .R
Switch to roman font and turn off any underlining in effect.
-- Macro: .RN
Print the string '<RETURN>'.
-- Macro: .VS [4]
Start printing a change bar in the margin if the number '4' is
specified. Otherwise, this macro does nothing.
-- Macro: .VE
End printing the change bar begun by 'VS'.
Simple example
..............
The following example 'man.local' file alters the 'SH' macro to add some
extra vertical space before printing the heading. Headings are printed
in Helvetica Bold.
.\" Make the heading fonts Helvetica
.ds HF HB
.
.\" Put more whitespace in front of headings.
.rn SH SH-orig
.de SH
. if t .sp (u;\\n[PD]*2)
. SH-orig \\$*
..
File: groff.info, Node: mdoc, Next: ms, Prev: man, Up: Macro Packages
4.2 'mdoc'
==========
See the 'groff_mdoc(7)' man page (type 'man groff_mdoc' at the command
line).
File: groff.info, Node: ms, Next: me, Prev: mdoc, Up: Macro Packages
4.3 'ms'
========
The '-ms' macros are suitable for reports, letters, books, user manuals,
and so forth. The package provides macros for cover pages, section
headings, paragraphs, lists, footnotes, pagination, and a table of
contents.
* Menu:
* ms Intro::
* General ms Structure::
* ms Document Control Registers::
* ms Cover Page Macros::
* ms Body Text::
* ms Page Layout::
* Differences from AT&T ms::
* Naming Conventions::
File: groff.info, Node: ms Intro, Next: General ms Structure, Prev: ms, Up: ms
4.3.1 Introduction to 'ms'
--------------------------
The original '-ms' macros were included with AT&T 'troff' as well as the
'man' macros. While the 'man' package is intended for brief documents
that can be read on-line as well as printed, the 'ms' macros are
suitable for longer documents that are meant to be printed rather than
read on-line.
The 'ms' macro package included with 'groff' is a complete, bottom-up
re-implementation. Several macros (specific to AT&T or Berkeley) are
not included, while several new commands are. *Note Differences from
AT&T ms::, for more information.
File: groff.info, Node: General ms Structure, Next: ms Document Control Registers, Prev: ms Intro, Up: ms
4.3.2 General structure of an 'ms' document
-------------------------------------------
The 'ms' macro package expects a certain amount of structure, but not as
much as packages such as 'man' or 'mdoc'.
The simplest documents can begin with a paragraph macro (such as 'LP'
or 'PP'), and consist of text separated by paragraph macros or even
blank lines. Longer documents have a structure as follows:
*Document type*
If you invoke the 'RP' (report) macro on the first line of the
document, 'groff' prints the cover page information on its own
page; otherwise it prints the information on the first page with
your document text immediately following. Other document formats
found in AT&T 'troff' are specific to AT&T or Berkeley, and are not
supported in 'groff'.
*Format and layout*
By setting number registers, you can change your document's type
(font and size), margins, spacing, headers and footers, and
footnotes. *Note ms Document Control Registers::, for more
details.
*Cover page*
A cover page consists of a title, the author's name and
institution, an abstract, and the date.(1) (*note General ms
Structure-Footnote-1::) *Note ms Cover Page Macros::, for more
details.
*Body*
Following the cover page is your document. You can use the 'ms'
macros to write reports, letters, books, and so forth. The package
is designed for structured documents, consisting of paragraphs
interspersed with headings and augmented by lists, footnotes,
tables, and other common constructs. *Note ms Body Text::, for
more details.
*Table of contents*
Longer documents usually include a table of contents, which you can
invoke by placing the 'TC' macro at the end of your document. The
'ms' macros have minimal indexing facilities, consisting of the
'IX' macro, which prints an entry on standard error. Printing the
table of contents at the end is necessary since 'groff' is a
single-pass text formatter, thus it cannot determine the page
number of each section until that section has actually been set and
printed. Since 'ms' output is intended for hardcopy, you can
manually relocate the pages containing the table of contents
between the cover page and the body text after printing.
File: groff.info, Node: ms Document Control Registers, Next: ms Cover Page Macros, Prev: General ms Structure, Up: ms
4.3.3 Document control registers
--------------------------------
The following is a list of document control number registers. For the
sake of consistency, set registers related to margins at the beginning
of your document, or just after the 'RP' macro. You can set other
registers later in your document, but you should keep them together at
the beginning to make them easy to find and edit as necessary.
Margin Settings
...............
-- Register: \n[PO]
Defines the page offset (i.e., the left margin). There is no
explicit right margin setting; the combination of the 'PO' and 'LL'
registers implicitly define the right margin width.
Effective: next page.
Default value: 1i.
-- Register: \n[LL]
Defines the line length (i.e., the width of the body text).
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 6i.
-- Register: \n[LT]
Defines the title length (i.e., the header and footer width). This
is usually the same as 'LL', but not necessarily.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 6i.
-- Register: \n[HM]
Defines the header margin height at the top of the page.
Effective: next page.
Default: 1i.
-- Register: \n[FM]
Defines the footer margin height at the bottom of the page.
Effective: next page.
Default: 1i.
Text Settings
.............
-- Register: \n[PS]
Defines the point size of the body text. If the value is larger
than or equal to 1000, divide it by 1000 to get a fractional point
size. For example, '.nr PS 10250' sets the document's point size
to 10.25p.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 10p.
-- Register: \n[VS]
Defines the space between lines (line height plus leading). If the
value is larger than or equal to 1000, divide it by 1000 to get a
fractional point size. Due to backwards compatibility, 'VS' must
be smaller than 40000 (this is 40.0p).
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 12p.
-- Register: \n[PSINCR]
Defines an increment in point size, which is applied to section
headings at nesting levels below the value specified in 'GROWPS'.
The value of 'PSINCR' should be specified in points, with the p
scaling factor, and may include a fractional component; for
example, '.nr PSINCR 1.5p' sets a point size increment of 1.5p.
Effective: next section heading.
Default: 1p.
-- Register: \n[GROWPS]
Defines the heading level below which the point size increment set
by 'PSINCR' becomes effective. Section headings at and above the
level specified by 'GROWPS' are printed at the point size set by
'PS'; for each level below the value of 'GROWPS', the point size is
increased in steps equal to the value of 'PSINCR'. Setting
'GROWPS' to any value less than 2 disables the incremental heading
size feature.
Effective: next section heading.
Default: 0.
-- Register: \n[HY]
Defines the hyphenation level. 'HY' sets safely the value of the
low-level 'hy' register. Setting the value of 'HY' to 0 is
equivalent to using the 'nh' request.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 6.
-- Register: \n[FAM]
Defines the font family used to typeset the document.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: as defined in the output device.
Paragraph Settings
..................
-- Register: \n[PI]
Defines the initial indentation of a ('PP' macro) paragraph.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 5n.
-- Register: \n[PD]
Defines the space between paragraphs.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 0.3v.
-- Register: \n[QI]
Defines the indentation on both sides of a quoted ('QP', 'QS', and
'QE' macros) paragraph.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 5n.
-- Register: \n[PORPHANS]
Defines the minimum number of initial lines of any paragraph that
should be kept together, to avoid orphan lines at the bottom of a
page. If a new paragraph is started close to the bottom of a page,
and there is insufficient space to accommodate 'PORPHANS' lines
before an automatic page break, then the page break is forced,
before the start of the paragraph.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 1.
-- Register: \n[HORPHANS]
Defines the minimum number of lines of the following paragraph that
should be kept together with any section heading introduced by the
'NH' or 'SH' macros. If a section heading is placed close to the
bottom of a page, and there is insufficient space to accommodate
both the heading and at least 'HORPHANS' lines of the following
paragraph, before an automatic page break, then the page break is
forced before the heading.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 1.
Footnote Settings
.................
-- Register: \n[FL]
Defines the length of a footnote.
Effective: next footnote.
Default: '\n[LL]' * 5 / 6.
-- Register: \n[FI]
Defines the footnote indentation.
Effective: next footnote.
Default: 2n.
-- Register: \n[FF]
The footnote format:
'0'
Print the footnote number as a superscript; indent the
footnote (default).
'1'
Print the number followed by a period (like 1.) and indent the
footnote.
'2'
Like 1, without an indentation.
'3'
Like 1, but print the footnote number as a hanging paragraph.
Effective: next footnote.
Default: 0.
-- Register: \n[FPS]
Defines the footnote point size. If the value is larger than or
equal to 1000, divide it by 1000 to get a fractional point size.
Effective: next footnote.
Default: '\n[PS]' - 2.
-- Register: \n[FVS]
Defines the footnote vertical spacing. If the value is larger than
or equal to 1000, divide it by 1000 to get a fractional point size.
Effective: next footnote.
Default: '\n[FPS]' + 2.
-- Register: \n[FPD]
Defines the footnote paragraph spacing.
Effective: next footnote.
Default: '\n[PD]' / 2.
Miscellaneous Number Registers
..............................
-- Register: \n[MINGW]
Defines the minimum width between columns in a multi-column
document.
Effective: next page.
Default: 2n.
-- Register: \n[DD]
Sets the vertical spacing before and after a display, a 'tbl'
table, an 'eqn' equation, or a 'pic' image.
Effective: next paragraph.
Default: 0.5v.
File: groff.info, Node: ms Cover Page Macros, Next: ms Body Text, Prev: ms Document Control Registers, Up: ms
4.3.4 Cover page macros
-----------------------
Use the following macros to create a cover page for your document in the
order shown.
-- Macro: .RP [no]
Specifies the report format for your document. The report format
creates a separate cover page. The default action (no 'RP' macro)
is to print a subset of the cover page on page 1 of your document.
If you use the word 'no' as an optional argument, 'groff' prints a
title page but does not repeat any of the title page information
(title, author, abstract, etc.) on page 1 of the document.
-- Macro: .P1
(P-one) Prints the header on page 1. The default is to suppress
the header.
-- Macro: .DA [...]
(optional) Prints the current date, or the arguments to the macro
if any, on the title page (if specified) and in the footers. This
is the default for 'nroff'.
-- Macro: .ND [...]
(optional) Prints the current date, or the arguments to the macro
if any, on the title page (if specified) but not in the footers.
This is the default for 'troff'.
-- Macro: .TL
Specifies the document title. 'groff' collects text following the
'TL' macro into the title, until reaching the author name or
abstract.
-- Macro: .AU
Specifies the author's name, which appears on the line (or lines)
immediately following. You can specify multiple authors as
follows:
.AU
John Doe
.AI
University of West Bumblefuzz
.AU
Martha Buck
.AI
Monolithic Corporation
...
-- Macro: .AI
Specifies the author's institution. You can specify multiple
institutions in the same way that you specify multiple authors.
-- Macro: .AB [no]
Begins the abstract. The default is to print the word ABSTRACT,
centered and in italics, above the text of the abstract. The word
'no' as an optional argument suppresses this heading.
-- Macro: .AE
Ends the abstract.
The following is example mark-up for a title page.
.RP
.TL
The Inevitability of Code Bloat
in Commercial and Free Software
.AU
J. Random Luser
.AI
University of West Bumblefuzz
.AB
This report examines the long-term growth
of the code bases in two large, popular software
packages; the free Emacs and the commercial
Microsoft Word.
While differences appear in the type or order
of features added, due to the different
methodologies used, the results are the same
in the end.
.PP
The free software approach is shown to be
superior in that while free software can
become as bloated as commercial offerings,
free software tends to have fewer serious
bugs and the added features are in line with
user demand.
.AE
... the rest of the paper follows ...
File: groff.info, Node: ms Body Text, Next: ms Page Layout, Prev: ms Cover Page Macros, Up: ms
4.3.5 Body text
---------------
This section describes macros used to mark up the body of your document.
Examples include paragraphs, sections, and other groups.
* Menu:
* Paragraphs in ms::
* Headings in ms::
* Highlighting in ms::
* Lists in ms::
* Indentation values in ms::
* Tabstops in ms::
* ms Displays and Keeps::
* ms Insertions::
* Example multi-page table::
* ms Footnotes::
File: groff.info, Node: Paragraphs in ms, Next: Headings in ms, Prev: ms Body Text, Up: ms Body Text
4.3.5.1 Paragraphs
..................
The following paragraph types are available.
-- Macro: .PP
Sets a paragraph with an initial indentation.
-- Macro: .LP
Sets a paragraph without an initial indentation.
-- Macro: .QP
Sets a paragraph that is indented at both left and right margins by
the amount of the register 'QI'. The effect is identical to the
HTML '<BLOCKQUOTE>' element. The next paragraph or heading returns
margins to normal. 'QP' inserts vertical space of amount set by
register 'PD' before the paragraph.
-- Macro: .QS
-- Macro: .QE
These macros begin and end a quoted section. The 'QI' register
controls the amount of indentation. Both 'QS' and 'QE' insert
inter-paragraph vertical space set by register 'PD'. The text
between 'QS' and 'QE' can be structured further by use of the
macros 'LP' or 'PP'.
-- Macro: .XP
Sets a paragraph whose lines are indented, except for the first
line. This is a Berkeley extension.
The following markup uses all four paragraph macros.
.NH 2
Cases used in the study
.LP
The following software and versions were
considered for this report.
.PP
For commercial software, we chose
.B "Microsoft Word for Windows" ,
starting with version 1.0 through the
current version (Word 2000).
.PP
For free software, we chose
.B Emacs ,
from its first appearance as a standalone
editor through the current version (v20).
See [Bloggs 2002] for details.
.QP
Franklin's Law applied to software:
software expands to outgrow both
RAM and disk space over time.
.LP
Bibliography:
.XP
Bloggs, Joseph R.,
.I "Everyone's a Critic" ,
Underground Press, March 2002.
A definitive work that answers all questions
and criticisms about the quality and usability of
free software.
The 'PORPHANS' register (*note ms Document Control Registers::)
operates in conjunction with each of these macros, to inhibit the
printing of orphan lines at the bottom of any page.
File: groff.info, Node: Headings in ms, Next: Highlighting in ms, Prev: Paragraphs in ms, Up: ms Body Text
4.3.5.2 Headings
................
Use headings to create a hierarchical structure for your document. The
'ms' macros print headings in *bold*, using the same font family and
point size as the body text.
The following describes the heading macros:
-- Macro: .NH curr-level
-- Macro: .NH S level0 ...
Numbered heading. The argument is either a numeric argument to
indicate the level of the heading, or the letter 'S' followed by
numeric arguments to set the heading level explicitly.
If you specify heading levels out of sequence, such as invoking
'.NH 3' after '.NH 1', 'groff' prints a warning on standard error.
-- String: \*[SN]
-- String: \*[SN-DOT]
-- String: \*[SN-NO-DOT]
After invocation of 'NH', the assigned section number is made
available in the strings 'SN-DOT' (as it appears in a printed
section heading with default formatting, followed by a terminating
period), and 'SN-NO-DOT' (with the terminating period omitted).
The string 'SN' is also defined, as an alias for 'SN-DOT'; if
preferred, you may redefine it as an alias for 'SN-NO-DOT', by
including the initialization
.als SN SN-NO-DOT
at any time *before* you would like the change to take effect.
-- String: \*[SN-STYLE]
You may control the style used to print section numbers, within
numbered section headings, by defining an appropriate alias for the
string 'SN-STYLE'. The default style, in which the printed section
number is followed by a terminating period, is obtained by defining
the alias
.als SN-STYLE SN-DOT
If you prefer to omit the terminating period, from section numbers
appearing in numbered section headings, you may define the alias
.als SN-STYLE SN-NO-DOT
Any such change in section numbering style becomes effective from
the next use of '.NH', following redefinition of the alias for
'SN-STYLE'.
-- Macro: .SH [match-level]
Unnumbered subheading.
The optional MATCH-LEVEL argument is a GNU extension. It is a
number indicating the level of the heading, in a manner analogous
to the CURR-LEVEL argument to '.NH'. Its purpose is to match the
point size, at which the heading is printed, to the size of a
numbered heading at the same level, when the 'GROWPS' and 'PSINCR'
heading size adjustment mechanism is in effect. *Note ms Document
Control Registers::.
The 'HORPHANS' register (*note ms Document Control Registers::)
operates in conjunction with the 'NH' and 'SH' macros, to inhibit the
printing of orphaned section headings at the bottom of any page.
File: groff.info, Node: Highlighting in ms, Next: Lists in ms, Prev: Headings in ms, Up: ms Body Text
4.3.5.3 Highlighting
....................
The 'ms' macros provide a variety of methods to highlight or emphasize
text:
-- Macro: .B [txt [post [pre]]]
Sets its first argument in *bold type*. If you specify a second
argument, 'groff' prints it in the previous font after the bold
text, with no intervening space (this allows you to set punctuation
after the highlighted text without highlighting the punctuation).
Similarly, it prints the third argument (if any) in the previous
font *before* the first argument. For example,
.B foo ) (
prints (*foo*).
If you give this macro no arguments, 'groff' prints all text
following in bold until the next highlighting, paragraph, or
heading macro.
-- Macro: .R [txt [post [pre]]]
Sets its first argument in roman (or regular) type. It operates
similarly to the 'B' macro otherwise.
-- Macro: .I [txt [post [pre]]]
Sets its first argument in _italic type_. It operates similarly to
the 'B' macro otherwise.
-- Macro: .CW [txt [post [pre]]]
Sets its first argument in a 'constant width face'. It operates
similarly to the 'B' macro otherwise.
-- Macro: .BI [txt [post [pre]]]
Sets its first argument in bold italic type. It operates similarly
to the 'B' macro otherwise.
-- Macro: .BX [txt]
Prints its argument and draws a box around it. If you want to box
a string that contains spaces, use a digit-width space ('\0').
-- Macro: .UL [txt [post]]
Prints its first argument with an underline. If you specify a
second argument, 'groff' prints it in the previous font after the
underlined text, with no intervening space.
-- Macro: .LG
Prints all text following in larger type (two points larger than
the current point size) until the next font size, highlighting,
paragraph, or heading macro. You can specify this macro multiple
times to enlarge the point size as needed.
-- Macro: .SM
Prints all text following in smaller type (two points smaller than
the current point size) until the next type size, highlighting,
paragraph, or heading macro. You can specify this macro multiple
times to reduce the point size as needed.
-- Macro: .NL
Prints all text following in the normal point size (that is, the
value of the 'PS' register).
-- String: \*[{]
-- String: \*[}]
Text enclosed with '\*{' and '\*}' is printed as a superscript.
File: groff.info, Node: Lists in ms, Next: Indentation values in ms, Prev: Highlighting in ms, Up: ms Body Text
4.3.5.4 Lists
.............
The 'IP' macro handles duties for all lists.
-- Macro: .IP [marker [width]]
The MARKER is usually a bullet glyph ('\[bu]') for unordered lists,
a number (or auto-incrementing number register) for numbered lists,
or a word or phrase for indented (glossary-style) lists.
The WIDTH specifies the indentation for the body of each list item;
its default unit is 'n'. Once specified, the indentation remains
the same for all list items in the document until specified again.
The 'PORPHANS' register (*note ms Document Control Registers::)
operates in conjunction with the 'IP' macro, to inhibit the
printing of orphaned list markers at the bottom of any page.
The following is an example of a bulleted list.
A bulleted list:
.IP \[bu] 2
lawyers
.IP \[bu]
guns
.IP \[bu]
money
Produces:
A bulleted list:
o lawyers
o guns
o money
The following is an example of a numbered list.
.nr step 1 1
A numbered list:
.IP \n[step] 3
lawyers
.IP \n+[step]
guns
.IP \n+[step]
money
Produces:
A numbered list:
1. lawyers
2. guns
3. money
Note the use of the auto-incrementing number register in this
example.
The following is an example of a glossary-style list.
A glossary-style list:
.IP lawyers 0.4i
Two or more attorneys.
.IP guns
Firearms, preferably
large-caliber.
.IP money
Gotta pay for those
lawyers and guns!
Produces:
A glossary-style list:
lawyers
Two or more attorneys.
guns Firearms, preferably large-caliber.
money
Gotta pay for those lawyers and guns!
In the last example, the 'IP' macro places the definition on the same
line as the term if it has enough space; otherwise, it breaks to the
next line and starts the definition below the term. This may or may not
be the effect you want, especially if some of the definitions break and
some do not. The following examples show two possible ways to force a
break.
The first workaround uses the 'br' request to force a break after
printing the term or label.
A glossary-style list:
.IP lawyers 0.4i
Two or more attorneys.
.IP guns
.br
Firearms, preferably large-caliber.
.IP money
Gotta pay for those lawyers and guns!
The second workaround uses the '\p' escape to force the break. Note
the space following the escape; this is important. If you omit the
space, 'groff' prints the first word on the same line as the term or
label (if it fits) *then* breaks the line.
A glossary-style list:
.IP lawyers 0.4i
Two or more attorneys.
.IP guns
\p Firearms, preferably large-caliber.
.IP money
Gotta pay for those lawyers and guns!
To set nested lists, use the 'RS' and 'RE' macros. *Note Indentation
values in ms::, for more information.
For example:
.IP \[bu] 2
Lawyers:
.RS
.IP \[bu]
Dewey,
.IP \[bu]
Cheatham,
.IP \[bu]
and Howe.
.RE
.IP \[bu]
Guns
Produces:
o Lawyers:
o Dewey,
o Cheatham,
o and Howe.
o Guns
File: groff.info, Node: Indentation values in ms, Next: Tabstops in ms, Prev: Lists in ms, Up: ms Body Text
4.3.5.5 Indentation values
..........................
In many situations, you may need to indentation a section of text while
still wrapping and filling. *Note Lists in ms::, for an example of
nested lists.
-- Macro: .RS
-- Macro: .RE
These macros begin and end an indented section. The 'PI' register
controls the amount of indentation, allowing the indented text to
line up under hanging and indented paragraphs.
*Note ms Displays and Keeps::, for macros to indentation and turn off
filling.
File: groff.info, Node: Tabstops in ms, Next: ms Displays and Keeps, Prev: Indentation values in ms, Up: ms Body Text
4.3.5.6 Tab Stops
.................
Use the 'ta' request to define tab stops as needed. *Note Tabs and
Fields::.
-- Macro: .TA
Use this macro to reset the tab stops to the default for 'ms'
(every 5n). You can redefine the 'TA' macro to create a different
set of default tab stops.
File: groff.info, Node: ms Displays and Keeps, Next: ms Insertions, Prev: Tabstops in ms, Up: ms Body Text
4.3.5.7 Displays and keeps
..........................
Use displays to show text-based examples or figures (such as code
listings).
Displays turn off filling, so lines of code are displayed as-is
without inserting 'br' requests in between each line. Displays can be
"kept" on a single page, or allowed to break across pages.
-- Macro: .DS L
-- Macro: .LD
-- Macro: .DE
Left-justified display. The '.DS L' call generates a page break,
if necessary, to keep the entire display on one page. The 'LD'
macro allows the display to break across pages. The 'DE' macro
ends the display.
-- Macro: .DS I
-- Macro: .ID
-- Macro: .DE
Indents the display as defined by the 'DI' register. The '.DS I'
call generates a page break, if necessary, to keep the entire
display on one page. The 'ID' macro allows the display to break
across pages. The 'DE' macro ends the display.
-- Macro: .DS B
-- Macro: .BD
-- Macro: .DE
Sets a block-centered display: the entire display is
left-justified, but indented so that the longest line in the
display is centered on the page. The '.DS B' call generates a page
break, if necessary, to keep the entire display on one page. The
'BD' macro allows the display to break across pages. The 'DE'
macro ends the display.
-- Macro: .DS C
-- Macro: .CD
-- Macro: .DE
Sets a centered display: each line in the display is centered. The
'.DS C' call generates a page break, if necessary, to keep the
entire display on one page. The 'CD' macro allows the display to
break across pages. The 'DE' macro ends the display.
-- Macro: .DS R
-- Macro: .RD
-- Macro: .DE
Right-justifies each line in the display. The '.DS R' call
generates a page break, if necessary, to keep the entire display on
one page. The 'RD' macro allows the display to break across pages.
The 'DE' macro ends the display.
-- Macro: .Ds
-- Macro: .De
These two macros were formerly provided as aliases for 'DS' and
'DE', respectively. They have been removed, and should no longer
be used. The original implementations of 'DS' and 'DE' are
retained, and should be used instead. X11 documents that actually
use 'Ds' and 'De' always load a specific macro file from the X11
distribution ('macros.t') that provides proper definitions for the
two macros.
On occasion, you may want to "keep" other text together on a page.
For example, you may want to keep two paragraphs together, or a
paragraph that refers to a table (or list, or other item) immediately
following. The 'ms' macros provide the 'KS' and 'KE' macros for this
purpose.
-- Macro: .KS
-- Macro: .KE
The 'KS' macro begins a block of text to be kept on a single page,
and the 'KE' macro ends the block.
-- Macro: .KF
-- Macro: .KE
Specifies a "floating keep"; if the keep cannot fit on the current
page, 'groff' holds the contents of the keep and allows text
following the keep (in the source file) to fill in the remainder of
the current page. When the page breaks, whether by an explicit
'bp' request or by reaching the end of the page, 'groff' prints the
floating keep at the top of the new page. This is useful for
printing large graphics or tables that do not need to appear
exactly where specified.
You can also use the 'ne' request to force a page break if there is
not enough vertical space remaining on the page.
Use the following macros to draw a box around a section of text (such
as a display).
-- Macro: .B1
-- Macro: .B2
Marks the beginning and ending of text that is to have a box drawn
around it. The 'B1' macro begins the box; the 'B2' macro ends it.
Text in the box is automatically placed in a diversion (keep).
File: groff.info, Node: ms Insertions, Next: Example multi-page table, Prev: ms Displays and Keeps, Up: ms Body Text
4.3.5.8 Tables, figures, equations, and references
..................................................
The 'ms' macros support the standard 'groff' preprocessors: 'tbl',
'pic', 'eqn', and 'refer'. You mark text meant for preprocessors by
enclosing it in pairs of tags as follows.
-- Macro: .TS [H]
-- Macro: .TE
Denotes a table, to be processed by the 'tbl' preprocessor. The
optional argument 'H' to 'TS' instructs 'groff' to create a running
header with the information up to the 'TH' macro. 'groff' prints
the header at the beginning of the table; if the table runs onto
another page, 'groff' prints the header on the next page as well.
-- Macro: .PS
-- Macro: .PE
Denotes a graphic, to be processed by the 'pic' preprocessor. You
can create a 'pic' file by hand, using the AT&T 'pic' manual
available on the Web as a reference, or by using a graphics program
such as 'xfig'.
-- Macro: .EQ [align]
-- Macro: .EN
Denotes an equation, to be processed by the 'eqn' preprocessor.
The optional ALIGN argument can be 'C', 'L', or 'I' to center (the
default), left-justify, or indent the equation.
-- Macro: .[
-- Macro: .]
Denotes a reference, to be processed by the 'refer' preprocessor.
The GNU 'refer(1)' man page provides a comprehensive reference to
the preprocessor and the format of the bibliographic database.
* Menu:
* Example multi-page table::
File: groff.info, Node: Example multi-page table, Next: ms Footnotes, Prev: ms Insertions, Up: ms Body Text
4.3.5.9 An example multi-page table
...................................
The following is an example of how to set up a table that may print
across two or more pages.
.TS H
allbox expand;
cb | cb .
Text ...of heading...
_
.TH
.T&
l | l .
... the rest of the table follows...
.CW
.TE
File: groff.info, Node: ms Footnotes, Prev: Example multi-page table, Up: ms Body Text
4.3.5.10 Footnotes
..................
The 'ms' macro package has a flexible footnote system. You can specify
either numbered footnotes or symbolic footnotes (that is, using a marker
such as a dagger symbol).
-- String: \*[*]
Specifies the location of a numbered footnote marker in the text.
-- Macro: .FS
-- Macro: .FE
Specifies the text of the footnote. The default action is to
create a numbered footnote; you can create a symbolic footnote by
specifying a "mark" glyph (such as '\[dg]' for the dagger glyph) in
the body text and as an argument to the 'FS' macro, followed by the
text of the footnote and the 'FE' macro.
You can control how 'groff' prints footnote numbers by changing the
value of the 'FF' register. *Note ms Document Control Registers::.
Footnotes can be safely used within keeps and displays, but you
should avoid using numbered footnotes within floating keeps. You can
set a second '\**' marker between a '\**' and its corresponding '.FS'
entry; as long as each 'FS' macro occurs _after_ the corresponding '\**'
and the occurrences of '.FS' are in the same order as the corresponding
occurrences of '\**'.
File: groff.info, Node: ms Page Layout, Next: Differences from AT&T ms, Prev: ms Body Text, Up: ms
4.3.6 Page layout
-----------------
The default output from the 'ms' macros provides a minimalist page
layout: it prints a single column, with the page number centered at the
top of each page. It prints no footers.
You can change the layout by setting the proper number registers and
strings.
* Menu:
* ms Headers and Footers::
* ms Margins::
* ms Multiple Columns::
* ms TOC::
* ms Strings and Special Characters::
File: groff.info, Node: ms Headers and Footers, Next: ms Margins, Prev: ms Page Layout, Up: ms Page Layout
4.3.6.1 Headers and footers
...........................
For documents that do not distinguish between odd and even pages, set
the following strings:
-- String: \*[LH]
-- String: \*[CH]
-- String: \*[RH]
Sets the left, center, and right headers.
-- String: \*[LF]
-- String: \*[CF]
-- String: \*[RF]
Sets the left, center, and right footers.
For documents that need different information printed in the even and
odd pages, use the following macros:
-- Macro: .OH 'left'center'right'
-- Macro: .EH 'left'center'right'
-- Macro: .OF 'left'center'right'
-- Macro: .EF 'left'center'right'
The 'OH' and 'EH' macros define headers for the odd and even pages;
the 'OF' and 'EF' macros define footers for the odd and even pages.
This is more flexible than defining the individual strings.
You can replace the quote (''') marks with any character not
appearing in the header or footer text.
To specify custom header and footer processing, redefine the
following macros:
-- Macro: .PT
-- Macro: .HD
-- Macro: .BT
The 'PT' macro defines a custom header; the 'BT' macro defines a
custom footer. These macros must handle odd/even/first page
differences if necessary.
The 'HD' macro defines additional header processing to take place
after executing the 'PT' macro.
File: groff.info, Node: ms Margins, Next: ms Multiple Columns, Prev: ms Headers and Footers, Up: ms Page Layout
4.3.6.2 Margins
...............
You control margins using a set of number registers. *Note ms Document
Control Registers::, for details.
File: groff.info, Node: ms Multiple Columns, Next: ms TOC, Prev: ms Margins, Up: ms Page Layout
4.3.6.3 Multiple columns
........................
The 'ms' macros can set text in as many columns as do reasonably fit on
the page. The following macros are available; all of them force a page
break if a multi-column mode is already set. However, if the current
mode is single-column, starting a multi-column mode does _not_ force a
page break.
-- Macro: .1C
Single-column mode.
-- Macro: .2C
Two-column mode.
-- Macro: .MC [width [gutter]]
Multi-column mode. If you specify no arguments, it is equivalent
to the '2C' macro. Otherwise, WIDTH is the width of each column
and GUTTER is the space between columns. The 'MINGW' number
register controls the default gutter width.
File: groff.info, Node: ms TOC, Next: ms Strings and Special Characters, Prev: ms Multiple Columns, Up: ms Page Layout
4.3.6.4 Creating a table of contents
....................................
The facilities in the 'ms' macro package for creating a table of
contents are semi-automated at best. Assuming that you want the table
of contents to consist of the document's headings, you need to repeat
those headings wrapped in 'XS' and 'XE' macros.
-- Macro: .XS [page]
-- Macro: .XA [page]
-- Macro: .XE
These macros define a table of contents or an individual entry in
the table of contents, depending on their use. The macros are very
simple; they cannot indent a heading based on its level. The
easiest way to work around this is to add tabs to the table of
contents string. The following is an example:
.NH 1
Introduction
.XS
Introduction
.XE
.LP
...
.CW
.NH 2
Methodology
.XS
Methodology
.XE
.LP
...
You can manually create a table of contents by beginning with the
'XS' macro for the first entry, specifying the page number for that
entry as the argument to 'XS'. Add subsequent entries using the
'XA' macro, specifying the page number for that entry as the
argument to 'XA'. The following is an example:
.XS 1
Introduction
.XA 2
A Brief History of the Universe
.XA 729
Details of Galactic Formation
...
.XE
-- Macro: .TC [no]
Prints the table of contents on a new page, setting the page number
to *i* (Roman lowercase numeral one). You should usually place
this macro at the end of the file, since 'groff' is a single-pass
formatter and can only print what has been collected up to the
point that the 'TC' macro appears.
The optional argument 'no' suppresses printing the title specified
by the string register 'TOC'.
-- Macro: .PX [no]
Prints the table of contents on a new page, using the current page
numbering sequence. Use this macro to print a manually generated
table of contents at the beginning of your document.
The optional argument 'no' suppresses printing the title specified
by the string register 'TOC'.
The 'Groff and Friends HOWTO' includes a 'sed' script that
automatically inserts 'XS' and 'XE' macro entries after each heading in
a document.
Altering the 'NH' macro to automatically build the table of contents
is perhaps initially more difficult, but would save a great deal of time
in the long run if you use 'ms' regularly.
File: groff.info, Node: ms Strings and Special Characters, Prev: ms TOC, Up: ms Page Layout
4.3.6.5 Strings and Special Characters
......................................
The 'ms' macros provide the following predefined strings. You can
change the string definitions to help in creating documents in languages
other than English.
-- String: \*[REFERENCES]
Contains the string printed at the beginning of the references
(bibliography) page. The default is 'References'.
-- String: \*[ABSTRACT]
Contains the string printed at the beginning of the abstract. The
default is 'ABSTRACT'.
-- String: \*[TOC]
Contains the string printed at the beginning of the table of
contents.
-- String: \*[MONTH1]
-- String: \*[MONTH2]
-- String: \*[MONTH3]
-- String: \*[MONTH4]
-- String: \*[MONTH5]
-- String: \*[MONTH6]
-- String: \*[MONTH7]
-- String: \*[MONTH8]
-- String: \*[MONTH9]
-- String: \*[MONTH10]
-- String: \*[MONTH11]
-- String: \*[MONTH12]
Prints the full name of the month in dates. The default is
'January', 'February', etc.
The following special characters are available(1) (*note ms Strings
and Special Characters-Footnote-1::):
-- String: \*[-]
Prints an em dash.
-- String: \*[Q]
-- String: \*[U]
Prints typographer's quotes in troff, and plain quotes in nroff.
'\*Q' is the left quote and '\*U' is the right quote.
Improved accent marks are available in the 'ms' macros.
-- Macro: .AM
Specify this macro at the beginning of your document to enable
extended accent marks and special characters. This is a Berkeley
extension.
To use the accent marks, place them *after* the character being
accented.
Note that groff's native support for accents is superior to the
following definitions.
The following accent marks are available after invoking the 'AM'
macro:
-- String: \*[']
Acute accent.
-- String: \*[`]
Grave accent.
-- String: \*[^]
Circumflex.
-- String: \*[,]
Cedilla.
-- String: \*[~]
Tilde.
-- String: \*[:]
Umlaut.
-- String: \*[v]
Hacek.
-- String: \*[_]
Macron (overbar).
-- String: \*[.]
Underdot.
-- String: \*[o]
Ring above.
The following are standalone characters available after invoking the
'AM' macro:
-- String: \*[?]
Upside-down question mark.
-- String: \*[!]
Upside-down exclamation point.
-- String: \*[8]
German ss ligature.
-- String: \*[3]
Yogh.
-- String: \*[Th]
Uppercase thorn.
-- String: \*[th]
Lowercase thorn.
-- String: \*[D-]
Uppercase eth.
-- String: \*[d-]
Lowercase eth.
-- String: \*[q]
Hooked o.
-- String: \*[ae]
Lowercase ae ligature.
-- String: \*[Ae]
Uppercase ? ligature.
File: groff.info, Node: Differences from AT&T ms, Next: Naming Conventions, Prev: ms Page Layout, Up: ms
4.3.7 Differences from AT&T 'ms'
--------------------------------
This section lists the (minor) differences between the 'groff -ms'
macros and AT&T 'troff -ms' macros.
* The internals of 'groff -ms' differ from the internals of AT&T
'troff -ms'. Documents that depend upon implementation details of
AT&T 'troff -ms' may not format properly with 'groff -ms'.
* The general error-handling policy of 'groff -ms' is to detect and
report errors, rather than silently to ignore them.
* 'groff -ms' does not work in compatibility mode (that is, with the
'-C' option).
* There is no special support for typewriter-like devices.
* 'groff -ms' does not provide cut marks.
* Multiple line spacing is not supported. Use a larger vertical
spacing instead.
* Some Unix 'ms' documentation says that the 'CW' and 'GW' number
registers can be used to control the column width and gutter width,
respectively. These number registers are not used in 'groff -ms'.
* Macros that cause a reset (paragraphs, headings, etc.) may change
the indentation. Macros that change the indentation do not
increment or decrement the indentation, but rather set it
absolutely. This can cause problems for documents that define
additional macros of their own. The solution is to use not the
'in' request but instead the 'RS' and 'RE' macros.
* To make 'groff -ms' use the default page offset (which also
specifies the left margin), the 'PO' register must stay undefined
until the first '-ms' macro is evaluated. This implies that 'PO'
should not be used early in the document, unless it is changed
also: Remember that accessing an undefined register automatically
defines it.
-- Register: \n[GS]
This number register is set to 1 by the 'groff -ms' macros, but it
is not used by the 'AT&T' 'troff -ms' macros. Documents that need
to determine whether they are being formatted with 'AT&T' 'troff
-ms' or 'groff -ms' should use this number register.
Emulations of a few ancient Bell Labs macros can be re-enabled by
calling the otherwise undocumented 'SC' section-header macro. Calling
'SC' enables 'UC' for marking up a product or application name, and the
pair 'P1'/'P2' for surrounding code example displays.
These are not enabled by default because (a) they were not
documented, in the original 'ms' manual, and (b) the 'P1' and 'UC'
macros collide with different macros with the same names in the Berkeley
version of 'ms'.
These 'groff' emulations are sufficient to give back the 1976
Kernighan & Cherry paper 'Typesetting Mathematics - User's Guide' its
section headings, and restore some text that had gone missing as
arguments of undefined macros. No warranty express or implied is given
as to how well the typographic details these produce match the original
Bell Labs macros.
* Menu:
* Missing ms Macros::
* Additional ms Macros::
File: groff.info, Node: Missing ms Macros, Next: Additional ms Macros, Prev: Differences from AT&T ms, Up: Differences from AT&T ms
4.3.7.1 'troff' macros not appearing in 'groff'
...............................................
Macros missing from 'groff -ms' are cover page macros specific to Bell
Labs and Berkeley. The macros known to be missing are:
'.TM'
Technical memorandum; a cover sheet style
'.IM'
Internal memorandum; a cover sheet style
'.MR'
Memo for record; a cover sheet style
'.MF'
Memo for file; a cover sheet style
'.EG'
Engineer's notes; a cover sheet style
'.TR'
Computing Science Tech Report; a cover sheet style
'.OK'
Other keywords
'.CS'
Cover sheet information
'.MH'
A cover sheet macro
File: groff.info, Node: Additional ms Macros, Prev: Missing ms Macros, Up: Differences from AT&T ms
4.3.7.2 'groff' macros not appearing in AT&T 'troff'
....................................................
The 'groff -ms' macros have a few minor extensions compared to the AT&T
'troff -ms' macros.
-- Macro: .AM
Improved accent marks. *Note ms Strings and Special Characters::,
for details.
-- Macro: .DS I
Indented display. The default behavior of AT&T 'troff -ms' was to
indent; the 'groff' default prints displays flush left with the
body text.
-- Macro: .CW
Print text in 'constant width' (Courier) font.
-- Macro: .IX
Indexing term (printed on standard error). You can write a script
to capture and process an index generated in this manner.
The following additional number registers appear in 'groff -ms':
-- Register: \n[MINGW]
Specifies a minimum space between columns (for multi-column
output); this takes the place of the 'GW' register that was
documented but apparently not implemented in AT&T 'troff'.
Several new string registers are available as well. You can change
these to handle (for example) the local language. *Note ms Strings and
Special Characters::, for details.
File: groff.info, Node: Naming Conventions, Prev: Differences from AT&T ms, Up: ms
4.3.8 Naming Conventions
------------------------
The following conventions are used for names of macros, strings and
number registers. External names available to documents that use the
'groff -ms' macros contain only uppercase letters and digits.
Internally the macros are divided into modules; naming conventions
are as follows:
* Names used only within one module are of the form MODULE'*'NAME.
* Names used outside the module in which they are defined are of the
form MODULE'@'NAME.
* Names associated with a particular environment are of the form
ENVIRONMENT':'NAME; these are used only within the 'par' module.
* NAME does not have a module prefix.
* Constructed names used to implement arrays are of the form
ARRAY'!'INDEX.
Thus the groff ms macros reserve the following names:
* Names containing the characters '*', '@', and ':'.
* Names containing only uppercase letters and digits.
File: groff.info, Node: me, Next: mm, Prev: ms, Up: Macro Packages
4.4 'me'
========
See the 'meintro.me' and 'meref.me' documents in groff's 'doc'
directory.
File: groff.info, Node: mm, Next: mom, Prev: me, Up: Macro Packages
4.5 'mm'
========
See the 'groff_mm(7)' man page (type 'man groff_mm' at the command
line).
File: groff.info, Node: mom, Prev: mm, Up: Macro Packages
4.6 'mom'
=========
The main documentation files for the 'mom' macros are in HTML format.
Additional, useful documentation is in PDF format. See the 'groff(1)'
man page, section "Installation Directories", for their location.
* 'toc.html' Entry point to the full mom manual.
* 'macrolist.html' Hyperlinked index of macros with brief
descriptions, arranged by category.
* 'mom-pdf.pdf' PDF features and usage.
The mom macros are in active development between groff releases. The
most recent version, along with up-to-date documentation, is available
at <http://www.schaffter.ca/mom/mom-05.html>.
The 'groff_mom(7)' man page (type 'man groff_mom' at the command
line) contains a partial list of available macros, however their usage
is best understood by consulting the HTML documentation.
File: groff.info, Node: gtroff Reference, Next: Preprocessors, Prev: Macro Packages, Up: Top
5 'gtroff' Reference
********************
This chapter covers *all* of the facilities of 'gtroff'. Users of macro
packages may skip it if not interested in details.
* Menu:
* Text::
* Measurements::
* Expressions::
* Identifiers::
* Embedded Commands::
* Registers::
* Manipulating Filling and Adjusting::
* Manipulating Hyphenation::
* Manipulating Spacing::
* Tabs and Fields::
* Character Translations::
* Troff and Nroff Mode::
* Line Layout::
* Line Control::
* Page Layout::
* Page Control::
* Fonts and Symbols::
* Sizes::
* Strings::
* Conditionals and Loops::
* Writing Macros::
* Page Motions::
* Drawing Requests::
* Traps::
* Diversions::
* Environments::
* Suppressing output::
* Colors::
* I/O::
* Postprocessor Access::
* Miscellaneous::
* Gtroff Internals::
* Debugging::
* Implementation Differences::
File: groff.info, Node: Text, Next: Measurements, Prev: gtroff Reference, Up: gtroff Reference
5.1 Text
========
'gtroff' input files contain text with control commands interspersed
throughout. But, even without control codes, 'gtroff' still does
several things with the input text:
* filling and adjusting
* adding additional space after sentences
* hyphenating
* inserting implicit line breaks
* Menu:
* Filling and Adjusting::
* Hyphenation::
* Sentences::
* Tab Stops::
* Implicit Line Breaks::
* Input Conventions::
* Input Encodings::
File: groff.info, Node: Filling and Adjusting, Next: Hyphenation, Prev: Text, Up: Text
5.1.1 Filling and Adjusting
---------------------------
When 'gtroff' reads text, it collects words from the input and fits as
many of them together on one output line as it can. This is known as
"filling".
Once 'gtroff' has a "filled" line, it tries to "adjust" it. This
means it widens the spacing between words until the text reaches the
right margin (in the default adjustment mode). Extra spaces between
words are preserved, but spaces at the end of lines are ignored. Spaces
at the front of a line cause a "break" (breaks are explained in *note
Implicit Line Breaks::).
*Note Manipulating Filling and Adjusting::.
File: groff.info, Node: Hyphenation, Next: Sentences, Prev: Filling and Adjusting, Up: Text
5.1.2 Hyphenation
-----------------
Since the odds are not great for finding a set of words, for every
output line, which fit nicely on a line without inserting excessive
amounts of space between words, 'gtroff' hyphenates words so that it can
justify lines without inserting too much space between words. It uses
an internal hyphenation algorithm (a simplified version of the algorithm
used within TeX) to indicate which words can be hyphenated and how to do
so. When a word is hyphenated, the first part of the word is added to
the current filled line being output (with an attached hyphen), and the
other portion is added to the next line to be filled.
*Note Manipulating Hyphenation::.
File: groff.info, Node: Sentences, Next: Tab Stops, Prev: Hyphenation, Up: Text
5.1.3 Sentences
---------------
Although it is often debated, some typesetting rules say there should be
different amounts of space after various punctuation marks. For
example, the 'Chicago typesetting manual' says that a period at the end
of a sentence should have twice as much space following it as would a
comma or a period as part of an abbreviation.
'gtroff' does this by flagging certain characters (normally '!', '?',
and '.') as "end-of-sentence" characters. When 'gtroff' encounters one
of these characters at the end of a line, it appends a normal space
followed by a "sentence space" in the formatted output. (This justifies
one of the conventions mentioned in *note Input Conventions::.)
In addition, the following characters and symbols are treated
transparently while handling end-of-sentence characters: '"', ''', ')',
']', '*', '\[dg]', '\[rq]', and '\[cq]'.
See the 'cflags' request in *note Using Symbols::, for more details.
To prevent the insertion of extra space after an end-of-sentence
character (at the end of a line), append '\&'.
File: groff.info, Node: Tab Stops, Next: Implicit Line Breaks, Prev: Sentences, Up: Text
5.1.4 Tab Stops
---------------
'gtroff' translates "tabulator characters", also called "tabs" (normally
code point ASCII '0x09' or EBCDIC '0x05'), in the input into movements
to the next tabulator stop. These tab stops are initially located every
half inch across the page. Using this, simple tables can be made
easily. However, it can often be deceptive as the appearance (and
width) of the text on a terminal and the results from 'gtroff' can vary
greatly.
Also, a possible sticking point is that lines beginning with tab
characters are still filled, again producing unexpected results. For
example, the following input
1 2 3
4 5
produces
1 2 3 4 5
*Note Tabs and Fields::.
File: groff.info, Node: Implicit Line Breaks, Next: Input Conventions, Prev: Tab Stops, Up: Text
5.1.5 Implicit Line Breaks
--------------------------
An important concept in 'gtroff' is the "break". When a break occurs,
'gtroff' outputs the partially filled line (unjustified), and resumes
collecting and filling text on the next output line.
There are several ways to cause a break in 'gtroff'. A blank line
not only causes a break, but it also outputs a one-line vertical space
(effectively a blank line). Note that this behaviour can be modified
with the blank line macro request 'blm'. *Note Blank Line Traps::.
A line that begins with a space causes a break and the space is
output at the beginning of the next line. Note that this space isn't
adjusted, even in fill mode; however, the behaviour can be modified with
the leading spaces macro request 'lsm'. *Note Leading Spaces Traps::.
The end of file also causes a break - otherwise the last line of the
document may vanish!
Certain requests also cause breaks, implicitly or explicitly. This
is discussed in *note Manipulating Filling and Adjusting::.
File: groff.info, Node: Input Conventions, Next: Input Encodings, Prev: Implicit Line Breaks, Up: Text
5.1.6 Input Conventions
-----------------------
Since 'gtroff' does filling automatically, it is traditional in 'groff'
not to try and type things in as nicely formatted paragraphs. These are
some conventions commonly used when typing 'gtroff' text:
* Break lines after punctuation, particularly at the end of a
sentence and in other logical places. Keep separate phrases on
lines by themselves, as entire phrases are often added or deleted
when editing.
* Try to keep lines less than 40-60 characters, to allow space for
inserting more text.
* Do not try to do any formatting in a WYSIWYG manner (i.e., don't
try using spaces to get proper indentation).
File: groff.info, Node: Input Encodings, Prev: Input Conventions, Up: Text
5.1.7 Input Encodings
---------------------
Currently, the following input encodings are available.
cp1047
This input encoding works only on EBCDIC platforms (and vice versa,
the other input encodings don't work with EBCDIC); the file
'cp1047.tmac' is by default loaded at start-up.
latin-1
This is the default input encoding on non-EBCDIC platforms; the
file 'latin1.tmac' is loaded at start-up.
latin-2
To use this encoding, either say '.mso latin2.tmac' at the very
beginning of your document or use '-mlatin2' as a command-line
argument for 'groff'.
latin-5
For Turkish. Either say '.mso latin5.tmac' at the very beginning
of your document or use '-mlatin5' as a command-line argument for
'groff'.
latin-9 (latin-0)
This encoding is intended (at least in Europe) to replace latin-1
encoding. The main difference to latin-1 is that latin-9 contains
the Euro character. To use this encoding, either say
'.mso latin9.tmac' at the very beginning of your document or use
'-mlatin9' as a command-line argument for 'groff'.
Note that it can happen that some input encoding characters are not
available for a particular output device. For example, saying
groff -Tlatin1 -mlatin9 ...
fails if you use the Euro character in the input. Usually, this
limitation is present only for devices that have a limited set of output
glyphs (e.g. '-Tascii' and '-Tlatin1'); for other devices it is usually
sufficient to install proper fonts that contain the necessary glyphs.
Due to the importance of the Euro glyph in Europe, the groff package
now comes with a POSTSCRIPT font called 'freeeuro.pfa', which provides
various glyph shapes for the Euro. In other words, latin-9 encoding is
supported for the '-Tps' device out of the box (latin-2 isn't).
By its very nature, '-Tutf8' supports all input encodings; '-Tdvi'
has support for both latin-2 and latin-9 if the command-line '-mec' is
used also to load the file 'ec.tmac' (which flips to the EC fonts).
File: groff.info, Node: Measurements, Next: Expressions, Prev: Text, Up: gtroff Reference
5.2 Measurements
================
'gtroff' (like many other programs) requires numeric parameters to
specify various measurements. Most numeric parameters(1) (*note
Measurements-Footnote-1::) may have a "measurement unit" attached.
These units are specified as a single character that immediately follows
the number or expression. Each of these units are understood, by
'gtroff', to be a multiple of its "basic unit". So, whenever a
different measurement unit is specified 'gtroff' converts this into its
"basic units". This basic unit, represented by a 'u', is a device
dependent measurement, which is quite small, ranging from 1/75th to
1/72000th of an inch. The values may be given as fractional numbers;
however, fractional basic units are always rounded to integers.
Some of the measurement units are completely independent of any of
the current settings (e.g. type size) of 'gtroff'.
Although groff's basic unit is device-dependent, it may still be
smaller than the smallest unit the device is capable of producing. The
register '.H' specifies how many groff basic units constitute the
current device's basic unit horizontally, and the register '.V'
specifies this value vertically.
'i'
Inches. An antiquated measurement unit still in use in certain
backwards countries with incredibly low-cost computer equipment.
One inch is defined to be 2.54 cm (worldwide since 1964).
'c'
Centimeters. One centimeter is about 0.3937 in.
'p'
Points. This is a typesetter's measurement used for measure type
size. It is 72 points to an inch.
'P'
Pica. Another typesetting measurement. 6 picas to an inch (and
12 points to a pica).
's'
'z'
*Note Fractional Type Sizes::, for a discussion of these units.
'f'
Fractions. Value is 65536. *Note Colors::, for usage.
The other measurements understood by 'gtroff' depend on settings
currently in effect in 'gtroff'. These are very useful for specifying
measurements that should look proper with any size of text.
'm'
Ems. This unit is equal to the current font size in points. So
called because it is _approximately_ the width of the letter 'm' in
the current font.
'n'
Ens. In 'groff', this is half of an em.
'v'
Vertical space. This is equivalent to the current line spacing.
*Note Sizes::, for more information about this.
'M'
100ths of an em.
* Menu:
* Default Units::
File: groff.info, Node: Default Units, Prev: Measurements, Up: Measurements
5.2.1 Default Units
-------------------
Many requests take a default unit. While this can be helpful at times,
it can cause strange errors in some expressions. For example, the line
length request expects em units. Here are several attempts to get a
line length of 3.5 inches and their results:
3.5i => 3.5i
7/2 => 0i
7/2i => 0i
(7 / 2)u => 0i
7i/2 => 0.1i
7i/2u => 3.5i
Everything is converted to basic units first. In the above example it
is assumed that 1i equals 240u, and 1m equals 10p (thus 1m equals 33u).
The value 7i/2 is first handled as 7i/2m, then converted to 1680u/66u,
which is 25u, and this is approximately 0.1i. As can be seen, a scaling
indicator after a closing parenthesis is simply ignored.
Thus, the safest way to specify measurements is to always attach a
scaling indicator. If you want to multiply or divide by a certain
scalar value, use 'u' as the unit for that value.
File: groff.info, Node: Expressions, Next: Identifiers, Prev: Measurements, Up: gtroff Reference
5.3 Expressions
===============
'gtroff' has most arithmetic operators common to other languages:
* Arithmetic: '+' (addition), '-' (subtraction), '/' (division), '*'
(multiplication), '%' (modulo).
'gtroff' only provides integer arithmetic. The internal type used
for computing results is 'int', which is usually a 32-bit signed
integer.
* Comparison: '<' (less than), '>' (greater than), '<=' (less than or
equal), '>=' (greater than or equal), '=' (equal), '==' (the same
as '=').
* Logical: '&' (logical and), ':' (logical or).
* Unary operators: '-' (negating, i.e. changing the sign), '+' (just
for completeness; does nothing in expressions), '!' (logical not;
this works only within 'if' and 'while' requests).(1) (*note
Expressions-Footnote-1::) See below for the use of unary operators
in motion requests.
The logical not operator, as described above, works only within
'if' and 'while' requests. Furthermore, it may appear only at the
beginning of an expression, and negates the entire expression.
Attempting to insert the '!' operator within the expression results
in a 'numeric expression expected' warning. This maintains
compatibility with old versions of 'troff'.
Example:
.nr X 1
.nr Y 0
.\" This does not work as expected
.if (\n[X])&(!\n[Y]) .nop X only
.
.\" Use this construct instead
.if (\n[X]=1)&(\n[Y]=0) .nop X only
* Extrema: '>?' (maximum), '<?' (minimum).
Example:
.nr x 5
.nr y 3
.nr z (\n[x] >? \n[y])
The register 'z' now contains 5.
* Scaling: '(C;E)'. Evaluate E using C as the default scaling
indicator. If C is missing, ignore scaling indicators in the
evaluation of E.
Parentheses may be used as in any other language. However, in
'gtroff' they are necessary to ensure order of evaluation. 'gtroff' has
no operator precedence; expressions are evaluated left to right. This
means that 'gtroff' evaluates '3+5*4' as if it were parenthesized like
'(3+5)*4', not as '3+(5*4)', as might be expected.
For many requests that cause a motion on the page, the unary
operators '+' and '-' work differently if leading an expression. They
then indicate a motion relative to the current position (down or up,
respectively).
Similarly, a leading '|' operator indicates an absolute position.
For vertical movements, it specifies the distance from the top of the
page; for horizontal movements, it gives the distance from the beginning
of the _input_ line.
'+' and '-' are also treated differently by the following requests
and escapes: 'bp', 'in', 'll', 'lt', 'nm', 'nr', 'pl', 'pn', 'po', 'ps',
'pvs', 'rt', 'ti', '\H', '\R', and '\s'. Here, leading plus and minus
signs indicate increments and decrements.
*Note Setting Registers::, for some examples.
-- Escape: \B'anything'
Return 1 if ANYTHING is a valid numeric expression; or 0 if
ANYTHING is empty or not a valid numeric expression.
Due to the way arguments are parsed, spaces are not allowed in
expressions, unless the entire expression is surrounded by parentheses.
*Note Request and Macro Arguments::, and *note Conditionals and
Loops::.
File: groff.info, Node: Identifiers, Next: Embedded Commands, Prev: Expressions, Up: gtroff Reference
5.4 Identifiers
===============
Like any other language, 'gtroff' has rules for properly formed
"identifiers". In 'gtroff', an identifier can be made up of almost any
printable character, with the exception of the following characters:
* Whitespace characters (spaces, tabs, and newlines).
* Backspace (ASCII '0x08' or EBCDIC '0x16') and character code
'0x01'.
* The following input characters are invalid and are ignored if
'groff' runs on a machine based on ASCII, causing a warning message
of type 'input' (see *note Debugging::, for more details): '0x00',
'0x0B', '0x0D'-'0x1F', '0x80'-'0x9F'.
And here are the invalid input characters if 'groff' runs on an
EBCDIC host: '0x00', '0x08', '0x09', '0x0B', '0x0D'-'0x14',
'0x17'-'0x1F', '0x30'-'0x3F'.
Currently, some of these reserved codepoints are used internally,
thus making it non-trivial to extend 'gtroff' to cover Unicode or
other character sets and encodings that use characters of these
ranges.
Note that invalid characters are removed before parsing; an
identifier 'foo', followed by an invalid character, followed by
'bar' is treated as 'foobar'.
For example, any of the following is valid.
br
PP
(l
end-list
@_
Note that identifiers longer than two characters with a closing bracket
(']') in its name can't be accessed with escape sequences that expect an
identifier as a parameter. For example, '\[foo]]' accesses the glyph
'foo', followed by ']', whereas '\C'foo]'' really asks for glyph 'foo]'.
To avoid problems with the 'refer' preprocessor, macro names should
not start with '[' or ']'. Due to backwards compatibility, everything
after '.[' and '.]' is handled as a special argument to 'refer'. For
example, '.[foo' makes 'refer' to start a reference, using 'foo' as a
parameter.
-- Escape: \A'ident'
Test whether an identifier IDENT is valid in 'gtroff'. It expands
to the character 1 or 0 according to whether its argument (usually
delimited by quotes) is or is not acceptable as the name of a
string, macro, diversion, number register, environment, or font.
It returns 0 if no argument is given. This is useful for looking
up user input in some sort of associative table.
\A'end-list'
=> 1
*Note Escapes::, for details on parameter delimiting characters.
Identifiers in 'gtroff' can be any length, but, in some contexts,
'gtroff' needs to be told where identifiers end and text begins (and in
different ways depending on their length):
* Single character.
* Two characters. Must be prefixed with '(' in some situations.
* Arbitrary length ('gtroff' only). Must be bracketed with '['
and ']' in some situations. Any length identifier can be put in
brackets.
Unlike many other programming languages, undefined identifiers are
silently ignored or expanded to nothing. When 'gtroff' finds an
undefined identifier, it emits a warning, doing the following:
* If the identifier is a string, macro, or diversion, 'gtroff'
defines it as empty.
* If the identifier is a number register, 'gtroff' defines it with a
value of 0.
*Note Warnings::., *note Interpolating Registers::, and *note
Strings::.
Note that macros, strings, and diversions share the same name space.
.de xxx
. nop foo
..
.
.di xxx
bar
.br
.di
.
.xxx
=> bar
As can be seen in the previous example, 'gtroff' reuses the identifier
'xxx', changing it from a macro to a diversion. No warning is emitted!
The contents of the first macro definition is lost.
*Note Interpolating Registers::, and *note Strings::.
File: groff.info, Node: Embedded Commands, Next: Registers, Prev: Identifiers, Up: gtroff Reference
5.5 Embedded Commands
=====================
Most documents need more functionality beyond filling, adjusting and
implicit line breaking. In order to gain further functionality,
'gtroff' allows commands to be embedded into the text, in two ways.
The first is a "request" that takes up an entire line, and does some
large-scale operation (e.g. break lines, start new pages).
The other is an "escape" that can be usually embedded anywhere in the
text; most requests can accept it even as an argument. Escapes
generally do more minor operations like sub- and superscripts, print a
symbol, etc.
* Menu:
* Requests::
* Macros::
* Escapes::
File: groff.info, Node: Requests, Next: Macros, Prev: Embedded Commands, Up: Embedded Commands
5.5.1 Requests
--------------
A request line begins with a control character, which is either a single
quote (''', the "no-break control character") or a period ('.', the
normal "control character"). These can be changed; see *note Character
Translations::, for details. After this there may be optional tabs or
spaces followed by an identifier, which is the name of the request.
This may be followed by any number of space-separated arguments (_no_
tabs here).
Since a control character followed by whitespace only is ignored, it
is common practice to use this feature for structuring the source code
of documents or macro packages.
.de foo
. tm This is foo.
..
.
.
.de bar
. tm This is bar.
..
Another possibility is to use the blank line macro request 'blm' by
assigning an empty macro to it.
.de do-nothing
..
.blm do-nothing \" activate blank line macro
.de foo
. tm This is foo.
..
.de bar
. tm This is bar.
..
.blm \" deactivate blank line macro
*Note Blank Line Traps::.
To begin a line with a control character without it being
interpreted, precede it with '\&'. This represents a zero width space,
which means it does not affect the output.
In most cases the period is used as a control character. Several
requests cause a break implicitly; using the single quote control
character prevents this.
-- Register: \n[.br]
A read-only number register, which is set to 1 if a macro is called
with the normal control character (as defined with the 'cc'
request), and set to 0 otherwise.
This allows reliable modification of requests.
.als bp*orig bp
.de bp
. tm before bp
. ie \\n[.br] .bp*orig
. el 'bp*orig
. tm after bp
..
Using this register outside of a macro makes no sense (it always
returns zero in such cases).
If a macro is called as a string (that is, using '\*'), the value
of the '.br' register is inherited from the caller.
* Menu:
* Request and Macro Arguments::
File: groff.info, Node: Request and Macro Arguments, Prev: Requests, Up: Requests
5.5.1.1 Request and Macro Arguments
...................................
Arguments to requests and macros are processed much like the shell: The
line is split into arguments according to spaces.(1) (*note Request and
Macro Arguments-Footnote-1::)
An argument to a macro that is intended to contain spaces can either
be enclosed in double quotes, or have the spaces "escaped" with
backslashes. This is _not_ true for requests.
Here are a few examples for a hypothetical macro 'uh':
.uh The Mouse Problem
.uh "The Mouse Problem"
.uh The\ Mouse\ Problem
The first line is the 'uh' macro being called with 3 arguments, 'The',
'Mouse', and 'Problem'. The latter two have the same effect of calling
the 'uh' macro with one argument, 'The Mouse Problem'.(2) (*note
Request and Macro Arguments-Footnote-2::)
A double quote that isn't preceded by a space doesn't start a macro
argument. If not closing a string, it is printed literally.
For example,
.xxx a" "b c" "de"fg"
has the arguments 'a"', 'b c', 'de', and 'fg"'. Don't rely on this
obscure behaviour!
There are two possibilities to get a double quote reliably.
* Enclose the whole argument with double quotes and use two
consecutive double quotes to represent a single one. This
traditional solution has the disadvantage that double quotes don't
survive argument expansion again if called in compatibility mode
(using the '-C' option of 'groff'):
.de xx
. tm xx: `\\$1' `\\$2' `\\$3'
.
. yy "\\$1" "\\$2" "\\$3"
..
.de yy
. tm yy: `\\$1' `\\$2' `\\$3'
..
.xx A "test with ""quotes""" .
=> xx: `A' `test with "quotes"' `.'
=> yy: `A' `test with ' `quotes""'
If not in compatibility mode, you get the expected result
xx: `A' `test with "quotes"' `.'
yy: `A' `test with "quotes"' `.'
since 'gtroff' preserves the input level.
* Use the double quote glyph '\(dq'. This works with and without
compatibility mode enabled since 'gtroff' doesn't convert '\(dq'
back to a double quote input character.
Note that this method won't work with Unix 'troff' in general since
the glyph 'dq' isn't defined normally.
Double quotes in the 'ds' request are handled differently. *Note
Strings::, for more details.
File: groff.info, Node: Macros, Next: Escapes, Prev: Requests, Up: Embedded Commands
5.5.2 Macros
------------
'gtroff' has a "macro" facility for defining a series of lines that can
be invoked by name. They are called in the same manner as requests -
arguments also may be passed basically in the same manner.
*Note Writing Macros::, and *note Request and Macro Arguments::.
File: groff.info, Node: Escapes, Prev: Macros, Up: Embedded Commands
5.5.3 Escapes
-------------
Escapes may occur anywhere in the input to 'gtroff'. They usually begin
with a backslash and are followed by a single character, which indicates
the function to be performed. The escape character can be changed; see
*note Character Translations::.
Escape sequences that require an identifier as a parameter accept
three possible syntax forms.
* The next single character is the identifier.
* If this single character is an opening parenthesis, take the
following two characters as the identifier. Note that there is no
closing parenthesis after the identifier.
* If this single character is an opening bracket, take all characters
until a closing bracket as the identifier.
Examples:
\fB
\n(XX
\*[TeX]
Other escapes may require several arguments and/or some special
format. In such cases the argument is traditionally enclosed in single
quotes (and quotes are always used in this manual for the definitions of
escape sequences). The enclosed text is then processed according to
what that escape expects. Example:
\l'1.5i\(bu'
Note that the quote character can be replaced with any other
character that does not occur in the argument (even a newline or a space
character) in the following escapes: '\o', '\b', and '\X'. This makes
e.g.
A caf
\o
e\'
in Paris
=> A cafe' in Paris
possible, but it is better not to use this feature to avoid confusion.
The following escape sequences (which are handled similarly to
characters since they don't take a parameter) are also allowed as
delimiters: '\%', '\ ', '\|', '\^', '\{', '\}', '\'', '\`', '\-', '\_',
'\!', '\?', '\)', '\/', '\,', '\&', '\:', '\~', '\0', '\a', '\c', '\d',
'\e', '\E', '\p', '\r', '\t', and '\u'. Again, don't use these if
possible.
No newline characters as delimiters are allowed in the following
escapes: '\A', '\B', '\Z', '\C', and '\w'.
Finally, the escapes '\D', '\h', '\H', '\l', '\L', '\N', '\R', '\s',
'\S', '\v', and '\x' can't use the following characters as delimiters:
* The digits '0'-'9'.
* The (single-character) operators '+-/*%<>=&:().'.
* The space, tab, and newline characters.
* All escape sequences except '\%', '\:', '\{', '\}', '\'', '\`',
'\-', '\_', '\!', '\/', '\c', '\e', and '\p'.
To have a backslash (actually, the current escape character) appear
in the output several escapes are defined: '\\', '\e' or '\E'. These
are very similar, and only differ with respect to being used in macros
or diversions. *Note Character Translations::, for an exact description
of those escapes.
*Note Implementation Differences::, *note Copy-in Mode::, and *note
Diversions::, *note Identifiers::, for more information.
* Menu:
* Comments::
File: groff.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Escapes, Up: Escapes
5.5.3.1 Comments
................
Probably one of the most(1) (*note Comments-Footnote-1::) common forms
of escapes is the comment.
-- Escape: \"
Start a comment. Everything to the end of the input line is
ignored.
This may sound simple, but it can be tricky to keep the comments
from interfering with the appearance of the final output.
If the escape is to the right of some text or a request, that
portion of the line is ignored, but the space leading up to it is
noticed by 'gtroff'. This only affects the 'ds' and 'as' request
and its variants.
One possibly irritating idiosyncracy is that tabs must not be used
to line up comments. Tabs are not treated as whitespace between
the request and macro arguments.
A comment on a line by itself is treated as a blank line, because
after eliminating the comment, that is all that remains:
Test
\" comment
Test
produces
Test
Test
To avoid this, it is common to start the line with '.\"', which
causes the line to be treated as an undefined request and thus
ignored completely.
Another commenting scheme seen sometimes is three consecutive
single quotes (''''') at the beginning of a line. This works, but
'gtroff' gives a warning about an undefined macro (namely ''''),
which is harmless, but irritating.
-- Escape: \#
To avoid all this, 'gtroff' has a new comment mechanism using the
'\#' escape. This escape works the same as '\"' except that the
newline is also ignored:
Test
\# comment
Test
produces
Test Test
as expected.
-- Request: .ig [end]
Ignore all input until 'gtroff' encounters the macro named '.'END
on a line by itself (or '..' if END is not specified). This is
useful for commenting out large blocks of text:
text text text...
.ig
This is part of a large block
of text that has been
temporarily(?) commented out.
We can restore it simply by removing
the .ig request and the ".." at the
end of the block.
..
More text text text...
produces
text text text... More text text text...
Note that the commented-out block of text does not cause a break.
The input is read in copy-mode; auto-incremented registers _are_
affected (*note Auto-increment::).
File: groff.info, Node: Registers, Next: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting, Prev: Embedded Commands, Up: gtroff Reference
5.6 Registers
=============
Numeric variables in 'gtroff' are called "registers". There are a
number of built-in registers, supplying anything from the date to
details of formatting parameters.
*Note Identifiers::, for details on register identifiers.
* Menu:
* Setting Registers::
* Interpolating Registers::
* Auto-increment::
* Assigning Formats::
* Built-in Registers::
File: groff.info, Node: Setting Registers, Next: Interpolating Registers, Prev: Registers, Up: Registers
5.6.1 Setting Registers
-----------------------
Define or set registers using the 'nr' request or the '\R' escape.
Although the following requests and escapes can be used to create
registers, simply using an undefined register will cause it to be set to
zero.
-- Request: .nr ident value
-- Escape: \R'ident value'
Set number register IDENT to VALUE. If IDENT doesn't exist,
'gtroff' creates it.
The argument to '\R' usually has to be enclosed in quotes. *Note
Escapes::, for details on parameter delimiting characters.
The '\R' escape doesn't produce an input token in 'gtroff'; in
other words, it vanishes completely after 'gtroff' has processed
it.
For example, the following two lines are equivalent:
.nr a (((17 + (3 * 4))) % 4)
\R'a (((17 + (3 * 4))) % 4)'
=> 1
Note that the complete transparency of '\R' can cause surprising
effects if you use number registers like '.k', which get evaluated
at the time they are accessed.
.ll 1.6i
.
aaa bbb ccc ddd eee fff ggg hhh\R':k \n[.k]'
.tm :k == \n[:k]
=> :k == 126950
.
.br
.
aaa bbb ccc ddd eee fff ggg hhh\h'0'\R':k \n[.k]'
.tm :k == \n[:k]
=> :k == 15000
If you process this with the POSTSCRIPT device ('-Tps'), there will
be a line break eventually after 'ggg' in both input lines.
However, after processing the space after 'ggg', the partially
collected line is not overfull yet, so 'troff' continues to collect
input until it sees the space (or in this case, the newline) after
'hhh'. At this point, the line is longer than the line length, and
the line gets broken.
In the first input line, since the '\R' escape leaves no traces,
the check for the overfull line hasn't been done yet at the point
where '\R' gets handled, and you get a value for the '.k' number
register that is even greater than the current line length.
In the second input line, the insertion of '\h'0'' to emit an
invisible zero-width space forces 'troff' to check the line length,
which in turn causes the start of a new output line. Now '.k'
returns the expected value.
Both 'nr' and '\R' have two additional special forms to increment or
decrement a register.
-- Request: .nr ident +value
-- Request: .nr ident -value
-- Escape: \R'ident +value'
-- Escape: \R'ident -value'
Increment (decrement) register IDENT by VALUE.
.nr a 1
.nr a +1
\na
=> 2
To assign the negated value of a register to another register, some
care must be taken to get the desired result:
.nr a 7
.nr b 3
.nr a -\nb
\na
=> 4
.nr a (-\nb)
\na
=> -3
The surrounding parentheses prevent the interpretation of the minus
sign as a decrementing operator. An alternative is to start the
assignment with a '0':
.nr a 7
.nr b -3
.nr a \nb
\na
=> 4
.nr a 0\nb
\na
=> -3
-- Request: .rr ident
Remove number register IDENT. If IDENT doesn't exist, the request
is ignored.
-- Request: .rnn ident1 ident2
Rename number register IDENT1 to IDENT2. If either IDENT1 or
IDENT2 doesn't exist, the request is ignored.
-- Request: .aln ident1 ident2
Create an alias IDENT1 for a number register IDENT2. The new name
and the old name are exactly equivalent. If IDENT1 is undefined, a
warning of type 'reg' is generated, and the request is ignored.
*Note Debugging::, for information about warnings.
File: groff.info, Node: Interpolating Registers, Next: Auto-increment, Prev: Setting Registers, Up: Registers
5.6.2 Interpolating Registers
-----------------------------
Numeric registers can be accessed via the '\n' escape.
-- Escape: \ni
-- Escape: \n(id
-- Escape: \n[ident]
Interpolate number register with name IDENT (one-character name I,
two-character name ID). This means that the value of the register
is expanded in-place while 'gtroff' is parsing the input line.
Nested assignments (also called indirect assignments) are possible.
.nr a 5
.nr as \na+\na
\n(as
=> 10
.nr a1 5
.nr ab 6
.ds str b
.ds num 1
\n[a\n[num]]
=> 5
\n[a\*[str]]
=> 6
File: groff.info, Node: Auto-increment, Next: Assigning Formats, Prev: Interpolating Registers, Up: Registers
5.6.3 Auto-increment
--------------------
Number registers can also be auto-incremented and auto-decremented. The
increment or decrement value can be specified with a third argument to
the 'nr' request or '\R' escape.
-- Request: .nr ident value incr
Set number register IDENT to VALUE; the increment for
auto-incrementing is set to INCR. Note that the '\R' escape
doesn't support this notation.
To activate auto-incrementing, the escape '\n' has a special syntax
form.
-- Escape: \n+i
-- Escape: \n-i
-- Escape: \n+(id
-- Escape: \n-(id
-- Escape: \n+[ident]
-- Escape: \n-[ident]
Before interpolating, increment or decrement IDENT (one-character
name I, two-character name ID) by the auto-increment value as
specified with the 'nr' request (or the '\R' escape). If no
auto-increment value has been specified, these syntax forms are
identical to '\n'.
For example,
.nr a 0 1
.nr xx 0 5
.nr foo 0 -2
\n+a, \n+a, \n+a, \n+a, \n+a
.br
\n-(xx, \n-(xx, \n-(xx, \n-(xx, \n-(xx
.br
\n+[foo], \n+[foo], \n+[foo], \n+[foo], \n+[foo]
produces
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
-5, -10, -15, -20, -25
-2, -4, -6, -8, -10
To change the increment value without changing the value of a
register (A in the example), the following can be used:
.nr a \na 10
File: groff.info, Node: Assigning Formats, Next: Built-in Registers, Prev: Auto-increment, Up: Registers
5.6.4 Assigning Formats
-----------------------
When a register is used, it is always textually replaced (or
interpolated) with a representation of that number. This output format
can be changed to a variety of formats (numbers, Roman numerals, etc.).
This is done using the 'af' request.
-- Request: .af ident format
Change the output format of a number register. The first argument
IDENT is the name of the number register to be changed, and the
second argument FORMAT is the output format. The following output
formats are available:
'1'
Decimal arabic numbers. This is the default format: 0, 1, 2,
3, ...
'0...0'
Decimal numbers with as many digits as specified. So, '00'
would result in printing numbers as 01, 02, 03, ...
In fact, any digit instead of zero does work; 'gtroff' only
counts how many digits are specified. As a consequence,
'af''s default format '1' could be specified as '0' also (and
exactly this is returned by the '\g' escape, see below).
'I'
Upper-case Roman numerals: 0, I, II, III, IV, ...
'i'
Lower-case Roman numerals: 0, i, ii, iii, iv, ...
'A'
Upper-case letters: 0, A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ...
'a'
Lower-case letters: 0, a, b, c, ..., z, aa, ab, ...
Omitting the number register format causes a warning of type
'missing'. *Note Debugging::, for more details. Specifying a
nonexistent format causes an error.
The following example produces '10, X, j, 010':
.nr a 10
.af a 1 \" the default format
\na,
.af a I
\na,
.af a a
\na,
.af a 001
\na
The largest number representable for the 'i' and 'I' formats is
39999 (or -39999); Unix 'troff' uses 'z' and 'w' to represent 10000
and 5000 in Roman numerals, and so does 'gtroff'. Currently, the
correct glyphs of Roman numeral five thousand and Roman numeral ten
thousand (Unicode code points 'U+2182' and 'U+2181', respectively)
are not available.
If IDENT doesn't exist, it is created.
Changing the output format of a read-only register causes an error.
It is necessary to first copy the register's value to a writeable
register, then apply the 'af' request to this other register.
-- Escape: \gi
-- Escape: \g(id
-- Escape: \g[ident]
Return the current format of the specified register IDENT
(one-character name I, two-character name ID). For example, '\ga'
after the previous example would produce the string '000'. If the
register hasn't been defined yet, nothing is returned.
File: groff.info, Node: Built-in Registers, Prev: Assigning Formats, Up: Registers
5.6.5 Built-in Registers
------------------------
The following lists some built-in registers that are not described
elsewhere in this manual. Any register that begins with a '.' is
read-only. A complete listing of all built-in registers can be found in
*note Register Index::.
'\n[.F]'
This string-valued register returns the current input file name.
'\n[.H]'
Number of basic units per horizontal unit of output device
resolution. *Note Measurements::.
'\n[.R]'
The number of number registers available. This is always 10000 in
GNU 'troff'; it exists for backward compatibility.
'\n[.U]'
If 'gtroff' is called with the '-U' command-line option to activate
unsafe mode, the number register '.U' is set to 1, and to zero
otherwise. *Note Groff Options::.
'\n[.V]'
Number of basic units per vertical unit of output device
resolution. *Note Measurements::.
'\n[seconds]'
The number of seconds after the minute, normally in the range 0
to 59, but can be up to 61 to allow for leap seconds. Initialized
at start-up of 'gtroff'.
'\n[minutes]'
The number of minutes after the hour, in the range 0 to 59.
Initialized at start-up of 'gtroff'.
'\n[hours]'
The number of hours past midnight, in the range 0 to 23.
Initialized at start-up of 'gtroff'.
'\n[dw]'
Day of the week (1-7).
'\n[dy]'
Day of the month (1-31).
'\n[mo]'
Current month (1-12).
'\n[year]'
The current year.
'\n[yr]'
The current year minus 1900. Unfortunately, the documentation of
Unix Version 7's 'troff' had a year 2000 bug: It incorrectly
claimed that 'yr' contains the last two digits of the year. That
claim has never been true of either AT&T 'troff' or GNU 'troff'.
Old 'troff' input that looks like this:
'\" The following line stopped working after 1999
This document was formatted in 19\n(yr.
can be corrected as follows:
This document was formatted in \n[year].
or, to be portable to older 'troff' versions, as follows:
.nr y4 1900+\n(yr
This document was formatted in \n(y4.
'\n[.c]'
'\n[c.]'
The current _input_ line number. Register '.c' is read-only,
whereas 'c.' (a 'gtroff' extension) is writable also, affecting
both '.c' and 'c.'.
'\n[ln]'
The current _output_ line number after a call to the 'nm' request
to activate line numbering.
*Note Miscellaneous::, for more information about line numbering.
'\n[.x]'
The major version number. For example, if the version number is
1.03 then '.x' contains '1'.
'\n[.y]'
The minor version number. For example, if the version number is
1.03 then '.y' contains '03'.
'\n[.Y]'
The revision number of 'groff'.
'\n[$$]'
The process ID of 'gtroff'.
'\n[.g]'
Always 1. Macros should use this to determine whether they are
running under GNU 'troff'.
'\n[.A]'
If the command-line option '-a' is used to produce an ASCII
approximation of the output, this is set to 1, zero otherwise.
*Note Groff Options::.
'\n[.O]'
This read-only register is set to the suppression nesting level
(see escapes '\O'). *Note Suppressing output::.
'\n[.P]'
This register is set to 1 (and to 0 otherwise) if the current page
is actually being printed, i.e., if the '-o' option is being used
to only print selected pages. *Note Groff Options::, for more
information.
'\n[.T]'
If 'gtroff' is called with the '-T' command-line option, the number
register '.T' is set to 1, and zero otherwise. *Note Groff
Options::.
'\*[.T]'
A single read-write string register that contains the current
output device (for example, 'latin1' or 'ps'). This is the only
string register defined by 'gtroff'.
File: groff.info, Node: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting, Next: Manipulating Hyphenation, Prev: Registers, Up: gtroff Reference
5.7 Manipulating Filling and Adjusting
======================================
Various ways of causing "breaks" were given in *note Implicit Line
Breaks::. The 'br' request likewise causes a break. Several other
requests also cause breaks, but implicitly. These are 'bp', 'ce', 'cf',
'fi', 'fl', 'in', 'nf', 'rj', 'sp', 'ti', and 'trf'.
-- Request: .br
Break the current line, i.e., the input collected so far is emitted
without adjustment.
If the no-break control character is used, 'gtroff' suppresses the
break:
a
'br
b
=> a b
Initially, 'gtroff' fills and adjusts text to both margins. Filling
can be disabled via the 'nf' request and re-enabled with the 'fi'
request.
-- Request: .fi
-- Register: \n[.u]
Activate fill mode (which is the default). This request implicitly
enables adjusting; it also inserts a break in the text currently
being filled. The read-only number register '.u' is set to 1.
The fill mode status is associated with the current environment
(*note Environments::).
See *note Line Control::, for interaction with the '\c' escape.
-- Request: .nf
Activate no-fill mode. Input lines are output as-is, retaining
line breaks and ignoring the current line length. This command
implicitly disables adjusting; it also causes a break. The number
register '.u' is set to 0.
The fill mode status is associated with the current environment
(*note Environments::).
See *note Line Control::, for interaction with the '\c' escape.
-- Request: .ad [mode]
-- Register: \n[.j]
Set adjusting mode.
Activation and deactivation of adjusting is done implicitly with
calls to the 'fi' or 'nf' requests.
MODE can have one of the following values:
'l'
Adjust text to the left margin. This produces what is
traditionally called ragged-right text.
'r'
Adjust text to the right margin, producing ragged-left text.
'c'
Center filled text. This is different to the 'ce' request,
which only centers text without filling.
'b'
'n'
Justify to both margins. This is the default used by
'gtroff'.
Finally, MODE can be the numeric argument returned by the '.j'
register.
Using 'ad' without argument is the same as saying '.ad \[.j]'. In
particular, 'gtroff' adjusts lines in the same way it did before
adjusting was deactivated (with a call to 'na', say). For example,
this input code
.de AD
. br
. ad \\$1
..
.
.de NA
. br
. na
..
.
textA
.AD r
.nr ad \n[.j]
textB
.AD c
textC
.NA
textD
.AD \" back to centering
textE
.AD \n[ad] \" back to right justifying
textF
produces the following output:
textA
textB
textC
textD
textE
textF
As just demonstrated, the current adjustment mode is available in
the read-only number register '.j'; it can be stored and
subsequently used to set adjustment.
The adjustment mode status is associated with the current
environment (*note Environments::).
-- Request: .na
Disable adjusting. This request won't change the current
adjustment mode: A subsequent call to 'ad' uses the previous
adjustment setting.
The adjustment mode status is associated with the current
environment (*note Environments::).
-- Request: .brp
-- Escape: \p
Break, adjusting the current line per the current adjustment mode.
With '\p', this break will happen at the next word boundary. The
'\p' itself is removed entirely, adding neither a break nor a space
where it appears in input; it can thus be placed in the middle of a
word to cause a break at the end of that word.
In most cases this produces very ugly results since 'gtroff'
doesn't have a sophisticated paragraph building algorithm (as TeX
has, for example); instead, 'gtroff' fills and adjusts a paragraph
line by line:
This is an uninteresting sentence.
This is an uninteresting sentence.\p
This is an uninteresting sentence.
is formatted as
This is an uninteresting sentence. This is an
uninteresting sentence.
This is an uninteresting sentence.
-- Request: .ss word_space_size [sentence_space_size]
-- Register: \n[.ss]
-- Register: \n[.sss]
Change the size of a space between words. It takes its units as
one twelfth of the space width parameter for the current font.
Initially both the WORD_SPACE_SIZE and SENTENCE_SPACE_SIZE are 12.
In fill mode, the values specify the minimum distance.
If two arguments are given to the 'ss' request, the second argument
sets the sentence space size. If the second argument is not given,
sentence space size is set to WORD_SPACE_SIZE. The sentence space
size is used in two circumstances: If the end of a sentence occurs
at the end of a line in fill mode, then both an inter-word space
and a sentence space are added; if two spaces follow the end of a
sentence in the middle of a line, then the second space is a
sentence space. If a second argument is never given to the 'ss'
request, the behaviour of Unix 'troff' is the same as that
exhibited by GNU 'troff'. In GNU 'troff', as in Unix 'troff', a
sentence should always be followed by either a newline or two
spaces.
The read-only number registers '.ss' and '.sss' hold the values of
the parameters set by the first and second arguments of the 'ss'
request.
The word space and sentence space values are associated with the
current environment (*note Environments::).
Contrary to AT&T 'troff', this request is _not_ ignored if a TTY
output device is used; the given values are then rounded down to a
multiple of 12 (*note Implementation Differences::).
The request is ignored if there is no parameter.
Another useful application of the 'ss' request is to insert
discardable horizontal space, i.e., space that is discarded at a
line break. For example, paragraph-style footnotes could be
separated this way:
.ll 4.5i
1.\ This is the first footnote.\c
.ss 48
.nop
.ss 12
2.\ This is the second footnote.
The result:
1. This is the first footnote. 2. This
is the second footnote.
Note that the '\h' escape produces unbreakable space.
-- Request: .ce [nnn]
-- Register: \n[.ce]
Center text. While the '.ad c' request also centers text, it fills
the text as well. 'ce' does not fill the text it affects. This
request causes a break. The number of lines still to be centered
is associated with the current environment (*note Environments::).
The following example demonstrates the differences. Here is the
input:
.ll 4i
.ce 1000
This is a small text fragment that shows the differences
between the `.ce' and the `.ad c' request.
.ce 0
.ad c
This is a small text fragment that shows the differences
between the `.ce' and the `.ad c' request.
And here the result:
This is a small text fragment that
shows the differences
between the `.ce' and the `.ad c' request.
This is a small text fragment that
shows the differences between the `.ce'
and the `.ad c' request.
With no arguments, 'ce' centers the next line of text. NNN
specifies the number of lines to be centered. If the argument is
zero or negative, centering is disabled.
The basic length for centering text is the line length (as set with
the 'll' request) minus the indentation (as set with the 'in'
request). Temporary indentation is ignored.
As can be seen in the previous example, it is a common idiom to
turn on centering for a large number of lines, and to turn off
centering after text to be centered. This is useful for any
request that takes a number of lines as an argument.
The '.ce' read-only number register contains the number of lines
remaining to be centered, as set by the 'ce' request.
-- Request: .rj [nnn]
-- Register: \n[.rj]
Justify unfilled text to the right margin. Arguments are identical
to the 'ce' request. The '.rj' read-only number register is the
number of lines to be right-justified as set by the 'rj' request.
This request causes a break. The number of lines still to be
right-justified is associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
File: groff.info, Node: Manipulating Hyphenation, Next: Manipulating Spacing, Prev: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting, Up: gtroff Reference
5.8 Manipulating Hyphenation
============================
Here a description of requests that influence hyphenation.
-- Request: .hy [mode]
-- Register: \n[.hy]
Enable hyphenation. The request has an optional numeric argument,
MODE, to restrict hyphenation if necessary:
'1'
The default argument if MODE is omitted: hyphenation is
enabled, and the first and the last characters of a word are
not hyphenated. This is also the start-up value of 'gtroff'.
'2'
Do not hyphenate the last word on a page or column.
'4'
Do not hyphenate the last two characters of a word.
'8'
Do not hyphenate the first two characters of a word.
'16'
Allow hyphenation before the last character of a word.
'32'
Allow hyphenation after the first character of a word.
The values in the previous table are additive. For example,
value 12 causes 'gtroff' to neither hyphenate the last two nor the
first two characters of a word. Note that value 13 would do
exactly the same; in other words, value 1 need not be added if the
value is larger than 1.
Some values cannot be used together because they contradict; for
instance, values 4 and 16, and values 8 and 32.
The number of characters at the beginning of a word after which the
first hyphenation point should be inserted is determined by the
patterns themselves; it can't be reduced further without
introducing additional, invalid hyphenation points (unfortunately,
this information is not part of a pattern file, you have to know it
in advance). The same is true for the number of characters at the
end of word before the last hyphenation point should be inserted.
For example, the code
.ll 1
.hy 48
splitting
returns
s-
plit-
t-
in-
g
instead of the correct 'split-ting'. US-English patterns as
distributed with groff need two characters at the beginning and
three characters at the end; this means that value 4 of 'hy' is
mandatory. Value 8 is possible as an additional restriction, but
values 1 (the default!), 16, and 32 should be avoided.
Here is a table of left and right minimum values for hyphenation as
needed by the patterns distributed with groff; see the
'groff_tmac(5) man page' (type 'man groff_tmac' at the command
line) for more information on groff's language macro files.
language pattern name left min right min
-----------------------------------------------------------
Czech cs 2 2
US English us 2 3
French fr 2 3
German traditional det 2 2
German reformed den 2 2
Swedish sv 1 2
Hyphenation exceptions within pattern files (i.e., the words within
a '\hyphenation' group) also obey the hyphenation restrictions
given by 'hy'. However, exceptions specified with the 'hw' do not.
The current hyphenation restrictions can be found in the read-only
number register '.hy'.
The hyphenation mode is associated with the current environment
(*note Environments::).
-- Request: .nh
Disable hyphenation (i.e., set the hyphenation mode to zero). Note
that the hyphenation mode of the last call to 'hy' is not
remembered.
The hyphenation mode is associated with the current environment
(*note Environments::).
-- Request: .hlm [nnn]
-- Register: \n[.hlm]
-- Register: \n[.hlc]
Set the maximum number of consecutive hyphenated lines to NNN. If
this number is negative, there is no maximum. The default value
is -1 if NNN is omitted. This value is associated with the current
environment (*note Environments::). Only lines output from a given
environment count towards the maximum associated with that
environment. Hyphens resulting from '\%' are counted; explicit
hyphens are not.
The current setting of 'hlm' is available in the '.hlm' read-only
number register. Also the number of immediately preceding
consecutive hyphenated lines are available in the read-only number
register '.hlc'.
-- Request: .hw word1 word2 ...
Define how WORD1, WORD2, etc. are to be hyphenated. The words must
be given with hyphens at the hyphenation points. For example:
.hw in-sa-lub-rious
Besides the space character, any character whose hyphenation code
value is zero can be used to separate the arguments of 'hw' (see
the documentation for the 'hcode' request below for more
information). In addition, this request can be used more than
once.
Hyphenation points specified with 'hw' are not subject to the
restrictions given by the 'hy' request.
Hyphenation exceptions specified with the 'hw' request are
associated with the current hyphenation language; it causes an
error if there is no current hyphenation language.
This request is ignored if there is no parameter.
In old versions of 'troff' there was a limited amount of space to
store such information; fortunately, with 'gtroff', this is no
longer a restriction.
-- Escape: \%
-- Escape: \:
To tell 'gtroff' how to hyphenate words on the fly, use the '\%'
escape, also known as the "hyphenation character". Preceding a
word with this character prevents it from being hyphenated; putting
it inside a word indicates to 'gtroff' that the word may be
hyphenated at that point. Note that this mechanism only affects
that one occurrence of the word; to change the hyphenation of a
word for the entire document, use the 'hw' request.
The '\:' escape inserts a zero-width break point (that is, the word
breaks but without adding a hyphen).
... check the /var/log/\:httpd/\:access_log file ...
Note that '\X' and '\Y' start a word, that is, the '\%' escape in
(say) '\X'...'\%foobar' and '\Y'...'\%foobar' no longer prevents
hyphenation but inserts a hyphenation point at the beginning of
'foobar'; most likely this isn't what you want to do.
-- Request: .hc [char]
Change the hyphenation character to CHAR. This character then
works the same as the '\%' escape, and thus, no longer appears in
the output. Without an argument, 'hc' resets the hyphenation
character to be '\%' (the default) only.
The hyphenation character is associated with the current
environment (*note Environments::).
-- Request: .hpf pattern_file
-- Request: .hpfa pattern_file
-- Request: .hpfcode a b [c d ...]
Read in a file of hyphenation patterns. This file is searched for
in the same way as 'NAME.tmac' (or 'tmac.NAME') is searched for if
the '-mNAME' option is specified.
It should have the same format as (simple) TeX patterns files.
More specifically, the following scanning rules are implemented.
* A percent sign starts a comment (up to the end of the line)
even if preceded by a backslash.
* No support for 'digraphs' like '\$'.
* '^^XX' (X is 0-9 or a-f) and '^^X' (character code of X in the
range 0-127) are recognized; other use of '^' causes an error.
* No macro expansion.
* 'hpf' checks for the expression '\patterns{...}' (possibly
with whitespace before and after the braces). Everything
between the braces is taken as hyphenation patterns.
Consequently, '{' and '}' are not allowed in patterns.
* Similarly, '\hyphenation{...}' gives a list of hyphenation
exceptions.
* '\endinput' is recognized also.
* For backwards compatibility, if '\patterns' is missing, the
whole file is treated as a list of hyphenation patterns (only
recognizing the '%' character as the start of a comment).
If no 'hpf' request is specified (either in the document or in a
macro package), 'gtroff' won't hyphenate at all.
The 'hpfa' request appends a file of patterns to the current list.
The 'hpfcode' request defines mapping values for character codes in
hyphenation patterns. 'hpf' or 'hpfa' then apply the mapping
(after reading the patterns) before replacing or appending them to
the current list of patterns. Its arguments are pairs of character
codes - integers from 0 to 255. The request maps character code A
to code B, code C to code D, and so on. You can use character
codes that would be invalid otherwise. By default, everything maps
to itself except letters 'A' to 'Z', which map to 'a' to 'z'.
The set of hyphenation patterns is associated with the current
language set by the 'hla' request. The 'hpf' request is usually
invoked by the 'troffrc' or 'troffrc-end' file; by default,
'troffrc' loads hyphenation patterns and exceptions for American
English (in files 'hyphen.us' and 'hyphenex.us').
A second call to 'hpf' (for the same language) replaces the
hyphenation patterns with the new ones.
Invoking 'hpf' causes an error if there is no current hyphenation
language.
-- Request: .hcode c1 code1 [c2 code2 ...]
Set the hyphenation code of character C1 to CODE1, that of C2 to
CODE2, etc. A hyphenation code must be a single input character
(not a special character) other than a digit or a space.
To make hyphenation work, hyphenation codes must be set up. At
start-up, groff only assigns hyphenation codes to the letters
'a'-'z' (mapped to themselves) and to the letters 'A'-'Z' (mapped
to 'a'-'z'); all other hyphenation codes are set to zero.
Normally, hyphenation patterns contain only lowercase letters,
which should be applied regardless of case. In other words, the
words 'FOO' and 'Foo' should be hyphenated exactly the same way as
the word 'foo' is hyphenated, and this is what 'hcode' is good for.
Words that contain other letters won't be hyphenated properly if
the corresponding hyphenation patterns actually do contain them.
For example, the following 'hcode' requests are necessary to assign
hyphenation codes to the letters 'A"a"O"o"U"u"ss' (this is needed for
German):
.hcode a" a" A" a"
.hcode o" o" O" o"
.hcode u" u" U" u"
.hcode ss ss
Without those assignments, groff treats German words like
'Kinderga"rten' (the plural form of 'kindergarten') as two
substrings 'kinderg' and 'rten' because the hyphenation code of the
umlaut a is zero by default. There is a German hyphenation pattern
that covers 'kinder', so groff finds the hyphenation 'kin-der'.
The other two hyphenation points ('kin-der-ga"r-ten') are missed.
This request is ignored if it has no parameter.
-- Request: .hym [length]
-- Register: \n[.hym]
Set the (right) hyphenation margin to LENGTH. If the current
adjustment mode is not 'b' or 'n', the line is not hyphenated if it
is shorter than LENGTH. Without an argument, the hyphenation
margin is reset to its default value, which is 0. The default
scaling indicator for this request is 'm'. The hyphenation margin
is associated with the current environment (*note Environments::).
A negative argument resets the hyphenation margin to zero, emitting
a warning of type 'range'.
The current hyphenation margin is available in the '.hym' read-only
number register.
-- Request: .hys [hyphenation_space]
-- Register: \n[.hys]
Set the hyphenation space to HYPHENATION_SPACE. If the current
adjustment mode is 'b' or 'n', don't hyphenate the line if it can
be justified by adding no more than HYPHENATION_SPACE extra space
to each word space. Without argument, the hyphenation space is set
to its default value, which is 0. The default scaling indicator
for this request is 'm'. The hyphenation space is associated with
the current environment (*note Environments::).
A negative argument resets the hyphenation space to zero, emitting
a warning of type 'range'.
The current hyphenation space is available in the '.hys' read-only
number register.
-- Request: .shc [glyph]
Set the "soft hyphen character" to GLYPH.(1) (*note Manipulating
Hyphenation-Footnote-1::) If the argument is omitted, the soft
hyphen character is set to the default glyph '\(hy' (this is the
start-up value of 'gtroff' also). The soft hyphen character is the
glyph that is inserted when a word is hyphenated at a line break.
If the soft hyphen character does not exist in the font of the
character immediately preceding a potential break point, then the
line is not broken at that point. Neither definitions (specified
with the 'char' request) nor translations (specified with the 'tr'
request) are considered when finding the soft hyphen character.
-- Request: .hla language
-- Register: \n[.hla]
Set the current hyphenation language to the string LANGUAGE.
Hyphenation exceptions specified with the 'hw' request and
hyphenation patterns specified with the 'hpf' and 'hpfa' requests
are both associated with the current hyphenation language. The
'hla' request is usually invoked by the 'troffrc' or the
'troffrc-end' files; 'troffrc' sets the default language to 'us'.
The current hyphenation language is available as a string in the
read-only number register '.hla'.
.ds curr_language \n[.hla]
\*[curr_language]
=> us
File: groff.info, Node: Manipulating Spacing, Next: Tabs and Fields, Prev: Manipulating Hyphenation, Up: gtroff Reference
5.9 Manipulating Spacing
========================
-- Request: .sp [distance]
Space downwards DISTANCE. With no argument it advances 1 line. A
negative argument causes 'gtroff' to move up the page the specified
distance. If the argument is preceded by a '|' then 'gtroff' moves
that distance from the top of the page. This request causes a line
break, and that adds the current line spacing to the space you have
just specified. The default scaling indicator is 'v'.
For convenience you may wish to use the following macros to set the
height of the next line at a given distance from the top or the
bottom of the page:
.de y-from-top-down
. sp |\\$1-\\n[.v]u
..
.
.de y-from-bot-up
. sp |\\n[.p]u-\\$1-\\n[.v]u
..
A call to '.y-from-bot-up 10c' means that the bottom of the next
line will be at 10 cm from the paper edge at the bottom.
If a vertical trap is sprung during execution of 'sp', the amount
of vertical space after the trap is discarded. For example, this
.de xxx
..
.
.wh 0 xxx
.
.pl 5v
foo
.sp 2
bar
.sp 50
baz
results in
foo
bar
baz
The amount of discarded space is available in the number register
'.trunc'.
To protect 'sp' against vertical traps, use the 'vpt' request:
.vpt 0
.sp -3
.vpt 1
-- Request: .ls [nnn]
-- Register: \n[.L]
Output NNN-1 blank lines after each line of text. With no
argument, 'gtroff' uses the previous value before the last 'ls'
call.
.ls 2 \" This causes double-spaced output
.ls 3 \" This causes triple-spaced output
.ls \" Again double-spaced
The line spacing is associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
The read-only number register '.L' contains the current line
spacing setting.
*Note Changing Type Sizes::, for the requests 'vs' and 'pvs' as
alternatives to 'ls'.
-- Escape: \x'spacing'
-- Register: \n[.a]
Sometimes, extra vertical spacing is only needed occasionally, e.g.
to allow space for a tall construct (like an equation). The '\x'
escape does this. The escape is given a numerical argument,
usually enclosed in quotes (like '\x'3p''); the default scaling
indicator is 'v'. If this number is positive extra vertical space
is inserted below the current line. A negative number adds space
above. If this escape is used multiple times on the same line, the
maximum of the values is used.
*Note Escapes::, for details on parameter delimiting characters.
The '.a' read-only number register contains the most recent
(non-negative) extra vertical line space.
Using '\x' can be necessary in combination with the '\b' escape, as
the following example shows.
This is a test with the \[rs]b escape.
.br
This is a test with the \[rs]b escape.
.br
This is a test with \b'xyz'\x'-1m'\x'1m'.
.br
This is a test with the \[rs]b escape.
.br
This is a test with the \[rs]b escape.
produces
This is a test with the \b escape.
This is a test with the \b escape.
x
This is a test with y.
z
This is a test with the \b escape.
This is a test with the \b escape.
-- Request: .ns
-- Request: .rs
-- Register: \n[.ns]
Enable "no-space mode". In this mode, spacing (either via 'sp' or
via blank lines) is disabled. The 'bp' request to advance to the
next page is also disabled, except if it is accompanied by a page
number (see *note Page Control::, for more information). This mode
ends when actual text is output or the 'rs' request is encountered,
which ends no-space mode. The read-only number register '.ns' is
set to 1 as long as no-space mode is active.
This request is useful for macros that conditionally insert
vertical space before the text starts (for example, a paragraph
macro could insert some space except when it is the first paragraph
after a section header).
File: groff.info, Node: Tabs and Fields, Next: Character Translations, Prev: Manipulating Spacing, Up: gtroff Reference
5.10 Tabs and Fields
====================
A tab character (ASCII char 9, EBCDIC char 5) causes a horizontal
movement to the next tab stop (much like it did on a typewriter).
-- Escape: \t
This escape is a non-interpreted tab character. In copy mode
(*note Copy-in Mode::), '\t' is the same as a real tab character.
-- Request: .ta [n1 n2 ... nn T r1 r2 ... rn]
-- Register: \n[.tabs]
Change tab stop positions. This request takes a series of tab
specifiers as arguments (optionally divided into two groups with
the letter 'T') that indicate where each tab stop is to be
(overriding any previous settings).
Tab stops can be specified absolutely, i.e., as the distance from
the left margin. For example, the following sets 6 tab stops every
one inch.
.ta 1i 2i 3i 4i 5i 6i
Tab stops can also be specified using a leading '+', which means
that the specified tab stop is set relative to the previous tab
stop. For example, the following is equivalent to the previous
example.
.ta 1i +1i +1i +1i +1i +1i
'gtroff' supports an extended syntax to specify repeat values after
the 'T' mark (these values are always taken as relative) - this is
the usual way to specify tabs set at equal intervals. The
following is, yet again, the same as the previous examples. It
does even more since it defines an infinite number of tab stops
separated by one inch.
.ta T 1i
Now we are ready to interpret the full syntax given at the
beginning: Set tabs at positions N1, N2, ..., NN and then set tabs
at NN+R1, NN+R2, ..., NN+RN and then at NN+RN+R1, NN+RN+R2, ...,
NN+RN+RN, and so on.
Example: '4c +6c T 3c 5c 2c' is equivalent to '4c 10c 13c 18c 20c
23c 28c 30c ...'.
The material in each tab column (i.e., the column between two tab
stops) may be justified to the right or left or centered in the
column. This is specified by appending 'R', 'L', or 'C' to the tab
specifier. The default justification is 'L'. Example:
.ta 1i 2iC 3iR
Some notes:
* The default unit of the 'ta' request is 'm'.
* A tab stop is converted into a non-breakable horizontal
movement that can be neither stretched nor squeezed. For
example,
.ds foo a\tb\tc
.ta T 5i
\*[foo]
creates a single line, which is a bit longer than 10 inches (a
string is used to show exactly where the tab characters are).
Now consider the following:
.ds bar a\tb b\tc
.ta T 5i
\*[bar]
'gtroff' first converts the tab stops of the line into
unbreakable horizontal movements, then splits the line after
the second 'b' (assuming a sufficiently short line length).
Usually, this isn't what the user wants.
* Superfluous tabs (i.e., tab characters that do not correspond
to a tab stop) are ignored except the first one, which
delimits the characters belonging to the last tab stop for
right-justifying or centering. Consider the following example
.ds Z foo\tbar\tfoo
.ds ZZ foo\tbar\tfoobar
.ds ZZZ foo\tbar\tfoo\tbar
.ta 2i 4iR
\*[Z]
.br
\*[ZZ]
.br
\*[ZZZ]
.br
which produces the following output:
foo bar foo
foo bar foobar
foo bar foobar
The first line right-justifies the second 'foo' relative to
the tab stop. The second line right-justifies 'foobar'. The
third line finally right-justifies only 'foo' because of the
additional tab character, which marks the end of the string
belonging to the last defined tab stop.
* Tab stops are associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
* Calling 'ta' without an argument removes all tab stops.
* The start-up value of 'gtroff' is 'T 0.5i'.
The read-only number register '.tabs' contains a string
representation of the current tab settings suitable for use as an
argument to the 'ta' request.
.ds tab-string \n[.tabs]
\*[tab-string]
=> T120u
The 'troff' version of the Plan 9 operating system uses register
'.S' for the same purpose.
-- Request: .tc [fill-glyph]
Normally 'gtroff' fills the space to the next tab stop with
whitespace. This can be changed with the 'tc' request. With no
argument 'gtroff' reverts to using whitespace, which is the
default. The value of this "tab repetition character" is
associated with the current environment (*note Environments::).(1)
(*note Tabs and Fields-Footnote-1::)
-- Request: .linetabs n
-- Register: \n[.linetabs]
If N is missing or not zero, enable "line-tabs" mode, or disable it
otherwise (the default). In line-tabs mode, 'gtroff' computes tab
distances relative to the (current) output line instead of the
input line.
For example, the following code:
.ds x a\t\c
.ds y b\t\c
.ds z c
.ta 1i 3i
\*x
\*y
\*z
in normal mode, results in the output
a b c
in line-tabs mode, the same code outputs
a b c
Line-tabs mode is associated with the current environment. The
read-only register '.linetabs' is set to 1 if in line-tabs mode,
and 0 in normal mode.
* Menu:
* Leaders::
* Fields::
File: groff.info, Node: Leaders, Next: Fields, Prev: Tabs and Fields, Up: Tabs and Fields
5.10.1 Leaders
--------------
Sometimes it may be desirable to use the 'tc' request to fill a
particular tab stop with a given glyph (for example dots in a table of
contents), but also normal tab stops on the rest of the line. For this
'gtroff' provides an alternate tab mechanism, called "leaders", which
does just that.
A leader character (character code 1) behaves similarly to a tab
character: It moves to the next tab stop. The only difference is that
for this movement, the fill glyph defaults to a period character and not
to space.
-- Escape: \a
This escape is a non-interpreted leader character. In copy mode
(*note Copy-in Mode::), '\a' is the same as a real leader
character.
-- Request: .lc [fill-glyph]
Declare the "leader repetition character".(1) (*note
Leaders-Footnote-1::) Without an argument, leaders act the same as
tabs (i.e., using whitespace for filling). 'gtroff''s start-up
value is a dot ('.'). The value of the leader repetition character
is associated with the current environment (*note Environments::).
For a table of contents, to name an example, tab stops may be defined
so that the section number is one tab stop, the title is the second with
the remaining space being filled with a line of dots, and then the page
number slightly separated from the dots.
.ds entry 1.1\tFoo\a\t12
.lc .
.ta 1i 5i +.25i
\*[entry]
This produces
1.1 Foo.......................................... 12
File: groff.info, Node: Fields, Prev: Leaders, Up: Tabs and Fields
5.10.2 Fields
-------------
"Fields" are a more general way of laying out tabular data. A field is
defined as the data between a pair of "delimiting characters". It
contains substrings that are separated by "padding characters". The
width of a field is the distance on the _input_ line from the position
where the field starts to the next tab stop. A padding character
inserts stretchable space similar to TeX's '\hss' command (thus it can
even be negative) to make the sum of all substring lengths plus the
stretchable space equal to the field width. If more than one padding
character is inserted, the available space is evenly distributed among
them.
-- Request: .fc [delim-char [padding-char]]
Define a delimiting and a padding character for fields. If the
latter is missing, the padding character defaults to a space
character. If there is no argument at all, the field mechanism is
disabled (which is the default). Note that contrary to e.g. the
tab repetition character, delimiting and padding characters are
_not_ associated to the current environment (*note Environments::).
Example:
.fc # ^
.ta T 3i
#foo^bar^smurf#
.br
#foo^^bar^smurf#
and here the result:
foo bar smurf
foo bar smurf
File: groff.info, Node: Character Translations, Next: Troff and Nroff Mode, Prev: Tabs and Fields, Up: gtroff Reference
5.11 Character Translations
===========================
The control character ('.') and the no-break control character (''') can
be changed with the 'cc' and 'c2' requests, respectively.
-- Request: .cc [c]
Set the control character to C. With no argument the default
control character '.' is restored. The value of the control
character is associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
-- Request: .c2 [c]
Set the no-break control character to C. With no argument the
default control character ''' is restored. The value of the
no-break control character is associated with the current
environment (*note Environments::).
*Note Requests::.
-- Request: .eo
Disable the escape mechanism completely. After executing this
request, the backslash character '\' no longer starts an escape
sequence.
This request can be very helpful in writing macros since it is not
necessary then to double the escape character. Here an example:
.\" This is a simplified version of the
.\" .BR request from the man macro package
.eo
.de BR
. ds result \&
. while (\n[.$] >= 2) \{\
. as result \fB\$1\fR\$2
. shift 2
. \}
. if \n[.$] .as result \fB\$1
\*[result]
. ft R
..
.ec
-- Request: .ec [c]
Set the escape character to C. With no argument the default escape
character '\' is restored. It can be also used to re-enable the
escape mechanism after an 'eo' request.
Note that changing the escape character globally likely breaks
macro packages since 'gtroff' has no mechanism to 'intern' macros,
i.e., to convert a macro definition into an internal form that is
independent of its representation (TeX has this mechanism). If a
macro is called, it is executed literally.
-- Request: .ecs
-- Request: .ecr
The 'ecs' request saves the current escape character in an internal
register. Use this request in combination with the 'ec' request to
temporarily change the escape character.
The 'ecr' request restores the escape character saved with 'ecs'.
Without a previous call to 'ecs', this request sets the escape
character to '\'.
-- Escape: \\
-- Escape: \e
-- Escape: \E
Print the current escape character (which is the backslash
character '\' by default).
'\\' is a 'delayed' backslash; more precisely, it is the default
escape character followed by a backslash, which no longer has
special meaning due to the leading escape character. It is _not_
an escape sequence in the usual sense! In any unknown escape
sequence '\X' the escape character is ignored and X is printed.
But if X is equal to the current escape character, no warning is
emitted.
As a consequence, only at top-level or in a diversion a backslash
glyph is printed; in copy-in mode, it expands to a single
backslash, which then combines with the following character to an
escape sequence.
The '\E' escape differs from '\e' by printing an escape character
that is not interpreted in copy mode. Use this to define strings
with escapes that work when used in copy mode (for example, as a
macro argument). The following example defines strings to begin
and end a superscript:
.ds { \v'-.3m'\s'\En[.s]*60/100'
.ds } \s0\v'.3m'
Another example to demonstrate the differences between the various
escape sequences, using a strange escape character, '-'.
.ec -
.de xxx
--A'foo'
..
.xxx
=> -A'foo'
The result is surprising for most users, expecting '1' since 'foo'
is a valid identifier. What has happened? As mentioned above, the
leading escape character makes the following character ordinary.
Written with the default escape character the sequence '--' becomes
'\-' - this is the minus sign.
If the escape character followed by itself is a valid escape
sequence, only '\E' yields the expected result:
.ec -
.de xxx
-EA'foo'
..
.xxx
=> 1
-- Escape: \.
Similar to '\\', the sequence '\.' isn't a real escape sequence.
As before, a warning message is suppressed if the escape character
is followed by a dot, and the dot itself is printed.
.de foo
. nop foo
.
. de bar
. nop bar
\\..
.
..
.foo
.bar
=> foo bar
The first backslash is consumed while the macro is read, and the
second is swallowed while executing macro 'foo'.
A "translation" is a mapping of an input character to an output
glyph. The mapping occurs at output time, i.e., the input character
gets assigned the metric information of the mapped output character
right before input tokens are converted to nodes (*note Gtroff
Internals::, for more on this process).
-- Request: .tr abcd...
-- Request: .trin abcd...
Translate character A to glyph B, character C to glyph D, etc. If
there is an odd number of arguments, the last one is translated to
an unstretchable space ('\ ').
The 'trin' request is identical to 'tr', but when you unformat a
diversion with 'asciify' it ignores the translation. *Note
Diversions::, for details about the 'asciify' request.
Some notes:
* Special characters ('\(XX', '\[XXX]', '\C'XXX'', '\'', '\`',
'\-', '\_'), glyphs defined with the 'char' request, and
numbered glyphs ('\N'XXX'') can be translated also.
* The '\e' escape can be translated also.
* Characters can be mapped onto the '\%' and '\~' escapes (but
'\%' and '\~' can't be mapped onto another glyph).
* The following characters can't be translated: space (with one
exception, see below), backspace, newline, leader (and '\a'),
tab (and '\t').
* Translations are not considered for finding the soft hyphen
character set with the 'shc' request.
* The pair 'C\&' (this is an arbitrary character C followed by
the zero width space character) maps this character to
nothing.
.tr a\&
foo bar
=> foo br
It is even possible to map the space character to nothing:
.tr aa \&
foo bar
=> foobar
As shown in the example, the space character can't be the
first character/glyph pair as an argument of 'tr'.
Additionally, it is not possible to map the space character to
any other glyph; requests like '.tr aa x' undo '.tr aa \&'
instead.
If justification is active, lines are justified in spite of
the 'empty' space character (but there is no minimal distance,
i.e. the space character, between words).
* After an output glyph has been constructed (this happens at
the moment immediately before the glyph is appended to an
output glyph list, either by direct output, in a macro,
diversion, or string), it is no longer affected by 'tr'.
* Translating character to glyphs where one of them or both are
undefined is possible also; 'tr' does not check whether the
entities in its argument do exist.
*Note Gtroff Internals::.
* 'troff' no longer has a hard-coded dependency on Latin-1; all
'charXXX' entities have been removed from the font description
files. This has a notable consequence that shows up in
warnings like 'can't find character with input code XXX' if
the 'tr' request isn't handled properly.
Consider the following translation:
.tr e'?
This maps input character 'e'' onto glyph '?', which is
identical to glyph 'char201'. But this glyph intentionally
doesn't exist! Instead, '\[char201]' is treated as an input
character entity and is by default mapped onto '\['E]', and
'gtroff' doesn't handle translations of translations.
The right way to write the above translation is
.tr e'\['E]
In other words, the first argument of 'tr' should be an input
character or entity, and the second one a glyph entity.
* Without an argument, the 'tr' request is ignored.
-- Request: .trnt abcd...
'trnt' is the same as the 'tr' request except that the translations
do not apply to text that is transparently throughput into a
diversion with '\!'. *Note Diversions::, for more information.
For example,
.tr ab
.di x
\!.tm a
.di
.x
prints 'b' to the standard error stream; if 'trnt' is used instead
of 'tr' it prints 'a'.
File: groff.info, Node: Troff and Nroff Mode, Next: Line Layout, Prev: Character Translations, Up: gtroff Reference
5.12 Troff and Nroff Mode
=========================
Originally, 'nroff' and 'troff' were two separate programs, the former
for TTY output, the latter for everything else. With GNU 'troff', both
programs are merged into one executable, sending its output to a device
driver ('grotty' for TTY devices, 'grops' for POSTSCRIPT, etc.) which
interprets the intermediate output of 'gtroff'. For Unix 'troff' it
makes sense to talk about "Nroff mode" and "Troff mode" since the
differences are hardcoded. For GNU 'troff', this distinction is not
appropriate because 'gtroff' simply takes the information given in the
font files for a particular device without handling requests specially
if a TTY output device is used.
Usually, a macro package can be used with all output devices.
Nevertheless, it is sometimes necessary to make a distinction between
TTY and non-TTY devices: 'gtroff' provides two built-in conditions 'n'
and 't' for the 'if', 'ie', and 'while' requests to decide whether
'gtroff' shall behave like 'nroff' or like 'troff'.
-- Request: .troff
Make the 't' built-in condition true (and the 'n' built-in
condition false) for 'if', 'ie', and 'while' conditional requests.
This is the default if 'gtroff' (_not_ 'groff') is started with the
'-R' switch to avoid loading of the start-up files 'troffrc' and
'troffrc-end'. Without '-R', 'gtroff' stays in troff mode if the
output device is not a TTY (e.g. 'ps').
-- Request: .nroff
Make the 'n' built-in condition true (and the 't' built-in
condition false) for 'if', 'ie', and 'while' conditional requests.
This is the default if 'gtroff' uses a TTY output device; the code
for switching to nroff mode is in the file 'tty.tmac', which is
loaded by the start-up file 'troffrc'.
*Note Conditionals and Loops::, for more details on built-in
conditions.
File: groff.info, Node: Line Layout, Next: Line Control, Prev: Troff and Nroff Mode, Up: gtroff Reference
5.13 Line Layout
================
The following drawing shows the dimensions that 'gtroff' uses for
placing a line of output onto the page. They are labeled with the
request that manipulates each dimension.
-->| in |<--
|<-----------ll------------>|
+----+----+----------------------+----+
| : : : |
+----+----+----------------------+----+
-->| po |<--
|<--------paper width---------------->|
These dimensions are:
'po'
"Page offset" - this is the leftmost position of text on the final
output, defining the "left margin".
'in'
"Indentation" - this is the distance from the left margin where
text is printed.
'll'
"Line length" - this is the distance from the left margin to right
margin.
A simple demonstration:
.ll 3i
This is text without indentation.
The line length has been set to 3\~inch.
.in +.5i
.ll -.5i
Now the left and right margins are both increased.
.in
.ll
Calling .in and .ll without parameters restore
the previous values.
Result:
This is text without indenta-
tion. The line length has
been set to 3 inch.
Now the left and
right margins are
both increased.
Calling .in and .ll without
parameters restore the previ-
ous values.
-- Request: .po [offset]
-- Request: .po +offset
-- Request: .po -offset
-- Register: \n[.o]
Set horizontal page offset to OFFSET (or increment or decrement the
current value by OFFSET). Note that this request does not cause a
break, so changing the page offset in the middle of text being
filled may not yield the expected result. The initial value is 1i.
For TTY output devices, it is set to 0 in the startup file
'troffrc'; the default scaling indicator is 'm' (and not 'v' as
incorrectly documented in the original Unix troff manual).
The current page offset can be found in the read-only number
register '.o'.
If 'po' is called without an argument, the page offset is reset to
the previous value before the last call to 'po'.
.po 3i
\n[.o]
=> 720
.po -1i
\n[.o]
=> 480
.po
\n[.o]
=> 720
-- Request: .in [indent]
-- Request: .in +indent
-- Request: .in -indent
-- Register: \n[.i]
Set indentation to INDENT (or increment or decrement the current
value by INDENT). This request causes a break. Initially, there
is no indentation.
If 'in' is called without an argument, the indentation is reset to
the previous value before the last call to 'in'. The default
scaling indicator is 'm'.
The indentation is associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
If a negative indentation value is specified (which is not
allowed), 'gtroff' emits a warning of type 'range' and sets the
indentation to zero.
The effect of 'in' is delayed until a partially collected line (if
it exists) is output. A temporary indentation value is reset to
zero also.
The current indentation (as set by 'in') can be found in the
read-only number register '.i'.
-- Request: .ti offset
-- Request: .ti +offset
-- Request: .ti -offset
-- Register: \n[.in]
Temporarily indent the next output line by OFFSET. If an increment
or decrement value is specified, adjust the temporary indentation
relative to the value set by the 'in' request.
This request causes a break; its value is associated with the
current environment (*note Environments::). The default scaling
indicator is 'm'. A call of 'ti' without an argument is ignored.
If the total indentation value is negative (which is not allowed),
'gtroff' emits a warning of type 'range' and sets the temporary
indentation to zero. 'Total indentation' is either OFFSET if
specified as an absolute value, or the temporary plus normal
indentation, if OFFSET is given as a relative value.
The effect of 'ti' is delayed until a partially collected line (if
it exists) is output.
The read-only number register '.in' is the indentation that applies
to the current output line.
The difference between '.i' and '.in' is that the latter takes into
account whether a partially collected line still uses the old
indentation value or a temporary indentation value is active.
-- Request: .ll [length]
-- Request: .ll +length
-- Request: .ll -length
-- Register: \n[.l]
-- Register: \n[.ll]
Set the line length to LENGTH (or increment or decrement the
current value by LENGTH). Initially, the line length is set to
6.5i. The effect of 'll' is delayed until a partially collected
line (if it exists) is output. The default scaling indicator is
'm'.
If 'll' is called without an argument, the line length is reset to
the previous value before the last call to 'll'. If a negative
line length is specified (which is not allowed), 'gtroff' emits a
warning of type 'range' and sets the line length to zero.
The line length is associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
The current line length (as set by 'll') can be found in the
read-only number register '.l'. The read-only number register
'.ll' is the line length that applies to the current output line.
Similar to '.i' and '.in', the difference between '.l' and '.ll' is
that the latter takes into account whether a partially collected
line still uses the old line length value.
File: groff.info, Node: Line Control, Next: Page Layout, Prev: Line Layout, Up: gtroff Reference
5.14 Line Control
=================
It is important to understand how 'gtroff' handles input and output
lines.
Many escapes use positioning relative to the input line. For
example, this
This is a \h'|1.2i'test.
This is a
\h'|1.2i'test.
produces
This is a test.
This is a test.
The main usage of this feature is to define macros that act exactly
at the place where called.
.\" A simple macro to underline a word
.de underline
. nop \\$1\l'|0\[ul]'
..
In the above example, '|0' specifies a negative distance from the
current position (at the end of the just emitted argument '\$1') back to
the beginning of the input line. Thus, the '\l' escape draws a line
from right to left.
'gtroff' makes a difference between input and output line
continuation; the latter is also called "interrupting" a line.
-- Escape: \<RET>
-- Escape: \c
-- Register: \n[.int]
Continue a line. '\<RET>' (this is a backslash at the end of a
line immediately followed by a newline) works on the input level,
suppressing the effects of the following newline in the input.
This is a \
.test
=> This is a .test
The '|' operator is also affected.
'\c' works on the output level. Anything after this escape on the
same line is ignored except '\R', which works as usual. Anything
before '\c' on the same line is appended to the current partial
output line. The next non-command line after an interrupted line
counts as a new input line.
The visual results depend on whether no-fill mode is active.
* If no-fill mode is active (using the 'nf' request), the next
input text line after '\c' is handled as a continuation of the
same input text line.
.nf
This is a \c
test.
=> This is a test.
* If fill mode is active (using the 'fi' request), a word
interrupted with '\c' is continued with the text on the next
input text line, without an intervening space.
This is a te\c
st.
=> This is a test.
Note that an intervening control line that causes a break is
stronger than '\c', flushing out the current partial line in the
usual way.
The '.int' register contains a positive value if the last output
line was interrupted with '\c'; this is associated with the current
environment (*note Environments::).
File: groff.info, Node: Page Layout, Next: Page Control, Prev: Line Control, Up: gtroff Reference
5.15 Page Layout
================
'gtroff' provides some very primitive operations for controlling page
layout.
-- Request: .pl [length]
-- Request: .pl +length
-- Request: .pl -length
-- Register: \n[.p]
Set the "page length" to LENGTH (or increment or decrement the
current value by LENGTH). This is the length of the physical
output page. The default scaling indicator is 'v'.
The current setting can be found in the read-only number register
'.p'.
Note that this only specifies the size of the page, not the top and
bottom margins. Those are not set by 'gtroff' directly. *Note
Traps::, for further information on how to do this.
Negative 'pl' values are possible also, but not very useful: No
trap is sprung, and each line is output on a single page (thus
suppressing all vertical spacing).
If no argument or an invalid argument is given, 'pl' sets the page
length to 11i.
'gtroff' provides several operations that help in setting up top and
bottom titles (or headers and footers).
-- Request: .tl 'left'center'right'
Print a "title line". It consists of three parts: a left justified
portion, a centered portion, and a right justified portion. The
argument separator ''' can be replaced with any character not
occurring in the title line. The '%' character is replaced with
the current page number. This character can be changed with the
'pc' request (see below).
Without argument, 'tl' is ignored.
Some notes:
* The line length set by the 'll' request is not honoured by
'tl'; use the 'lt' request (described below) instead, to
control line length for text set by 'tl'.
* A title line is not restricted to the top or bottom of a page.
* 'tl' prints the title line immediately, ignoring a partially
filled line (which stays untouched).
* It is not an error to omit closing delimiters. For example,
'.tl /foo' is equivalent to '.tl /foo///': It prints a title
line with the left justified word 'foo'; the centered and
right justified parts are empty.
* 'tl' accepts the same parameter delimiting characters as the
'\A' escape; see *note Escapes::.
-- Request: .lt [length]
-- Request: .lt +length
-- Request: .lt -length
-- Register: \n[.lt]
The title line is printed using its own line length, which is
specified (or incremented or decremented) with the 'lt' request.
Initially, the title line length is set to 6.5i. If a negative
line length is specified (which is not allowed), 'gtroff' emits a
warning of type 'range' and sets the title line length to zero.
The default scaling indicator is 'm'. If 'lt' is called without an
argument, the title length is reset to the previous value before
the last call to 'lt'.
The current setting of this is available in the '.lt' read-only
number register; it is associated with the current environment
(*note Environments::).
-- Request: .pn page
-- Request: .pn +page
-- Request: .pn -page
-- Register: \n[.pn]
Change (increase or decrease) the page number of the _next_ page.
The only argument is the page number; the request is ignored
without a parameter.
The read-only number register '.pn' contains the number of the next
page: either the value set by a 'pn' request, or the number of the
current page plus 1.
-- Request: .pc [char]
Change the page number character (used by the 'tl' request) to a
different character. With no argument, this mechanism is disabled.
Note that this doesn't affect the number register '%'.
*Note Traps::.
File: groff.info, Node: Page Control, Next: Fonts and Symbols, Prev: Page Layout, Up: gtroff Reference
5.16 Page Control
=================
-- Request: .bp [page]
-- Request: .bp +page
-- Request: .bp -page
-- Register: \n[%]
Stop processing the current page and move to the next page. This
request causes a break. It can also take an argument to set
(increase, decrease) the page number of the next page (which
actually becomes the current page after 'bp' has finished). The
difference between 'bp' and 'pn' is that 'pn' does not cause a
break or actually eject a page. *Note Page Layout::.
.de newpage \" define macro
'bp \" begin page
'sp .5i \" vertical space
.tl 'left top'center top'right top' \" title
'sp .3i \" vertical space
.. \" end macro
'bp' has no effect if not called within the top-level diversion
(*note Diversions::).
The read-write register '%' holds the current page number.
The number register '.pe' is set to 1 while 'bp' is active. *Note
Page Location Traps::.
-- Request: .ne [space]
It is often necessary to force a certain amount of space before a
new page occurs. This is most useful to make sure that there is
not a single "orphan" line left at the bottom of a page. The 'ne'
request ensures that there is a certain distance, specified by the
first argument, before the next page is triggered (see *note
Traps::, for further information). The default scaling indicator
for 'ne' is 'v'; the default value of SPACE is 1v if no argument is
given.
For example, to make sure that no fewer than 2 lines get orphaned,
do the following before each paragraph:
.ne 2
text text text
'ne' then automatically causes a page break if there is space for
one line only.
-- Request: .sv [space]
-- Request: .os
'sv' is similar to the 'ne' request; it reserves the specified
amount of vertical space. If the desired amount of space exists
before the next trap (or the bottom page boundary if no trap is
set), the space is output immediately (ignoring a partially filled
line, which stays untouched). If there is not enough space, it is
stored for later output via the 'os' request. The default value
is 1v if no argument is given; the default scaling indicator is
'v'.
Both 'sv' and 'os' ignore no-space mode. While the 'sv' request
allows negative values for SPACE, 'os' ignores them.
-- Register: \n[nl]
This register contains the current vertical position. If the
vertical position is zero and the top of page transition hasn't
happened yet, 'nl' is set to negative value. 'gtroff' itself does
this at the very beginning of a document before anything has been
printed, but the main usage is to plant a header trap on a page if
this page has already started.
Consider the following:
.de xxx
. sp
. tl ''Header''
. sp
..
.
First page.
.bp
.wh 0 xxx
.nr nl (-1)
Second page.
Result:
First page.
...
Header
Second page.
...
Without resetting 'nl' to a negative value, the just planted trap
would be active beginning with the _next_ page, not the current
one.
*Note Diversions::, for a comparison with the '.h' and '.d'
registers.
File: groff.info, Node: Fonts and Symbols, Next: Sizes, Prev: Page Control, Up: gtroff Reference
5.17 Fonts and Symbols
======================
'gtroff' can switch fonts at any point in the text.
The basic set of fonts is 'R', 'I', 'B', and 'BI'. These are Times
Roman, Italic, Bold, and Bold Italic. For non-TTY devices, there is
also at least one symbol font that contains various special symbols
(Greek, mathematics).
* Menu:
* Changing Fonts::
* Font Families::
* Font Positions::
* Using Symbols::
* Character Classes::
* Special Fonts::
* Artificial Fonts::
* Ligatures and Kerning::
File: groff.info, Node: Changing Fonts, Next: Font Families, Prev: Fonts and Symbols, Up: Fonts and Symbols
5.17.1 Changing Fonts
---------------------
-- Request: .ft [font]
-- Escape: \ff
-- Escape: \f(fn
-- Escape: \f[font]
-- Register: \n[.sty]
The 'ft' request and the '\f' escape change the current font to
FONT (one-character name F, two-character name FN).
If FONT is a style name (as set with the 'sty' request or with the
'styles' command in the 'DESC' file), use it within the current
font family (as set with the 'fam' request, the '\F' escape, or the
'family' command in the 'DESC' file).
It is not possible to switch to a font with the name 'DESC'
(whereas this name could be used as a style name; however, this is
not recommended).
With no argument or using 'P' as an argument, '.ft' switches to the
previous font. Use '\f[]' to do this with the escape. The old
syntax forms '\fP' or '\f[P]' are also supported.
Fonts are generally specified as upper-case strings, which are
usually 1 to 4 characters representing an abbreviation or acronym
of the font name. This is no limitation, just a convention.
The example below produces two identical lines.
eggs, bacon,
.ft B
spam
.ft
and sausage.
eggs, bacon, \fBspam\fP and sausage.
Note that '\f' doesn't produce an input token in 'gtroff'. As a
consequence, it can be used in requests like 'mc' (which expects a
single character as an argument) to change the font on the fly:
.mc \f[I]x\f[]
The current style name is available in the read-only number
register '.sty' (this is a string-valued register); if the current
font isn't a style, the empty string is returned. It is associated
with the current environment.
*Note Font Positions::, for an alternative syntax.
-- Request: .ftr f [g]
Translate font F to font G. Whenever a font named F is referred to
in a '\f' escape sequence, in the 'F' and 'S' conditional
operators, or in the 'ft', 'ul', 'bd', 'cs', 'tkf', 'special',
'fspecial', 'fp', or 'sty' requests, font G is used. If G is
missing or equal to F the translation is undone.
Note that it is not possible to chain font translations. Example:
.ftr XXX TR
.ftr XXX YYY
.ft XXX
=> warning: can't find font `XXX'
-- Request: .fzoom f [zoom]
-- Register: \n[.zoom]
Set magnification of font F to factor ZOOM, which must be a
non-negative integer multiple of 1/1000th. This request is useful
to adjust the optical size of a font in relation to the others. In
the example below, font 'CR' is magnified by 10% (the zoom factor
is thus 1.1).
.fam P
.fzoom CR 1100
.ps 12
Palatino and \f[CR]Courier\f[]
A missing or zero value of ZOOM is the same as a value of 1000,
which means no magnification. F must be a real font name, not a
style.
Note that the magnification of a font is completely transparent to
troff; a change of the zoom factor doesn't cause any effect except
that the dimensions of glyphs, (word) spaces, kerns, etc., of the
affected font are adjusted accordingly.
The zoom factor of the current font is available in the read-only
number register '.zoom', in multiples of 1/1000th. It returns zero
if there is no magnification.
File: groff.info, Node: Font Families, Next: Font Positions, Prev: Changing Fonts, Up: Fonts and Symbols
5.17.2 Font Families
--------------------
Due to the variety of fonts available, 'gtroff' has added the concept of
"font families" and "font styles". The fonts are specified as the
concatenation of the font family and style. Specifying a font without
the family part causes 'gtroff' to use that style of the current family.
Currently, fonts for the devices '-Tps', '-Tpdf', '-Tdvi', '-Tlj4',
'-Tlbp', and the X11 fonts are set up to this mechanism. By default,
'gtroff' uses the Times family with the four styles 'R', 'I', 'B', and
'BI'.
This way, it is possible to use the basic four fonts and to select a
different font family on the command line (*note Groff Options::).
-- Request: .fam [family]
-- Register: \n[.fam]
-- Escape: \Ff
-- Escape: \F(fm
-- Escape: \F[family]
-- Register: \n[.fn]
Switch font family to FAMILY (one-character name F, two-character
name FM). If no argument is given, switch back to the previous
font family. Use '\F[]' to do this with the escape. Note that
'\FP' doesn't work; it selects font family 'P' instead.
The value at start-up is 'T'. The current font family is available
in the read-only number register '.fam' (this is a string-valued
register); it is associated with the current environment.
spam,
.fam H \" helvetica family
spam, \" used font is family H + style R = HR
.ft B \" family H + style B = font HB
spam,
.fam T \" times family
spam, \" used font is family T + style B = TB
.ft AR \" font AR (not a style)
baked beans,
.ft R \" family T + style R = font TR
and spam.
Note that '\F' doesn't produce an input token in 'gtroff'. As a
consequence, it can be used in requests like 'mc' (which expects a
single character as an argument) to change the font family on the
fly:
.mc \F[P]x\F[]
The '.fn' register contains the current "real font name" of the
current font. This is a string-valued register. If the current
font is a style, the value of '\n[.fn]' is the proper concatenation
of family and style name.
-- Request: .sty n style
Associate STYLE with font position N. A font position can be
associated either with a font or with a style. The current font is
the index of a font position and so is also either a font or a
style. If it is a style, the font that is actually used is the
font which name is the concatenation of the name of the current
family and the name of the current style. For example, if the
current font is 1 and font position 1 is associated with style 'R'
and the current font family is 'T', then font 'TR' is used. If the
current font is not a style, then the current family is ignored.
If the requests 'cs', 'bd', 'tkf', 'uf', or 'fspecial' are applied
to a style, they are instead applied to the member of the current
family corresponding to that style.
N must be a non-negative integer value.
The default family can be set with the '-f' option (*note Groff
Options::). The 'styles' command in the 'DESC' file controls which
font positions (if any) are initially associated with styles rather
than fonts. For example, the default setting for POSTSCRIPT fonts
styles R I B BI
is equivalent to
.sty 1 R
.sty 2 I
.sty 3 B
.sty 4 BI
'fam' and '\F' always check whether the current font position is
valid; this can give surprising results if the current font
position is associated with a style.
In the following example, we want to access the POSTSCRIPT font
'FooBar' from the font family 'Foo':
.sty \n[.fp] Bar
.fam Foo
=> warning: can't find font `FooR'
The default font position at start-up is 1; for the POSTSCRIPT
device, this is associated with style 'R', so 'gtroff' tries to
open 'FooR'.
A solution to this problem is to use a dummy font like the
following:
.fp 0 dummy TR \" set up dummy font at position 0
.sty \n[.fp] Bar \" register style `Bar'
.ft 0 \" switch to font at position 0
.fam Foo \" activate family `Foo'
.ft Bar \" switch to font `FooBar'
*Note Font Positions::.
File: groff.info, Node: Font Positions, Next: Using Symbols, Prev: Font Families, Up: Fonts and Symbols
5.17.3 Font Positions
---------------------
For the sake of old phototypesetters and compatibility with old versions
of 'troff', 'gtroff' has the concept of font "positions", on which
various fonts are mounted.
-- Request: .fp pos font [external-name]
-- Register: \n[.f]
-- Register: \n[.fp]
Mount font FONT at position POS (which must be a non-negative
integer). This numeric position can then be referred to with font
changing commands. When 'gtroff' starts it is using font
position 1 (which must exist; position 0 is unused usually at
start-up).
The current font in use, as a font position, is available in the
read-only number register '.f'. This can be useful to remember the
current font for later recall. It is associated with the current
environment (*note Environments::).
.nr save-font \n[.f]
.ft B
... text text text ...
.ft \n[save-font]
The number of the next free font position is available in the
read-only number register '.fp'. This is useful when mounting a
new font, like so:
.fp \n[.fp] NEATOFONT
Fonts not listed in the 'DESC' file are automatically mounted on
the next available font position when they are referenced. If a
font is to be mounted explicitly with the 'fp' request on an unused
font position, it should be mounted on the first unused font
position, which can be found in the '.fp' register. Although
'gtroff' does not enforce this strictly, it is not allowed to mount
a font at a position whose number is much greater (approx. 1000
positions) than that of any currently used position.
The 'fp' request has an optional third argument. This argument
gives the external name of the font, which is used for finding the
font description file. The second argument gives the internal name
of the font, which is used to refer to the font in 'gtroff' after
it has been mounted. If there is no third argument then the
internal name is used as the external name. This feature makes it
possible to use fonts with long names in compatibility mode.
Both the 'ft' request and the '\f' escape have alternative syntax
forms to access font positions.
-- Request: .ft nnn
-- Escape: \fn
-- Escape: \f(nn
-- Escape: \f[nnn]
Change the current font position to NNN (one-digit position N,
two-digit position NN), which must be a non-negative integer.
If NNN is associated with a style (as set with the 'sty' request or
with the 'styles' command in the 'DESC' file), use it within the
current font family (as set with the 'fam' request, the '\F'
escape, or the 'family' command in the 'DESC' file).
this is font 1
.ft 2
this is font 2
.ft \" switch back to font 1
.ft 3
this is font 3
.ft
this is font 1 again
*Note Changing Fonts::, for the standard syntax form.
File: groff.info, Node: Using Symbols, Next: Character Classes, Prev: Font Positions, Up: Fonts and Symbols
5.17.4 Using Symbols
--------------------
A "glyph" is a graphical representation of a "character". While a
character is an abstract entity containing semantic information, a glyph
is something that can be actually seen on screen or paper. It is
possible that a character has multiple glyph representation forms (for
example, the character 'A' can be either written in a roman or an italic
font, yielding two different glyphs); sometimes more than one character
maps to a single glyph (this is a "ligature" - the most common is 'fi').
A "symbol" is simply a named glyph. Within 'gtroff', all glyph names
of a particular font are defined in its font file. If the user requests
a glyph not available in this font, 'gtroff' looks up an ordered list of
"special fonts". By default, the POSTSCRIPT output device supports the
two special fonts 'SS' (slanted symbols) and 'S' (symbols) (the former
is looked up before the latter). Other output devices use different
names for special fonts. Fonts mounted with the 'fonts' keyword in the
'DESC' file are globally available. To install additional special fonts
locally (i.e. for a particular font), use the 'fspecial' request.
Here are the exact rules how 'gtroff' searches a given symbol:
* If the symbol has been defined with the 'char' request, use it.
This hides a symbol with the same name in the current font.
* Check the current font.
* If the symbol has been defined with the 'fchar' request, use it.
* Check whether the current font has a font-specific list of special
fonts; test all fonts in the order of appearance in the last
'fspecial' call if appropriate.
* If the symbol has been defined with the 'fschar' request for the
current font, use it.
* Check all fonts in the order of appearance in the last 'special'
call.
* If the symbol has been defined with the 'schar' request, use it.
* As a last resort, consult all fonts loaded up to now for special
fonts and check them, starting with the lowest font number. Note
that this can sometimes lead to surprising results since the
'fonts' line in the 'DESC' file often contains empty positions,
which are filled later on. For example, consider the following:
fonts 3 0 0 FOO
This mounts font 'foo' at font position 3. We assume that 'FOO' is
a special font, containing glyph 'foo', and that no font has been
loaded yet. The line
.fspecial BAR BAZ
makes font 'BAZ' special only if font 'BAR' is active. We further
assume that 'BAZ' is really a special font, i.e., the font
description file contains the 'special' keyword, and that it also
contains glyph 'foo' with a special shape fitting to font 'BAR'.
After executing 'fspecial', font 'BAR' is loaded at font
position 1, and 'BAZ' at position 2.
We now switch to a new font 'XXX', trying to access glyph 'foo'
that is assumed to be missing. There are neither font-specific
special fonts for 'XXX' nor any other fonts made special with the
'special' request, so 'gtroff' starts the search for special fonts
in the list of already mounted fonts, with increasing font
positions. Consequently, it finds 'BAZ' before 'FOO' even for
'XXX', which is not the intended behaviour.
*Note Font Files::, and *note Special Fonts::, for more details.
The list of available symbols is device dependent; see the
'groff_char(7)' man page for a complete list of all glyphs. For
example, say
man -Tdvi groff_char > groff_char.dvi
for a list using the default DVI fonts (not all versions of the 'man'
program support the '-T' option). If you want to use an additional
macro package to change the used fonts, 'groff' must be called directly:
groff -Tdvi -mec -man groff_char.7 > groff_char.dvi
Glyph names not listed in groff_char(7) are derived algorithmically,
using a simplified version of the Adobe Glyph List (AGL) algorithm,
which is described in <https://github.com/adobe-type-tools/agl-aglfn>.
The (frozen) set of glyph names that can't be derived algorithmically is
called "groff glyph list (GGL)".
* A glyph for Unicode character U+XXXX[X[X]], which is not a
composite character is named 'uXXXX[X[X]]'. X must be an uppercase
hexadecimal digit. Examples: 'u1234', 'u008E', 'u12DB8'. The
largest Unicode value is 0x10FFFF. There must be at least four 'X'
digits; if necessary, add leading zeroes (after the 'u'). No zero
padding is allowed for character codes greater than 0xFFFF.
Surrogates (i.e., Unicode values greater than 0xFFFF represented
with character codes from the surrogate area U+D800-U+DFFF) are not
allowed too.
* A glyph representing more than a single input character is named
'u' COMPONENT1 '_' COMPONENT2 '_' COMPONENT3 ...
Example: 'u0045_0302_0301'.
For simplicity, all Unicode characters that are composites must be
decomposed maximally (this is normalization form D in the Unicode
standard); for example, 'u00CA_0301' is not a valid glyph name
since U+00CA (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX) can be
further decomposed into U+0045 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E) and U+0302
(COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT). 'u0045_0302_0301' is thus the glyph
name for U+1EBE, LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE.
* groff maintains a table to decompose all algorithmically derived
glyph names that are composites itself. For example, 'u0100'
(LATIN LETTER A WITH MACRON) is automatically decomposed into
'u0041_0304'. Additionally, a glyph name of the GGL is preferred
to an algorithmically derived glyph name; groff also automatically
does the mapping. Example: The glyph 'u0045_0302' is mapped to
'^E'.
* glyph names of the GGL can't be used in composite glyph names; for
example, '^E_u0301' is invalid.
-- Escape: \(nm
-- Escape: \[name]
-- Escape: \[component1 component2 ...]
Insert a symbol NAME (two-character name NM) or a composite glyph
with component glyphs COMPONENT1, COMPONENT2, ... There is no
special syntax for one-character names - the natural form '\N'
would collide with escapes.(1) (*note Using Symbols-Footnote-1::)
If NAME is undefined, a warning of type 'char' is generated, and
the escape is ignored. *Note Debugging::, for information about
warnings.
groff resolves '\[...]' with more than a single component as
follows:
* Any component that is found in the GGL is converted to the
'uXXXX' form.
* Any component 'uXXXX' that is found in the list of
decomposable glyphs is decomposed.
* The resulting elements are then concatenated with '_' in
between, dropping the leading 'u' in all elements but the
first.
No check for the existence of any component (similar to 'tr'
request) is done.
Examples:
'\[A ho]'
'A' maps to 'u0041', 'ho' maps to 'u02DB', thus the final
glyph name would be 'u0041_02DB'. Note this is not the
expected result: The ogonek glyph 'ho' is a spacing ogonek,
but for a proper composite a non-spacing ogonek (U+0328) is
necessary. Looking into the file 'composite.tmac' one can
find '.composite ho u0328', which changes the mapping of 'ho'
while a composite glyph name is constructed, causing the final
glyph name to be 'u0041_0328'.
'\[^E u0301]'
'\[^E aa]'
'\[E a^ aa]'
'\[E ^ ']'
'^E' maps to 'u0045_0302', thus the final glyph name is
'u0045_0302_0301' in all forms (assuming proper calls of the
'composite' request).
It is not possible to define glyphs with names like 'A ho' within a
groff font file. This is not really a limitation; instead, you
have to define 'u0041_0328'.
-- Escape: \C'xxx'
Typeset the glyph named XXX.(2) (*note Using Symbols-Footnote-2::)
Normally it is more convenient to use '\[XXX]', but '\C' has the
advantage that it is compatible with newer versions of AT&T 'troff'
and is available in compatibility mode.
-- Request: .composite from to
Map glyph name FROM to glyph name TO if it is used in '\[...]' with
more than one component. See above for examples.
This mapping is based on glyph names only; no check for the
existence of either glyph is done.
A set of default mappings for many accents can be found in the file
'composite.tmac', which is loaded at start-up.
-- Escape: \N'n'
Typeset the glyph with code N in the current font ('n' is *not* the
input character code). The number N can be any non-negative
decimal integer. Most devices only have glyphs with codes between
0 and 255; the Unicode output device uses codes in the range
0-65535. If the current font does not contain a glyph with that
code, special fonts are _not_ searched. The '\N' escape sequence
can be conveniently used in conjunction with the 'char' request:
.char \[phone] \f[ZD]\N'37'
The code of each glyph is given in the fourth column in the font
description file after the 'charset' command. It is possible to
include unnamed glyphs in the font description file by using a name
of '---'; the '\N' escape sequence is the only way to use these.
No kerning is applied to glyphs accessed with '\N'.
Some escape sequences directly map onto special glyphs.
-- Escape: \'
This is a backslash followed by the apostrophe character, ASCII
character '0x27' (EBCDIC character '0x7D'). The same as '\[aa]',
the acute accent.
-- Escape: \`
This is a backslash followed by ASCII character '0x60' (EBCDIC
character '0x79' usually). The same as '\[ga]', the grave accent.
-- Escape: \-
This is the same as '\[-]', the minus sign in the current font.
-- Escape: \_
This is the same as '\[ul]', the underline character.
-- Request: .cflags n c1 c2 ...
Input characters and symbols have certain properties associated
with it.(3) (*note Using Symbols-Footnote-3::) These properties
can be modified with the 'cflags' request. The first argument is
the sum of the desired flags and the remaining arguments are the
characters or symbols to have those properties. It is possible to
omit the spaces between the characters or symbols. Instead of
single characters or symbols you can also use character classes
(see *note Character Classes:: for more details).
'1'
The character ends sentences (initially characters '.?!' have
this property).
'2'
Lines can be broken before the character (initially no
characters have this property). This only works if both the
characters before and after have non-zero hyphenation codes
(as set with the 'hcode' request). Use value 64 to override
this behaviour.
'4'
Lines can be broken after the character (initially the
character '-' and the symbols '\[hy]' and '\[em]' have this
property). This only works if both the characters before and
after have non-zero hyphenation codes (as set with the 'hcode'
request). Use value 64 to override this behaviour.
'8'
The character overlaps horizontally if used as a horizontal
line building element. Initially the symbols '\[ul]',
'\[rn]', '\[ru]', '\[radicalex]', and '\[sqrtex]' have this
property.
'16'
The character overlaps vertically if used as vertical line
building element. Initially symbol '\[br]' has this property.
'32'
An end-of-sentence character followed by any number of
characters with this property is treated as the end of a
sentence if followed by a newline or two spaces; in other
words the character is "transparent" for the purposes of
end-of-sentence recognition - this is the same as having a
zero space factor in TeX (initially characters '"')]*' and the
symbols '\[dg]', '\[rq]', and '\[cq]' have this property).
'64'
Ignore hyphenation code values of the surrounding characters.
Use this in combination with values 2 and 4 (initially no
characters have this property). For example, if you need an
automatic break point after the en-dash in number ranges like
'3000-5000', insert
.cflags 68 \(en
into your document. Note, however, that this can lead to bad
layout if done without thinking; in most situations, a better
solution instead of changing the 'cflags' value is to insert
'\:' right after the hyphen at the places that really need a
break point.
'128'
Prohibit a line break before the character, but allow a line
break after the character. This works only in combination
with flags 256 and 512 (see below) and has no effect
otherwise.
'256'
Prohibit a line break after the character, but allow a line
break before the character. This works only in combination
with flags 128 and 512 (see below) and has no effect
otherwise.
'512'
Allow line break before or after the character. This works
only in combination with flags 128 and 256 and has no effect
otherwise.
Contrary to flag values 2 and 4, the flags 128, 256, and 512
work pairwise. If, for example, the left character has value
512, and the right character 128, no line break gets inserted.
If we use value 6 instead for the left character, a line break
after the character can't be suppressed since the right
neighbour character doesn't get examined.
-- Request: .char g [string]
-- Request: .fchar g [string]
-- Request: .fschar f g [string]
-- Request: .schar g [string]
Define a new glyph G to be STRING (which can be empty).(4) (*note
Using Symbols-Footnote-4::) Every time glyph G needs to be printed,
STRING is processed in a temporary environment and the result is
wrapped up into a single object. Compatibility mode is turned off
and the escape character is set to '\' while STRING is being
processed. Any emboldening, constant spacing or track kerning is
applied to this object rather than to individual characters in
STRING.
A glyph defined by these requests can be used just like a normal
glyph provided by the output device. In particular, other
characters can be translated to it with the 'tr' or 'trin'
requests; it can be made the leader character by the 'lc' request;
repeated patterns can be drawn with the glyph using the '\l' and
'\L' escape sequences; words containing the glyph can be hyphenated
correctly if the 'hcode' request is used to give the glyph's symbol
a hyphenation code.
There is a special anti-recursion feature: Use of 'g' within the
glyph's definition is handled like normal characters and symbols
not defined with 'char'.
Note that the 'tr' and 'trin' requests take precedence if 'char'
accesses the same symbol.
.tr XY
X
=> Y
.char X Z
X
=> Y
.tr XX
X
=> Z
The 'fchar' request defines a fallback glyph: 'gtroff' only checks
for glyphs defined with 'fchar' if it cannot find the glyph in the
current font. 'gtroff' carries out this test before checking
special fonts.
'fschar' defines a fallback glyph for font F: 'gtroff' checks for
glyphs defined with 'fschar' after the list of fonts declared as
font-specific special fonts with the 'fspecial' request, but before
the list of fonts declared as global special fonts with the
'special' request.
Finally, the 'schar' request defines a global fallback glyph:
'gtroff' checks for glyphs defined with 'schar' after the list of
fonts declared as global special fonts with the 'special' request,
but before the already mounted special fonts.
*Note Using Symbols::, for a detailed description of the glyph
searching mechanism in 'gtroff'.
-- Request: .rchar c1 c2 ...
-- Request: .rfschar f c1 c2 ...
Remove the definitions of glyphs C1, C2, ... This undoes the
effect of a 'char', 'fchar', or 'schar' request.
It is possible to omit the whitespace between arguments.
The request 'rfschar' removes glyph definitions defined with
'fschar' for glyph f.
*Note Special Characters::.
File: groff.info, Node: Character Classes, Next: Special Fonts, Prev: Using Symbols, Up: Fonts and Symbols
5.17.5 Character Classes
------------------------
Classes are particularly useful for East Asian languages such as
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, where the number of needed characters is
much larger than in European languages, and where large sets of
characters share the same properties.
-- Request: .class n c1 c2 ...
In 'groff', a "character class" (or simply "class") is a set of
characters, grouped by some user aspect. The 'class' request
defines such classes so that other requests can refer to all
characters belonging to this set with a single class name.
Currently, only the 'cflags' request can handle character classes.
A 'class' request takes a class name followed by a list of
entities. In its simplest form, the entities are characters or
symbols:
.class [prepunct] , : ; > }
Since class and glyph names share the same namespace, it is
recommended to start and end the class name with '[' and ']',
respectively, to avoid collisions with normal 'groff' symbols (and
symbols defined by the user). In particular, the presence of ']'
in the symbol name intentionally prevents the usage of '\[...]',
thus you must use the '\C' escape to access a class with such a
name.
You can also use a special character range notation, consisting of
a start character or symbol, followed by '-', and an end character
or symbol. Internally, 'gtroff' converts these two symbol names to
Unicode values (according to the groff glyph gist), which then give
the start and end value of the range. If that fails, the class
definition is skipped.
Finally, classes can be nested, too.
Here is a more complex example:
.class [prepunctx] \C'[prepunct]' \[u2013]-\[u2016]
The class 'prepunctx' now contains the contents of the class
'prepunct' as defined above (the set ', : ; > }'), and characters
in the range between 'U+2013' and 'U+2016'.
If you want to add '-' to a class, it must be the first character
value in the argument list, otherwise it gets misinterpreted as a
range.
Note that it is not possible to use class names within range
definitions.
Typical use of the 'class' request is to control line-breaking and
hyphenation rules as defined by the 'cflags' request. For example,
to inhibit line breaks before the characters belonging to the
'prepunctx' class, you can write:
.cflags 2 \C'[prepunctx]'
See the 'cflags' request in *note Using Symbols::, for more
details.
File: groff.info, Node: Special Fonts, Next: Artificial Fonts, Prev: Character Classes, Up: Fonts and Symbols
5.17.6 Special Fonts
--------------------
Special fonts are those that 'gtroff' searches when it cannot find the
requested glyph in the current font. The Symbol font is usually a
special font.
'gtroff' provides the following two requests to add more special
fonts. *Note Using Symbols::, for a detailed description of the glyph
searching mechanism in 'gtroff'.
Usually, only non-TTY devices have special fonts.
-- Request: .special [s1 s2 ...]
-- Request: .fspecial f [s1 s2 ...]
Use the 'special' request to define special fonts. Initially, this
list is empty.
Use the 'fspecial' request to designate special fonts only when
font F is active. Initially, this list is empty.
Previous calls to 'special' or 'fspecial' are overwritten; without
arguments, the particular list of special fonts is set to empty.
Special fonts are searched in the order they appear as arguments.
All fonts that appear in a call to 'special' or 'fspecial' are
loaded.
*Note Using Symbols::, for the exact search order of glyphs.
File: groff.info, Node: Artificial Fonts, Next: Ligatures and Kerning, Prev: Special Fonts, Up: Fonts and Symbols
5.17.7 Artificial Fonts
-----------------------
There are a number of requests and escapes for artificially creating
fonts. These are largely vestiges of the days when output devices did
not have a wide variety of fonts, and when 'nroff' and 'troff' were
separate programs. Most of them are no longer necessary in GNU 'troff'.
Nevertheless, they are supported.
-- Escape: \H'height'
-- Escape: \H'+height'
-- Escape: \H'-height'
-- Register: \n[.height]
Change (increment, decrement) the height of the current font, but
not the width. If HEIGHT is zero, restore the original height.
Default scaling indicator is 'z'.
The read-only number register '.height' contains the font height as
set by '\H'.
Currently, only the '-Tps' and '-Tpdf' devices support this
feature.
Note that '\H' doesn't produce an input token in 'gtroff'. As a
consequence, it can be used in requests like 'mc' (which expects a
single character as an argument) to change the font on the fly:
.mc \H'+5z'x\H'0'
In compatibility mode, 'gtroff' behaves differently: If an
increment or decrement is used, it is always taken relative to the
current point size and not relative to the previously selected font
height. Thus,
.cp 1
\H'+5'test \H'+5'test
prints the word 'test' twice with the same font height (five points
larger than the current font size).
-- Escape: \S'slant'
-- Register: \n[.slant]
Slant the current font by SLANT degrees. Positive values slant to
the right. Only integer values are possible.
The read-only number register '.slant' contains the font slant as
set by '\S'.
Currently, only the '-Tps' and '-Tpdf' devices support this
feature.
Note that '\S' doesn't produce an input token in 'gtroff'. As a
consequence, it can be used in requests like 'mc' (which expects a
single character as an argument) to change the font on the fly:
.mc \S'20'x\S'0'
This request is incorrectly documented in the original Unix troff
manual; the slant is always set to an absolute value.
-- Request: .ul [lines]
The 'ul' request normally underlines subsequent lines if a TTY
output device is used. Otherwise, the lines are printed in italics
(only the term 'underlined' is used in the following). The single
argument is the number of input lines to be underlined; with no
argument, the next line is underlined. If LINES is zero or
negative, stop the effects of 'ul' (if it was active). Requests
and empty lines do not count for computing the number of underlined
input lines, even if they produce some output like 'tl'. Lines
inserted by macros (e.g. invoked by a trap) do count.
At the beginning of 'ul', the current font is stored and the
underline font is activated. Within the span of a 'ul' request, it
is possible to change fonts, but after the last line affected by
'ul' the saved font is restored.
This number of lines still to be underlined is associated with the
current environment (*note Environments::). The underline font can
be changed with the 'uf' request.
The 'ul' request does not underline spaces.
-- Request: .cu [lines]
The 'cu' request is similar to 'ul' but underlines spaces as well
(if a TTY output device is used).
-- Request: .uf font
Set the underline font (globally) used by 'ul' and 'cu'. By
default, this is the font at position 2. FONT can be either a
non-negative font position or the name of a font.
-- Request: .bd font [offset]
-- Request: .bd font1 font2 [offset]
-- Register: \n[.b]
Artificially create a bold font by printing each glyph twice,
slightly offset.
Two syntax forms are available.
* Imitate a bold font unconditionally. The first argument
specifies the font to embolden, and the second is the number
of basic units, minus one, by which the two glyphs are offset.
If the second argument is missing, emboldening is turned off.
FONT can be either a non-negative font position or the name of
a font.
OFFSET is available in the '.b' read-only register if a
special font is active; in the 'bd' request, its default unit
is 'u'.
* Imitate a bold form conditionally. Embolden FONT1 by OFFSET
only if font FONT2 is the current font. This command can be
issued repeatedly to set up different emboldening values for
different current fonts. If the second argument is missing,
emboldening is turned off for this particular current font.
This affects special fonts only (either set up with the
'special' command in font files or with the 'fspecial'
request).
-- Request: .cs font [width [em-size]]
Switch to and from "constant glyph space mode". If activated, the
width of every glyph is WIDTH/36 ems. The em size is given
absolutely by EM-SIZE; if this argument is missing, the em value is
taken from the current font size (as set with the 'ps' request)
when the font is effectively in use. Without second and third
argument, constant glyph space mode is deactivated.
Default scaling indicator for EM-SIZE is 'z'; WIDTH is an integer.
File: groff.info, Node: Ligatures and Kerning, Prev: Artificial Fonts, Up: Fonts and Symbols
5.17.8 Ligatures and Kerning
----------------------------
Ligatures are groups of characters that are run together, i.e, producing
a single glyph. For example, the letters 'f' and 'i' can form a
ligature 'fi' as in the word 'file'. This produces a cleaner look
(albeit subtle) to the printed output. Usually, ligatures are not
available in fonts for TTY output devices.
Most POSTSCRIPT fonts support the fi and fl ligatures. The C/A/T
typesetter that was the target of AT&T 'troff' also supported 'ff',
'ffi', and 'ffl' ligatures. Advanced typesetters or 'expert' fonts may
include ligatures for 'ft' and 'ct', although GNU 'troff' does not
support these (yet).
Only the current font is checked for ligatures and kerns; neither
special fonts nor entities defined with the 'char' request (and its
siblings) are taken into account.
-- Request: .lg [flag]
-- Register: \n[.lg]
Switch the ligature mechanism on or off; if the parameter is
non-zero or missing, ligatures are enabled, otherwise disabled.
Default is on. The current ligature mode can be found in the
read-only number register '.lg' (set to 1 or 2 if ligatures are
enabled, 0 otherwise).
Setting the ligature mode to 2 enables the two-character ligatures
(fi, fl, and ff) and disables the three-character ligatures (ffi
and ffl).
"Pairwise kerning" is another subtle typesetting mechanism that
modifies the distance between a glyph pair to improve readability. In
most cases (but not always) the distance is decreased. Typewriter-like
fonts and fonts for terminals where all glyphs have the same width don't
use kerning.
-- Request: .kern [flag]
-- Register: \n[.kern]
Switch kerning on or off. If the parameter is non-zero or missing,
enable pairwise kerning, otherwise disable it. The read-only
number register '.kern' is set to 1 if pairwise kerning is enabled,
0 otherwise.
If the font description file contains pairwise kerning information,
glyphs from that font are kerned. Kerning between two glyphs can
be inhibited by placing '\&' between them: 'V\&A'.
*Note Font File Format::.
"Track kerning" expands or reduces the space between glyphs. This
can be handy, for example, if you need to squeeze a long word onto a
single line or spread some text to fill a narrow column. It must be
used with great care since it is usually considered bad typography if
the reader notices the effect.
-- Request: .tkf f s1 n1 s2 n2
Enable track kerning for font F. If the current font is F the
width of every glyph is increased by an amount between N1 and N2
(N1, N2 can be negative); if the current point size is less than or
equal to S1 the width is increased by N1; if it is greater than or
equal to S2 the width is increased by N2; if the point size is
greater than or equal to S1 and less than or equal to S2 the
increase in width is a linear function of the point size.
The default scaling indicator is 'z' for S1 and S2, 'p' for N1 and
N2.
Note that the track kerning amount is added even to the rightmost
glyph in a line; for large values it is thus recommended to
increase the line length by the same amount to compensate it.
Sometimes, when typesetting letters of different fonts, more or less
space at such boundaries is needed. There are two escapes to help with
this.
-- Escape: \/
Increase the width of the preceding glyph so that the spacing
between that glyph and the following glyph is correct if the
following glyph is a roman glyph. For example, if an italic 'f' is
immediately followed by a roman right parenthesis, then in many
fonts the top right portion of the 'f' overlaps the top left of the
right parenthesis. Use this escape sequence whenever an italic
glyph is immediately followed by a roman glyph without any
intervening space. This small amount of space is also called
"italic correction".
-- Escape: \,
Modify the spacing of the following glyph so that the spacing
between that glyph and the preceding glyph is correct if the
preceding glyph is a roman glyph. Use this escape sequence
whenever a roman glyph is immediately followed by an italic glyph
without any intervening space. In analogy to above, this space
could be called "left italic correction", but this term isn't used
widely.
-- Escape: \&
Insert a zero-width character, which is invisible. Its intended
use is to stop interaction of a character with its surroundings.
* It prevents the insertion of extra space after an
end-of-sentence character.
Test.
Test.
=> Test. Test.
Test.\&
Test.
=> Test. Test.
* It prevents interpretation of a control character at the
beginning of an input line.
.Test
=> warning: `Test' not defined
\&.Test
=> .Test
* It prevents kerning between two glyphs.
* It is needed to map an arbitrary character to nothing in the
'tr' request (*note Character Translations::).
-- Escape: \)
This escape is similar to '\&' except that it behaves like a
character declared with the 'cflags' request to be transparent for
the purposes of an end-of-sentence character.
Its main usage is in macro definitions to protect against arguments
starting with a control character.
.de xxx
\)\\$1
..
.de yyy
\&\\$1
..
This is a test.\c
.xxx '
This is a test.
=>This is a test.' This is a test.
This is a test.\c
.yyy '
This is a test.
=>This is a test.' This is a test.
File: groff.info, Node: Sizes, Next: Strings, Prev: Fonts and Symbols, Up: gtroff Reference
5.18 Sizes
==========
'gtroff' uses two dimensions with each line of text, type size and
vertical spacing. The "type size" is approximately the height of the
tallest glyph.(1) (*note Sizes-Footnote-1::) "Vertical spacing" is the
amount of space 'gtroff' allows for a line of text; normally, this is
about 20% larger than the current type size. Ratios smaller than this
can result in hard-to-read text; larger than this, it spreads the text
out more vertically (useful for term papers). By default, 'gtroff' uses
10 point type on 12 point spacing.
The difference between type size and vertical spacing is known, by
typesetters, as "leading" (this is pronounced 'ledding').
* Menu:
* Changing Type Sizes::
* Fractional Type Sizes::
File: groff.info, Node: Changing Type Sizes, Next: Fractional Type Sizes, Prev: Sizes, Up: Sizes
5.18.1 Changing Type Sizes
--------------------------
-- Request: .ps [size]
-- Request: .ps +size
-- Request: .ps -size
-- Escape: \ssize
-- Register: \n[.s]
Use the 'ps' request or the '\s' escape to change (increase,
decrease) the type size (in points). Specify SIZE as either an
absolute point size, or as a relative change from the current size.
The size 0 (for both '.ps' and '\s'), or no argument (for '.ps'
only), goes back to the previous size.
Default scaling indicator of 'size' is 'z'. If 'size' is negative,
it is set to 1u.
The read-only number register '.s' returns the point size in points
as a decimal fraction. This is a string. To get the point size in
scaled points, use the '.ps' register instead.
'.s' is associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
snap, snap,
.ps +2
grin, grin,
.ps +2
wink, wink, \s+2nudge, nudge,\s+8 say no more!
.ps 10
The '\s' escape may be called in a variety of ways. Much like
other escapes there must be a way to determine where the argument
ends and the text begins. Any of the following forms are valid:
'\sN'
Set the point size to N points. N must be either 0 or in the
range 4 to 39.
'\s+N'
'\s-N'
Increase or decrease the point size by N points. N must be
exactly one digit.
'\s(NN'
Set the point size to NN points. NN must be exactly two
digits.
'\s+(NN'
'\s-(NN'
'\s(+NN'
'\s(-NN'
Increase or decrease the point size by NN points. NN must be
exactly two digits.
Note that '\s' doesn't produce an input token in 'gtroff'. As a
consequence, it can be used in requests like 'mc' (which expects a
single character as an argument) to change the font on the fly:
.mc \s[20]x\s[0]
*Note Fractional Type Sizes::, for yet another syntactical form of
using the '\s' escape.
-- Request: .sizes s1 s2 ... sn [0]
Some devices may only have certain permissible sizes, in which case
'gtroff' rounds to the nearest permissible size. The 'DESC' file
specifies which sizes are permissible for the device.
Use the 'sizes' request to change the permissible sizes for the
current output device. Arguments are in scaled points; the
'sizescale' line in the 'DESC' file for the output device provides
the scaling factor. For example, if the scaling factor is 1000,
then the value 12000 is 12 points.
Each argument can be a single point size (such as '12000'), or a
range of sizes (such as '4000-72000'). You can optionally end the
list with a zero.
-- Request: .vs [space]
-- Request: .vs +space
-- Request: .vs -space
-- Register: \n[.v]
Change (increase, decrease) the vertical spacing by SPACE. The
default scaling indicator is 'p'.
If 'vs' is called without an argument, the vertical spacing is
reset to the previous value before the last call to 'vs'.
'gtroff' creates a warning of type 'range' if SPACE is negative;
the vertical spacing is then set to smallest positive value, the
vertical resolution (as given in the '.V' register).
Note that '.vs 0' isn't saved in a diversion since it doesn't
result in a vertical motion. You explicitly have to repeat this
command before inserting the diversion.
The read-only number register '.v' contains the current vertical
spacing; it is associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
The effective vertical line spacing consists of four components.
Breaking a line causes the following actions (in the given order).
* Move the current point vertically by the "extra pre-vertical line
space". This is the minimum value of all '\x' escapes with a
negative argument in the current output line.
* Move the current point vertically by the vertical line spacing as
set with the 'vs' request.
* Output the current line.
* Move the current point vertically by the "extra post-vertical line
space". This is the maximum value of all '\x' escapes with a
positive argument in the line that has just been output.
* Move the current point vertically by the "post-vertical line
spacing" as set with the 'pvs' request.
It is usually better to use 'vs' or 'pvs' instead of 'ls' to produce
double-spaced documents: 'vs' and 'pvs' have a finer granularity for the
inserted vertical space compared to 'ls'; furthermore, certain
preprocessors assume single-spacing.
*Note Manipulating Spacing::, for more details on the '\x' escape and
the 'ls' request.
-- Request: .pvs [space]
-- Request: .pvs +space
-- Request: .pvs -space
-- Register: \n[.pvs]
Change (increase, decrease) the post-vertical spacing by SPACE.
The default scaling indicator is 'p'.
If 'pvs' is called without an argument, the post-vertical spacing
is reset to the previous value before the last call to 'pvs'.
'gtroff' creates a warning of type 'range' if SPACE is zero or
negative; the vertical spacing is then set to zero.
The read-only number register '.pvs' contains the current
post-vertical spacing; it is associated with the current
environment (*note Environments::).
File: groff.info, Node: Fractional Type Sizes, Prev: Changing Type Sizes, Up: Sizes
5.18.2 Fractional Type Sizes
----------------------------
A "scaled point" is equal to 1/SIZESCALE points, where SIZESCALE is
specified in the 'DESC' file (1 by default). There is a new scale
indicator 'z', which has the effect of multiplying by SIZESCALE.
Requests and escape sequences in 'gtroff' interpret arguments that
represent a point size as being in units of scaled points, but they
evaluate each such argument using a default scale indicator of 'z'.
Arguments treated in this way are the argument to the 'ps' request, the
third argument to the 'cs' request, the second and fourth arguments to
the 'tkf' request, the argument to the '\H' escape sequence, and those
variants of the '\s' escape sequence that take a numeric expression as
their argument (see below).
For example, suppose SIZESCALE is 1000; then a scaled point is
equivalent to a millipoint; the request '.ps 10.25' is equivalent to
'.ps 10.25z' and thus sets the point size to 10250 scaled points, which
is equal to 10.25 points.
'gtroff' disallows the use of the 'z' scale indicator in instances
where it would make no sense, such as a numeric expression whose default
scale indicator was neither 'u' nor 'z'. Similarly it would make no
sense to use a scaling indicator other than 'z' or 'u' in a numeric
expression whose default scale indicator was 'z', and so 'gtroff'
disallows this as well.
There is also new scale indicator 's', which multiplies by the number
of units in a scaled point. So, for example, '\n[.ps]s' is equal to
'1m'. Be sure not to confuse the 's' and 'z' scale indicators.
-- Register: \n[.ps]
A read-only number register returning the point size in scaled
points.
'.ps' is associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
-- Register: \n[.psr]
-- Register: \n[.sr]
The last-requested point size in scaled points is contained in the
'.psr' read-only number register. The last requested point size in
points as a decimal fraction can be found in '.sr'. This is a
string-valued read-only number register.
Note that the requested point sizes are device-independent, whereas
the values returned by the '.ps' and '.s' registers are not. For
example, if a point size of 11pt is requested, and a 'sizes'
request (or a 'sizescale' line in a 'DESC' file) specifies 10.95pt
instead, this value is actually used.
Both registers are associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
The '\s' escape has the following syntax for working with fractional
type sizes:
'\s[N]'
'\s'N''
Set the point size to N scaled points; N is a numeric expression
with a default scale indicator of 'z'.
'\s[+N]'
'\s[-N]'
'\s+[N]'
'\s-[N]'
'\s'+N''
'\s'-N''
'\s+'N''
'\s-'N''
Increase or decrease the point size by N scaled points; N is a
numeric expression (which may start with a minus sign) with a
default scale indicator of 'z'.
*Note Font Files::.
File: groff.info, Node: Strings, Next: Conditionals and Loops, Prev: Sizes, Up: gtroff Reference
5.19 Strings
============
'gtroff' has string variables, which are entirely for user convenience
(i.e. there are no built-in strings except '.T', but even this is a
read-write string variable).
Although the following requests can be used to create strings, simply
using an undefined string will cause it to be defined as empty. *Note
Identifiers::.
-- Request: .ds name [string]
-- Request: .ds1 name [string]
-- Escape: \*n
-- Escape: \*(nm
-- Escape: \*[name arg1 arg2 ...]
Define and access a string variable NAME (one-character name N,
two-character name NM). If NAME already exists, 'ds' overwrites
the previous definition. Only the syntax form using brackets can
take arguments that are handled identically to macro arguments; the
single exception is that a closing bracket as an argument must be
enclosed in double quotes. *Note Request and Macro Arguments::,
and *note Parameters::.
Example:
.ds foo a \\$1 test
.
This is \*[foo nice].
=> This is a nice test.
The '\*' escape "interpolates" (expands in-place) a previously
defined string variable. To be more precise, the stored string is
pushed onto the input stack, which is then parsed by 'gtroff'.
Similar to number registers, it is possible to nest strings, i.e.,
string variables can be called within string variables.
If the string named by the '\*' escape does not exist, it is
defined as empty, and a warning of type 'mac' is emitted (see *note
Debugging::, for more details).
*Caution:* Unlike other requests, the second argument to the 'ds'
request takes up the entire line including trailing spaces. This
means that comments on a line with such a request can introduce
unwanted space into a string.
.ds TeX T\h'-.2m'\v'.2m'E\v'-.2m'\h'-.1m'X \" Knuth's TeX
Instead the comment should be put on another line or have the
comment escape adjacent with the end of the string.
.ds TeX T\h'-.2m'\v'.2m'E\v'-.2m'\h'-.1m'X\" Knuth's TeX
To produce leading space the string can be started with a double
quote. No trailing quote is needed; in fact, any trailing quote is
included in your string.
.ds sign " Yours in a white wine sauce,
Strings are not limited to a single line of text. A string can
span several lines by escaping the newlines with a backslash. The
resulting string is stored _without_ the newlines.
.ds foo lots and lots \
of text are on these \
next several lines
It is not possible to have real newlines in a string. To put a
single double quote character into a string, use two consecutive
double quote characters.
The 'ds1' request turns off compatibility mode while interpreting a
string. To be more precise, a "compatibility save" input token is
inserted at the beginning of the string, and a "compatibility
restore" input token at the end.
.nr xxx 12345
.ds aa The value of xxx is \\n[xxx].
.ds1 bb The value of xxx is \\n[xxx].
.
.cp 1
.
\*(aa
=> warning: number register `[' not defined
=> The value of xxx is 0xxx].
\*(bb
=> The value of xxx is 12345.
Strings, macros, and diversions (and boxes) share the same name
space. Internally, even the same mechanism is used to store them.
This has some interesting consequences. For example, it is
possible to call a macro with string syntax and vice versa.
.de xxx
a funny test.
..
This is \*[xxx]
=> This is a funny test.
.ds yyy a funny test
This is
.yyy
=> This is a funny test.
In particular, interpolating a string does not hide existing macro
arguments. Thus in a macro, a more efficient way of doing
.xx \\$@
is
\\*[xx]\\
Note that the latter calling syntax doesn't change the value of
'\$0', which is then inherited from the calling macro.
Diversions and boxes can be also called with string syntax.
Another consequence is that you can copy one-line diversions or
boxes to a string.
.di xxx
a \fItest\fR
.br
.di
.ds yyy This is \*[xxx]\c
\*[yyy].
=> This is a test.
As the previous example shows, it is possible to store formatted
output in strings. The '\c' escape prevents the insertion of an
additional blank line in the output.
Copying diversions longer than a single output line produces
unexpected results.
.di xxx
a funny
.br
test
.br
.di
.ds yyy This is \*[xxx]\c
\*[yyy].
=> test This is a funny.
Usually, it is not predictable whether a diversion contains one or
more output lines, so this mechanism should be avoided. With Unix
'troff', this was the only solution to strip off a final newline
from a diversion. Another disadvantage is that the spaces in the
copied string are already formatted, making them unstretchable.
This can cause ugly results.
A clean solution to this problem is available in GNU 'troff', using
the requests 'chop' to remove the final newline of a diversion, and
'unformat' to make the horizontal spaces stretchable again.
.box xxx
a funny
.br
test
.br
.box
.chop xxx
.unformat xxx
This is \*[xxx].
=> This is a funny test.
*Note Gtroff Internals::, for more information.
-- Request: .as name [string]
-- Request: .as1 name [string]
The 'as' request is similar to 'ds' but appends STRING to the
string stored as NAME instead of redefining it. If NAME doesn't
exist yet, it is created.
.as sign " with shallots, onions and garlic,
The 'as1' request is similar to 'as', but compatibility mode is
switched off while the appended string is interpreted. To be more
precise, a "compatibility save" input token is inserted at the
beginning of the appended string, and a "compatibility restore"
input token at the end.
Rudimentary string manipulation routines are given with the next two
requests.
-- Request: .substring str n1 [n2]
Replace the string named STR with the substring defined by the
indices N1 and N2. The first character in the string has index 0.
If N2 is omitted, it is implicitly set to the largest valid value
(the string length minus one). If the index value N1 or N2 is
negative, it is counted from the end of the string, going
backwards: The last character has index -1, the character before
the last character has index -2, etc.
.ds xxx abcdefgh
.substring xxx 1 -4
\*[xxx]
=> bcde
.substring xxx 2
\*[xxx]
=> de
-- Request: .length reg str
Compute the number of characters of STR and return it in the number
register REG. If REG doesn't exist, it is created. 'str' is read
in copy mode.
.ds xxx abcd\h'3i'efgh
.length yyy \*[xxx]
\n[yyy]
=> 14
-- Request: .rn xx yy
Rename the request, macro, diversion, or string XX to YY.
-- Request: .rm xx
Remove the request, macro, diversion, or string XX. 'gtroff'
treats subsequent invocations as if the object had never been
defined.
-- Request: .als new old
Create an alias named NEW for the request, string, macro, or
diversion object named OLD. The new name and the old name are
exactly equivalent (it is similar to a hard rather than a soft
link). If OLD is undefined, 'gtroff' generates a warning of type
'mac' and ignores the request.
To understand how the 'als' request works it is probably best to
think of two different pools: one pool for objects (macros,
strings, etc.), and another one for names. As soon as an object is
defined, 'gtroff' adds it to the object pool, adds its name to the
name pool, and creates a link between them. When 'als' creates an
alias, it adds a new name to the name pool that gets linked to the
same object as the old name.
Now consider this example.
.de foo
..
.
.als bar foo
.
.de bar
. foo
..
.
.bar
=> input stack limit exceeded
The definition of macro 'bar' replaces the old object this name is
linked to. However, the alias to 'foo' is still active! In other
words, 'foo' is still linked to the same object as 'bar', and the
result of calling 'bar' is an infinite, recursive loop that finally
leads to an error.
To undo an alias, simply call 'rm' on the aliased name. The object
itself is not destroyed until there are no more aliases.
-- Request: .chop xx
Remove (chop) the last character from the macro, string, or
diversion named XX. This is useful for removing the newline from
the end of diversions that are to be interpolated as strings. This
command can be used repeatedly; see *note Gtroff Internals::, for
details on nodes inserted additionally by 'gtroff'.
*Note Identifiers::, and *note Comments::.
File: groff.info, Node: Conditionals and Loops, Next: Writing Macros, Prev: Strings, Up: gtroff Reference
5.20 Conditionals and Loops
===========================
* Menu:
* Operators in Conditionals::
* if-else::
* while::
File: groff.info, Node: Operators in Conditionals, Next: if-else, Prev: Conditionals and Loops, Up: Conditionals and Loops
5.20.1 Operators in Conditionals
--------------------------------
In 'if', 'ie', and 'while' requests, in addition to ordinary *note
Expressions::, there are several more operators available:
'e'
'o'
True if the current page is even or odd numbered (respectively).
'n'
True if the document is being processed in nroff mode (i.e., the
'.nroff' command has been issued). *Note Troff and Nroff Mode::.
't'
True if the document is being processed in troff mode (i.e., the
'.troff' command has been issued). *Note Troff and Nroff Mode::.
'v'
Always false. This condition is for compatibility with other
'troff' versions only (identifying a '-Tversatec' device).
''XXX'YYY''
True if the output produced by XXX is equal to the output produced
by YYY. Other characters can be used in place of the single
quotes; the same set of delimiters as for the '\D' escape is used
(*note Escapes::). 'gtroff' formats XXX and YYY in separate
environments; after the comparison the resulting data is discarded.
.ie "|"\fR|\fP" \
true
.el \
false
=> true
The resulting motions, glyph sizes, and fonts have to match,(1)
(*note Operators in Conditionals-Footnote-1::) and not the
individual motion, size, and font requests. In the previous
example, '|' and '\fR|\fP' both result in a roman '|' glyph with
the same point size and at the same location on the page, so the
strings are equal. If '.ft I' had been added before the '.ie', the
result would be "false" because (the first) '|' produces an italic
'|' rather than a roman one.
To compare strings without processing, surround the data with '\?'.
.ie "\?|\?"\?\fR|\fP\?" \
true
.el \
false
=> false
Since data protected with '\?' is read in copy-in mode it is even
possible to use incomplete input without causing an error.
.ds a \[
.ds b \[
.ie '\?\*a\?'\?\*b\?' \
true
.el \
false
=> true
'r XXX'
True if there is a number register named XXX.
'd XXX'
True if there is a string, macro, diversion, or request named XXX.
'm XXX'
True if there is a color named XXX.
'c G'
True if there is a glyph G available(2) (*note Operators in
Conditionals-Footnote-2::); G is either an ASCII character or a
special character ('\N'XXX'', '\(GG' or '\[GGG]'); the condition is
also true if G has been defined by the 'char' request.
'F FONT'
True if a font named FONT exists. FONT is handled as if it was
opened with the 'ft' request (that is, font translation and styles
are applied), without actually mounting it.
This test doesn't load the complete font but only its header to
verify its validity.
'S STYLE'
True if style STYLE has been registered. Font translation is
applied.
Note that these operators can't be combined with other operators like
':' or '&'; only a leading '!' (without whitespace between the
exclamation mark and the operator) can be used to negate the result.
.nr xxx 1
.ie !r xxx \
true
.el \
false
=> false
A whitespace after '!' always evaluates to zero (this bizarre
behaviour is due to compatibility with Unix 'troff').
.nr xxx 1
.ie ! r xxx \
true
.el \
false
=> r xxx true
It is possible to omit the whitespace before the argument to the 'r',
'd', and 'c' operators.
*Note Expressions::.
File: groff.info, Node: if-else, Next: while, Prev: Operators in Conditionals, Up: Conditionals and Loops
5.20.2 if-else
--------------
'gtroff' has if-then-else constructs like other languages, although the
formatting can be painful.
-- Request: .if expr anything
Evaluate the expression EXPR, and executes ANYTHING (the remainder
of the line) if EXPR evaluates to a value greater than zero (true).
ANYTHING is interpreted as though it was on a line by itself
(except that leading spaces are swallowed). *Note Operators in
Conditionals::, for more info.
.nr xxx 1
.nr yyy 2
.if ((\n[xxx] == 1) & (\n[yyy] == 2)) true
=> true
-- Request: .nop anything
Executes ANYTHING. This is similar to '.if 1'.
-- Request: .ie expr anything
-- Request: .el anything
Use the 'ie' and 'el' requests to write an if-then-else. The first
request is the 'if' part and the latter is the 'else' part.
.ie n .ls 2 \" double-spacing in nroff
.el .ls 1 \" single-spacing in troff
-- Escape: \{
-- Escape: \}
In many cases, an if (or if-else) construct needs to execute more
than one request. This can be done using the escapes '\{' (which
must start the first line) and '\}' (which must end the last line).
.ie t \{\
. ds lq ``
. ds rq ''
.\}
.el \{\
. ds lq ""
. ds rq ""
.\}
*Note Expressions::.
File: groff.info, Node: while, Prev: if-else, Up: Conditionals and Loops
5.20.3 while
------------
'gtroff' provides a looping construct using the 'while' request, which
is used much like the 'if' (and related) requests.
-- Request: .while expr anything
Evaluate the expression EXPR, and repeatedly execute ANYTHING (the
remainder of the line) until EXPR evaluates to 0.
.nr a 0 1
.while (\na < 9) \{\
\n+a,
.\}
\n+a
=> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Some remarks.
* The body of a 'while' request is treated like the body of a
'de' request: 'gtroff' temporarily stores it in a macro that
is deleted after the loop has been exited. It can
considerably slow down a macro if the body of the 'while'
request (within the macro) is large. Each time the macro is
executed, the 'while' body is parsed and stored again as a
temporary macro.
.de xxx
. nr num 10
. while (\\n[num] > 0) \{\
. \" many lines of code
. nr num -1
. \}
..
The traditional and often better solution (Unix 'troff'
doesn't have the 'while' request) is to use a recursive macro
instead that is parsed only once during its definition.
.de yyy
. if (\\n[num] > 0) \{\
. \" many lines of code
. nr num -1
. yyy
. \}
..
.
.de xxx
. nr num 10
. yyy
..
Note that the number of available recursion levels is set
to 1000 (this is a compile-time constant value of 'gtroff').
* The closing brace of a 'while' body must end a line.
.if 1 \{\
. nr a 0 1
. while (\n[a] < 10) \{\
. nop \n+[a]
.\}\}
=> unbalanced \{ \}
-- Request: .break
Break out of a 'while' loop. Be sure not to confuse this with the
'br' request (causing a line break).
-- Request: .continue
Finish the current iteration of a 'while' loop, immediately
restarting the next iteration.
*Note Expressions::.
File: groff.info, Node: Writing Macros, Next: Page Motions, Prev: Conditionals and Loops, Up: gtroff Reference
5.21 Writing Macros
===================
A "macro" is a collection of text and embedded commands that can be
invoked multiple times. Use macros to define common operations. *Note
Strings::, for a (limited) alternative syntax to call macros.
Although the following requests can be used to create macros, simply
using an undefined macro will cause it to be defined as empty. *Note
Identifiers::.
-- Request: .de name [end]
-- Request: .de1 name [end]
-- Request: .dei name [end]
-- Request: .dei1 name [end]
Define a new macro named NAME. 'gtroff' copies subsequent lines
(starting with the next one) into an internal buffer until it
encounters the line '..' (two dots). If the optional second
argument to 'de' is present it is used as the macro closure request
instead of '..'.
There can be whitespace after the first dot in the line containing
the ending token (either '.' or macro 'END'). Don't insert a tab
character immediately after the '..', otherwise it isn't recognized
as the end-of-macro symbol.(1) (*note Writing Macros-Footnote-1::)
Here a small example macro called 'P' that causes a break and
inserts some vertical space. It could be used to separate
paragraphs.
.de P
. br
. sp .8v
..
The following example defines a macro within another. Remember
that expansion must be protected twice; once for reading the macro
and once for executing.
\# a dummy macro to avoid a warning
.de end
..
.
.de foo
. de bar end
. nop \f[B]Hello \\\\$1!\f[]
. end
..
.
.foo
.bar Joe
=> Hello Joe!
Since '\f' has no expansion, it isn't necessary to protect its
backslash. Had we defined another macro within 'bar' that takes a
parameter, eight backslashes would be necessary before '$1'.
The 'de1' request turns off compatibility mode while executing the
macro. On entry, the current compatibility mode is saved and
restored at exit.
.nr xxx 12345
.
.de aa
The value of xxx is \\n[xxx].
..
.de1 bb
The value of xxx is \\n[xxx].
..
.
.cp 1
.
.aa
=> warning: number register `[' not defined
=> The value of xxx is 0xxx].
.bb
=> The value of xxx is 12345.
The 'dei' request defines a macro indirectly. That is, it expands
strings whose names are NAME or END before performing the append.
This:
.ds xx aa
.ds yy bb
.dei xx yy
is equivalent to:
.de aa bb
The 'dei1' request is similar to 'dei' but with compatibility mode
switched off during execution of the defined macro.
If compatibility mode is on, 'de' (and 'dei') behave similar to
'de1' (and 'dei1'): A 'compatibility save' token is inserted at the
beginning, and a 'compatibility restore' token at the end, with
compatibility mode switched on during execution. *Note Gtroff
Internals::, for more information on switching compatibility mode
on and off in a single document.
Using 'trace.tmac', you can trace calls to 'de' and 'de1'.
Note that macro identifiers are shared with identifiers for strings
and diversions.
*Note the description of the 'als' request: als, for possible
pitfalls if redefining a macro that has been aliased.
-- Request: .am name [end]
-- Request: .am1 name [end]
-- Request: .ami name [end]
-- Request: .ami1 name [end]
Works similarly to 'de' except it appends onto the macro named
NAME. So, to make the previously defined 'P' macro actually do
indented instead of block paragraphs, add the necessary code to the
existing macro like this:
.am P
.ti +5n
..
The 'am1' request turns off compatibility mode while executing the
appended macro piece. To be more precise, a "compatibility save"
input token is inserted at the beginning of the appended code, and
a "compatibility restore" input token at the end.
The 'ami' request appends indirectly, meaning that 'gtroff' expands
strings whose names are NAME or END before performing the append.
The 'ami1' request is similar to 'ami' but compatibility mode is
switched off during execution of the defined macro.
Using 'trace.tmac', you can trace calls to 'am' and 'am1'.
*Note Strings::, for the 'als' and 'rn' request to create an alias
and rename a macro, respectively.
The 'de', 'am', 'di', 'da', 'ds', and 'as' requests (together with
their variants) only create a new object if the name of the macro,
diversion or string is currently undefined or if it is defined to be a
request; normally they modify the value of an existing object.
-- Request: .return [anything]
Exit a macro, immediately returning to the caller.
If called with an argument, exit twice, namely the current macro
and the macro one level higher. This is used to define a wrapper
macro for 'return' in 'trace.tmac'.
* Menu:
* Copy-in Mode::
* Parameters::
File: groff.info, Node: Copy-in Mode, Next: Parameters, Prev: Writing Macros, Up: Writing Macros
5.21.1 Copy-in Mode
-------------------
When 'gtroff' reads in the text for a macro, string, or diversion, it
copies the text (including request lines, but excluding escapes) into an
internal buffer. Escapes are converted into an internal form, except
for '\n', '\$', '\*', '\\' and '\<RET>', which are evaluated and
inserted into the text where the escape was located. This is known as
"copy-in" mode or "copy" mode.
What this means is that you can specify when these escapes are to be
evaluated (either at copy-in time or at the time of use) by insulating
the escapes with an extra backslash. Compare this to the '\def' and
'\edef' commands in TeX.
The following example prints the numbers 20 and 10:
.nr x 20
.de y
.nr x 10
\&\nx
\&\\nx
..
.y
File: groff.info, Node: Parameters, Prev: Copy-in Mode, Up: Writing Macros
5.21.2 Parameters
-----------------
The arguments to a macro or string can be examined using a variety of
escapes.
-- Register: \n[.$]
The number of arguments passed to a macro or string. This is a
read-only number register.
Note that the 'shift' request can change its value.
Any individual argument can be retrieved with one of the following
escapes:
-- Escape: \$n
-- Escape: \$(nn
-- Escape: \$[nnn]
Retrieve the Nth, NNth or NNNth argument. As usual, the first form
only accepts a single number (larger than zero), the second a
two-digit number (larger or equal to 10), and the third any
positive integer value (larger than zero). Macros and strings can
have an unlimited number of arguments. Note that due to copy-in
mode, use two backslashes on these in actual use to prevent
interpolation until the macro is actually invoked.
-- Request: .shift [n]
Shift the arguments 1 position, or as many positions as specified
by its argument. After executing this request, argument I becomes
argument I-N; arguments 1 to N are no longer available. Shifting
by negative amounts is currently undefined.
The register '.$' is adjusted accordingly.
-- Escape: \$*
-- Escape: \$@
In some cases it is convenient to use all of the arguments at once
(for example, to pass the arguments along to another macro). The
'\$*' escape concatenates all the arguments separated by spaces. A
similar escape is '\$@', which concatenates all the arguments with
each surrounded by double quotes, and separated by spaces. If not
in compatibility mode, the input level of double quotes is
preserved (see *note Request and Macro Arguments::).
-- Escape: \$^
Handle the parameters of a macro as if they were an argument to the
'ds' or similar requests.
.de foo
. tm $1=`\\$1'
. tm $2=`\\$2'
. tm $*=`\\$*'
. tm $@=`\\$@'
. tm $^=`\\$^'
..
.foo " This is a "test"
=> $1=` This is a '
=> $2=`test"'
=> $*=` This is a test"'
=> $@=`" This is a " "test""'
=> $^=`" This is a "test"'
This escape is useful mainly for macro packages like 'trace.tmac',
which redefines some requests and macros for debugging purposes.
-- Escape: \$0
The name used to invoke the current macro. The 'als' request can
make a macro have more than one name.
If a macro is called as a string (within another macro), the value
of '\$0' isn't changed.
.de foo
. tm \\$0
..
.als foo bar
.
.de aaa
. foo
..
.de bbb
. bar
..
.de ccc
\\*[foo]\\
..
.de ddd
\\*[bar]\\
..
.
.aaa
=> foo
.bbb
=> bar
.ccc
=> ccc
.ddd
=> ddd
*Note Request and Macro Arguments::.
File: groff.info, Node: Page Motions, Next: Drawing Requests, Prev: Writing Macros, Up: gtroff Reference
5.22 Page Motions
=================
*Note Manipulating Spacing::, for a discussion of the main request for
vertical motion, 'sp'.
-- Request: .mk [reg]
-- Request: .rt [dist]
The request 'mk' can be used to mark a location on a page, for
movement to later. This request takes a register name as an
argument in which to store the current page location. With no
argument it stores the location in an internal register. The
results of this can be used later by the 'rt' or the 'sp' request
(or the '\v' escape).
The 'rt' request returns _upwards_ to the location marked with the
last 'mk' request. If used with an argument, return to a position
which distance from the top of the page is DIST (no previous call
to 'mk' is necessary in this case). Default scaling indicator is
'v'.
If a page break occurs between a 'mk' request and its matching 'rt'
request, the 'rt' is silently ignored.
Here a primitive solution for a two-column macro.
.nr column-length 1.5i
.nr column-gap 4m
.nr bottom-margin 1m
.
.de 2c
. br
. mk
. ll \\n[column-length]u
. wh -\\n[bottom-margin]u 2c-trap
. nr right-side 0
..
.
.de 2c-trap
. ie \\n[right-side] \{\
. nr right-side 0
. po -(\\n[column-length]u + \\n[column-gap]u)
. \" remove trap
. wh -\\n[bottom-margin]u
. \}
. el \{\
. \" switch to right side
. nr right-side 1
. po +(\\n[column-length]u + \\n[column-gap]u)
. rt
. \}
..
.
.pl 1.5i
.ll 4i
This is a small test that shows how the
rt request works in combination with mk.
.2c
Starting here, text is typeset in two columns.
Note that this implementation isn't robust
and thus not suited for a real two-column
macro.
Result:
This is a small test that shows how the
rt request works in combination with mk.
Starting here, isn't robust
text is typeset and thus not
in two columns. suited for a
Note that this real two-column
implementation macro.
The following escapes give fine control of movements about the page.
-- Escape: \v'e'
Move vertically, usually from the current location on the page (if
no absolute position operator '|' is used). The argument E
specifies the distance to move; positive is downwards and negative
upwards. The default scaling indicator for this escape is 'v'.
Beware, however, that 'gtroff' continues text processing at the
point where the motion ends, so you should always balance motions
to avoid interference with text processing.
'\v' doesn't trigger a trap. This can be quite useful; for
example, consider a page bottom trap macro that prints a marker in
the margin to indicate continuation of a footnote or something
similar.
There are some special-case escapes for vertical motion.
-- Escape: \r
Move upwards 1v.
-- Escape: \u
Move upwards .5v.
-- Escape: \d
Move down .5v.
-- Escape: \h'e'
Move horizontally, usually from the current location (if no
absolute position operator '|' is used). The expression E
indicates how far to move: positive is rightwards and negative
leftwards. The default scaling indicator for this escape is 'm'.
This horizontal space is not discarded at the end of a line. To
insert discardable space of a certain length use the 'ss' request.
There are a number of special-case escapes for horizontal motion.
-- Escape: \<SP>
An unbreakable and unpaddable (i.e. not expanded during filling)
space. (Note: This is a backslash followed by a space.)
-- Escape: \~
An unbreakable space that stretches like a normal inter-word space
when a line is adjusted.
-- Escape: \|
A 1/6th em space. Ignored for TTY output devices (rounded to
zero).
However, if there is a glyph defined in the current font file with
name '\|' (note the leading backslash), the width of this glyph is
used instead (even for TTYs).
-- Escape: \^
A 1/12th em space. Ignored for TTY output devices (rounded to
zero).
However, if there is a glyph defined in the current font file with
name '\^' (note the leading backslash), the width of this glyph is
used instead (even for TTYs).
-- Escape: \0
A space the size of a digit.
The following string sets the TeX logo:
.ds TeX T\h'-.1667m'\v'.224m'E\v'-.224m'\h'-.125m'X
-- Escape: \w'text'
-- Register: \n[st]
-- Register: \n[sb]
-- Register: \n[rst]
-- Register: \n[rsb]
-- Register: \n[ct]
-- Register: \n[ssc]
-- Register: \n[skw]
Return the width of the specified TEXT in basic units. This allows
horizontal movement based on the width of some arbitrary text (e.g.
given as an argument to a macro).
The length of the string `abc' is \w'abc'u.
=> The length of the string `abc' is 72u.
Font changes may occur in TEXT, which don't affect current
settings.
After use, '\w' sets several registers:
'st'
'sb'
The highest and lowest point of the baseline, respectively, in
TEXT.
'rst'
'rsb'
Like the 'st' and 'sb' registers, but takes account of the
heights and depths of glyphs. In other words, this gives the
highest and lowest point of TEXT. Values below the baseline
are negative.
'ct'
Defines the kinds of glyphs occurring in TEXT:
0
only short glyphs, no descenders or tall glyphs.
1
at least one descender.
2
at least one tall glyph.
3
at least one each of a descender and a tall glyph.
'ssc'
The amount of horizontal space (possibly negative) that should
be added to the last glyph before a subscript.
'skw'
How far to right of the center of the last glyph in the '\w'
argument, the center of an accent from a roman font should be
placed over that glyph.
-- Escape: \kp
-- Escape: \k(ps
-- Escape: \k[position]
Store the current horizontal position in the _input_ line in number
register with name POSITION (one-character name P, two-character
name PS). Use this, for example, to return to the beginning of a
string for highlighting or other decoration.
-- Register: \n[hp]
The current horizontal position at the input line.
-- Register: \n[.k]
A read-only number register containing the current horizontal
output position (relative to the current indentation).
-- Escape: \o'abc'
Overstrike glyphs A, B, C, ...; the glyphs are centered, and the
resulting spacing is the largest width of the affected glyphs.
-- Escape: \zg
Print glyph G with zero width, i.e., without spacing. Use this to
overstrike glyphs left-aligned.
-- Escape: \Z'anything'
Print ANYTHING, then restore the horizontal and vertical position.
The argument may not contain tabs or leaders.
The following is an example of a strike-through macro:
.de ST
.nr ww \w'\\$1'
\Z@\v'-.25m'\l'\\n[ww]u'@\\$1
..
.
This is
.ST "a test"
an actual emergency!
File: groff.info, Node: Drawing Requests, Next: Traps, Prev: Page Motions, Up: gtroff Reference
5.23 Drawing Requests
=====================
'gtroff' provides a number of ways to draw lines and other figures on
the page. Used in combination with the page motion commands (see *note
Page Motions::, for more info), a wide variety of figures can be drawn.
However, for complex drawings these operations can be quite cumbersome,
and it may be wise to use graphic preprocessors like 'gpic' or 'ggrn'.
*Note gpic::, and *note ggrn::, for more information.
All drawing is done via escapes.
-- Escape: \l'l'
-- Escape: \l'lg'
Draw a line horizontally. L is the length of the line to be drawn.
If it is positive, start the line at the current location and draw
to the right; its end point is the new current location. Negative
values are handled differently: The line starts at the current
location and draws to the left, but the current location doesn't
move.
L can also be specified absolutely (i.e. with a leading '|'), which
draws back to the beginning of the input line. Default scaling
indicator is 'm'.
The optional second parameter G is a glyph to draw the line with.
If this second argument is not specified, 'gtroff' uses the
underscore glyph, '\[ru]'.
To separate the two arguments (to prevent 'gtroff' from
interpreting a drawing glyph as a scaling indicator if the glyph is
represented by a single character) use '\&'.
Here a small useful example:
.de box
\[br]\\$*\[br]\l'|0\[rn]'\l'|0\[ul]'
..
Note that this works by outputting a box rule (a vertical line),
then the text given as an argument and then another box rule.
Finally, the line drawing escapes both draw from the current
location to the beginning of the _input_ line - this works because
the line length is negative, not moving the current point.
-- Escape: \L'l'
-- Escape: \L'lg'
Draw vertical lines. Its parameters are similar to the '\l'
escape, except that the default scaling indicator is 'v'. The
movement is downwards for positive values, and upwards for negative
values. The default glyph is the box rule glyph, '\[br]'. As with
the vertical motion escapes, text processing blindly continues
where the line ends.
This is a \L'3v'test.
Here is the result, produced with 'grotty'.
This is a
|
|
|test.
-- Escape: \D'command arg ...'
The '\D' escape provides a variety of drawing functions. Note that
on character devices, only vertical and horizontal lines are
supported within 'grotty'; other devices may only support a subset
of the available drawing functions.
The default scaling indicator for all subcommands of '\D' is 'm'
for horizontal distances and 'v' for vertical ones. Exceptions are
'\D'f ...'' and '\D't ...'', which use 'u' as the default, and
'\D'FX ...'', which arguments are treated similar to the 'defcolor'
request.
'\D'l DX DY''
Draw a line from the current location to the relative point
specified by (DX,DY), where positive values mean right and
down, respectively. The end point of the line is the new
current location.
The following example is a macro for creating a box around a
text string; for simplicity, the box margin is taken as a
fixed value, 0.2m.
.de BOX
. nr @wd \w'\\$1'
\h'.2m'\
\h'-.2m'\v'(.2m - \\n[rsb]u)'\
\D'l 0 -(\\n[rst]u - \\n[rsb]u + .4m)'\
\D'l (\\n[@wd]u + .4m) 0'\
\D'l 0 (\\n[rst]u - \\n[rsb]u + .4m)'\
\D'l -(\\n[@wd]u + .4m) 0'\
\h'.2m'\v'-(.2m - \\n[rsb]u)'\
\\$1\
\h'.2m'
..
First, the width of the string is stored in register '@wd'.
Then, four lines are drawn to form a box, properly offset by
the box margin. The registers 'rst' and 'rsb' are set by the
'\w' escape, containing the largest height and depth of the
whole string.
'\D'c D''
Draw a circle with a diameter of D with the leftmost point at
the current position. After drawing, the current location is
positioned at the rightmost point of the circle.
'\D'C D''
Draw a solid circle with the same parameters and behaviour as
an outlined circle. No outline is drawn.
'\D'e X Y''
Draw an ellipse with a horizontal diameter of X and a vertical
diameter of Y with the leftmost point at the current position.
After drawing, the current location is positioned at the
rightmost point of the ellipse.
'\D'E X Y''
Draw a solid ellipse with the same parameters and behaviour as
an outlined ellipse. No outline is drawn.
'\D'a DX1 DY1 DX2 DY2''
Draw an arc clockwise from the current location through the
two specified relative locations (DX1,DY1) and (DX2,DY2). The
coordinates of the first point are relative to the current
position, and the coordinates of the second point are relative
to the first point. After drawing, the current position is
moved to the final point of the arc.
'\D'~ DX1 DY1 DX2 DY2 ...''
Draw a spline from the current location to the relative point
(DX1,DY1) and then to (DX2,DY2), and so on. The current
position is moved to the terminal point of the drawn curve.
'\D'f N''
Set the shade of gray to be used for filling solid objects
to N; N must be an integer between 0 and 1000, where 0
corresponds solid white and 1000 to solid black, and values in
between correspond to intermediate shades of gray. This
applies only to solid circles, solid ellipses, and solid
polygons. By default, a level of 1000 is used.
Despite of being silly, the current point is moved
horizontally to the right by N.
Don't use this command! It has the serious drawback that it
is always rounded to the next integer multiple of the
horizontal resolution (the value of the 'hor' keyword in the
'DESC' file). Use '\M' (*note Colors::) or '\D'Fg ...''
instead.
'\D'p DX1 DY1 DX2 DY2 ...''
Draw a polygon from the current location to the relative
position (DX1,DY1) and then to (DX2,DY2) and so on. When the
specified data points are exhausted, a line is drawn back to
the starting point. The current position is changed by adding
the sum of all arguments with odd index to the actual
horizontal position and the even ones to the vertical
position.
'\D'P DX1 DY1 DX2 DY2 ...''
Draw a solid polygon with the same parameters and behaviour as
an outlined polygon. No outline is drawn.
Here a better variant of the box macro to fill the box with
some color. Note that the box must be drawn before the text
since colors in 'gtroff' are not transparent; the filled
polygon would hide the text completely.
.de BOX
. nr @wd \w'\\$1'
\h'.2m'\
\h'-.2m'\v'(.2m - \\n[rsb]u)'\
\M[lightcyan]\
\D'P 0 -(\\n[rst]u - \\n[rsb]u + .4m) \
(\\n[@wd]u + .4m) 0 \
0 (\\n[rst]u - \\n[rsb]u + .4m) \
-(\\n[@wd]u + .4m) 0'\
\h'.2m'\v'-(.2m - \\n[rsb]u)'\
\M[]\
\\$1\
\h'.2m'
..
If you want a filled polygon that has exactly the same size as
an unfilled one, you must draw both an unfilled and a filled
polygon. A filled polygon is always smaller than an unfilled
one because the latter uses straight lines with a given line
thickness to connect the polygon's corners, while the former
simply fills the area defined by the coordinates.
\h'1i'\v'1i'\
\# increase line thickness
\Z'\D't 5p''\
\# draw unfilled polygon
\Z'\D'p 3 3 -6 0''\
\# draw filled polygon
\Z'\D'P 3 3 -6 0''
'\D't N''
Set the current line thickness to N machine units. A value of
zero selects the smallest available line thickness. A
negative value makes the line thickness proportional to the
current point size (this is the default behaviour of AT&T
'troff').
Despite of being silly, the current point is moved
horizontally to the right by N.
'\D'FSCHEME COLOR_COMPONENTS''
Change current fill color. SCHEME is a single letter denoting
the color scheme: 'r' (rgb), 'c' (cmy), 'k' (cmyk), 'g'
(gray), or 'd' (default color). The color components use
exactly the same syntax as in the 'defcolor' request (*note
Colors::); the command '\D'Fd'' doesn't take an argument.
_No_ position changing!
Examples:
\D'Fg .3' \" same gray as \D'f 700'
\D'Fr #0000ff' \" blue
*Note Graphics Commands::.
-- Escape: \b'string'
"Pile" a sequence of glyphs vertically, and center it vertically on
the current line. Use it to build large brackets and braces.
Here an example how to create a large opening brace:
\b'\[lt]\[bv]\[lk]\[bv]\[lb]'
The first glyph is on the top, the last glyph in STRING is at the
bottom. Note that 'gtroff' separates the glyphs vertically by 1m,
and the whole object is centered 0.5m above the current baseline;
the largest glyph width is used as the width for the whole object.
This rather unflexible positioning algorithm doesn't work with
'-Tdvi' since the bracket pieces vary in height for this device.
Instead, use the 'eqn' preprocessor.
*Note Manipulating Spacing::, how to adjust the vertical spacing
with the '\x' escape.
File: groff.info, Node: Traps, Next: Diversions, Prev: Drawing Requests, Up: gtroff Reference
5.24 Traps
==========
"Traps" are locations that, when reached, call a specified macro. These
traps can occur at a given location on the page, at a given location in
the current diversion, at a blank line, after a certain number of input
lines, or at the end of input.
Setting a trap is also called "planting". It is also said that a
trap is "sprung" if the associated macro is executed.
* Menu:
* Page Location Traps::
* Diversion Traps::
* Input Line Traps::
* Blank Line Traps::
* Leading Spaces Traps::
* End-of-input Traps::
File: groff.info, Node: Page Location Traps, Next: Diversion Traps, Prev: Traps, Up: Traps
5.24.1 Page Location Traps
--------------------------
"Page location traps" perform an action when 'gtroff' reaches or passes
a certain vertical location on the page. Page location traps have a
variety of purposes, including:
* setting headers and footers
* setting body text in multiple columns
* setting footnotes
-- Request: .vpt flag
-- Register: \n[.vpt]
Enable vertical position traps if FLAG is non-zero, or disables
them otherwise. Vertical position traps are traps set by the 'wh'
or 'dt' requests. Traps set by the 'it' request are not vertical
position traps. The parameter that controls whether vertical
position traps are enabled is global. Initially vertical position
traps are enabled. The current setting of this is available in the
'.vpt' read-only number register.
Note that a page can't be ejected if 'vpt' is set to zero.
-- Request: .wh dist [macro]
Set a page location trap. Non-negative values for DIST set the
trap relative to the top of the page; negative values set the trap
relative to the bottom of the page. Default scaling indicator is
'v'; values of DIST are always rounded to be multiples of the
vertical resolution (as given in register '.V').
MACRO is the name of the macro to execute when the trap is sprung.
If MACRO is missing, remove the first trap (if any) at DIST.
The following is a simple example of how many macro packages set
headers and footers.
.de hd \" Page header
' sp .5i
. tl 'Title''date'
' sp .3i
..
.
.de fo \" Page footer
' sp 1v
. tl ''%''
' bp
..
.
.wh 0 hd \" trap at top of the page
.wh -1i fo \" trap one inch from bottom
A trap at or below the bottom of the page is ignored; it can be
made active by either moving it up or increasing the page length so
that the trap is on the page.
Negative trap values always use the _current_ page length; they are
not converted to an absolute vertical position:
.pl 5i
.wh -1i xx
.ptr
=> xx -240
.pl 100i
.ptr
=> xx -240
It is possible to have more than one trap at the same location; to
do so, the traps must be defined at different locations, then moved
together with the 'ch' request; otherwise the second trap would
replace the first one. Earlier defined traps hide later defined
traps if moved to the same position (the many empty lines caused by
the 'bp' request are omitted in the following example):
.de a
. nop a
..
.de b
. nop b
..
.de c
. nop c
..
.
.wh 1i a
.wh 2i b
.wh 3i c
.bp
=> a b c
.ch b 1i
.ch c 1i
.bp
=> a
.ch a 0.5i
.bp
=> a b
-- Register: \n[.t]
A read-only number register holding the distance to the next trap.
If there are no traps between the current position and the bottom
of the page, it contains the distance to the page bottom. In a
diversion, the distance to the page bottom is infinite (the
returned value is the biggest integer that can be represented in
'groff') if there are no diversion traps.
-- Request: .ch macro [dist]
Change the location of a trap. The first argument is the name of
the macro to be invoked at the trap, and the second argument is the
new location for the trap (note that the parameters are specified
in opposite order as in the 'wh' request). This is useful for
building up footnotes in a diversion to allow more space at the
bottom of the page for them.
Default scaling indicator for DIST is 'v'. If DIST is missing, the
trap is removed.
-- Register: \n[.ne]
The read-only number register '.ne' contains the amount of space
that was needed in the last 'ne' request that caused a trap to be
sprung. Useful in conjunction with the '.trunc' register. *Note
Page Control::, for more information.
Since the '.ne' register is only set by traps it doesn't make much
sense to use it outside of trap macros.
-- Register: \n[.trunc]
A read-only register containing the amount of vertical space
truncated from an 'sp' request by the most recently sprung vertical
position trap, or, if the trap was sprung by an 'ne' request, minus
the amount of vertical motion produced by the 'ne' request. In
other words, at the point a trap is sprung, it represents the
difference of what the vertical position would have been but for
the trap, and what the vertical position actually is.
Since the '.trunc' register is only set by traps it doesn't make
much sense to use it outside of trap macros.
-- Register: \n[.pe]
A read-only register that is set to 1 while a page is ejected with
the 'bp' request (or by the end of input).
Outside of traps this register is always zero. In the following
example, only the second call to 'x' is caused by 'bp'.
.de x
\&.pe=\\n[.pe]
.br
..
.wh 1v x
.wh 4v x
A line.
.br
Another line.
.br
=> A line.
.pe=0
Another line.
.pe=1
An important fact to consider while designing macros is that
diversions and traps do not interact normally. For example, if a trap
invokes a header macro (while outputting a diversion) that tries to
change the font on the current page, the effect is not visible before
the diversion has completely been printed (except for input protected
with '\!' or '\?') since the data in the diversion is already formatted.
In most cases, this is not the expected behaviour.
File: groff.info, Node: Diversion Traps, Next: Input Line Traps, Prev: Page Location Traps, Up: Traps
5.24.2 Diversion Traps
----------------------
-- Request: .dt [dist macro]
Set a trap _within_ a diversion. DIST is the location of the trap
(identical to the 'wh' request; default scaling indicator is 'v')
and MACRO is the name of the macro to be invoked. If called
without arguments, the diversion trap is removed.
Note that there exists only a single diversion trap.
The number register '.t' still works within diversions. *Note
Diversions::, for more information.
File: groff.info, Node: Input Line Traps, Next: Blank Line Traps, Prev: Diversion Traps, Up: Traps
5.24.3 Input Line Traps
-----------------------
-- Request: .it n macro
-- Request: .itc n macro
Set an input line trap. N is the number of lines of input that may
be read before springing the trap, MACRO is the macro to be
invoked. Request lines are not counted as input lines.
For example, one possible use is to have a macro that prints the
next N lines in a bold font.
.de B
. it \\$1 B-end
. ft B
..
.
.de B-end
. ft R
..
The 'itc' request is identical except that an interrupted text line
(ending with '\c') is not counted as a separate line.
Both requests are associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::); switching to another environment disables the
current input trap, and going back reactivates it, restoring the
number of already processed lines.
File: groff.info, Node: Blank Line Traps, Next: Leading Spaces Traps, Prev: Input Line Traps, Up: Traps
5.24.4 Blank Line Traps
-----------------------
-- Request: .blm macro
Set a blank line trap. 'gtroff' executes MACRO when it encounters
a blank line in the input file.
File: groff.info, Node: Leading Spaces Traps, Next: End-of-input Traps, Prev: Blank Line Traps, Up: Traps
5.24.5 Leading Spaces Traps
---------------------------
-- Request: .lsm macro
-- Register: \n[lsn]
-- Register: \n[lss]
Set a leading spaces trap. 'gtroff' executes MACRO when it
encounters leading spaces in an input line; the implicit line break
that normally happens in this case is suppressed. A line
consisting of spaces only, however, is treated as an empty line,
possibly subject to an empty line macro set with the 'blm' request.
Leading spaces are removed from the input line before calling the
leading spaces macro. The number of removed spaces is stored in
register 'lsn'; the horizontal space that would be emitted if there
was no leading space macro is stored in register 'lss'. Note that
'lsn' and 'lss' are available even if no leading space macro has
been set.
The first thing a leading space macro sees is a token. However,
some escapes like '\f' or '\m' are handled on the fly (see *note
Gtroff Internals::, for a complete list) without creating a token
at all. Consider that a line starts with two spaces followed by
'\fIfoo'. While skipping the spaces '\fI' is handled too so that
groff's current font is properly set to 'I', but the leading space
macro only sees 'foo', without the preceding '\fI'. If the macro
should see the font escape you have to 'protect' it with something
that creates a token, for example with '\&\fIfoo'.
File: groff.info, Node: End-of-input Traps, Prev: Leading Spaces Traps, Up: Traps
5.24.6 End-of-input Traps
-------------------------
-- Request: .em macro
Set a trap at the end of input. MACRO is executed after the last
line of the input file has been processed.
For example, if the document had to have a section at the bottom of
the last page for someone to approve it, the 'em' request could be
used.
.de approval
\c
. ne 3v
. sp (\\n[.t]u - 3v)
. in +4i
. lc _
. br
Approved:\t\a
. sp
Date:\t\t\a
..
.
.em approval
The '\c' in the above example needs explanation. For historical
reasons (and for compatibility with AT&T 'troff'), the end macro
exits as soon as it causes a page break and no remaining data is in
the partially collected line.
Let us assume that there is no '\c' in the above 'approval' macro,
and that the page is full and has been ended with, say, a 'br'
request. The 'ne' request now causes the start of a new page,
which in turn makes 'troff' exit immediately for the reasons just
described. In most situations this is not intended.
To always force processing the whole end macro independently of
this behaviour it is thus advisable to insert something that starts
an empty partially filled line ('\c') whenever there is a chance
that a page break can happen. In the above example, the call of
the 'ne' request assures that the remaining code stays on the same
page, so we have to insert '\c' only once.
The next example shows how to append three lines, then starting a
new page unconditionally. Since '.ne 1' doesn't give the desired
effect - there is always one line available or we are already at
the beginning of the next page - we temporarily increase the page
length by one line so that we can use '.ne 2'.
.de EM
.pl +1v
\c
.ne 2
line one
.br
\c
.ne 2
line two
.br
\c
.ne 2
line three
.br
.pl -1v
\c
'bp
..
.em EM
Note that this specific feature affects only the first potential
page break caused by the end macro; further page breaks emitted by
the end macro are handled normally.
Another possible use of the 'em' request is to make 'gtroff' emit a
single large page instead of multiple pages. For example, one may
want to produce a long plain-text file for reading on-screen. The
idea is to set the page length at the beginning of the document to
a very large value to hold all the text, and automatically adjust
it to the exact height of the document after the text has been
output.
.de adjust-page-length
. br
. pl \\n[nl]u \" \n[nl] holds the current vert. position
..
.
.de single-page-mode
. pl 99999
. em adjust-page-length
..
.
.\" activate the above code
.single-page-mode
Since only one end-of-input trap does exist and other macro
packages may already use it, care must be taken not to break the
mechanism. A simple solution would be to append the above macro to
the macro package's end-of-input macro using the '.am' request.
File: groff.info, Node: Diversions, Next: Environments, Prev: Traps, Up: gtroff Reference
5.25 Diversions
===============
In 'gtroff' it is possible to "divert" text into a named storage area.
Due to the similarity to defining macros it is sometimes said to be
stored in a macro. This is used for saving text for output at a later
time, which is useful for keeping blocks of text on the same page,
footnotes, tables of contents, and indices.
For orthogonality it is said that 'gtroff' is in the "top-level
diversion" if no diversion is active (i.e., the data is diverted to the
output device).
Although the following requests can be used to create diversions,
simply using an undefined diversion will cause it to be defined as
empty. *Note Identifiers::.
-- Request: .di macro
-- Request: .da macro
Begin a diversion. Like the 'de' request, it takes an argument of
a macro name to divert subsequent text into. The 'da' macro
appends to an existing diversion.
'di' or 'da' without an argument ends the diversion.
The current partially filled line is included into the diversion.
See the 'box' request below for an example. Note that switching to
another (empty) environment (with the 'ev' request) avoids the
inclusion of the current partially filled line.
-- Request: .box macro
-- Request: .boxa macro
Begin (or append to) a diversion like the 'di' and 'da' requests.
The difference is that 'box' and 'boxa' do not include a partially
filled line in the diversion.
Compare this:
Before the box.
.box xxx
In the box.
.br
.box
After the box.
.br
=> Before the box. After the box.
.xxx
=> In the box.
with this:
Before the diversion.
.di yyy
In the diversion.
.br
.di
After the diversion.
.br
=> After the diversion.
.yyy
=> Before the diversion. In the diversion.
'box' or 'boxa' without an argument ends the diversion.
-- Register: \n[.z]
-- Register: \n[.d]
Diversions may be nested. The read-only number register '.z'
contains the name of the current diversion (this is a string-valued
register). The read-only number register '.d' contains the current
vertical place in the diversion. If not in a diversion it is the
same as register 'nl'.
-- Register: \n[.h]
The "high-water mark" on the current page or in the current
diversion. It corresponds to the text baseline of the lowest line
on the page. This is a read-only register.
.tm .h==\n[.h], nl==\n[nl]
=> .h==0, nl==-1
This is a test.
.br
.sp 2
.tm .h==\n[.h], nl==\n[nl]
=> .h==40, nl==120
As can be seen in the previous example, empty lines are not
considered in the return value of the '.h' register.
-- Register: \n[dn]
-- Register: \n[dl]
After completing a diversion, the read-write number registers 'dn'
and 'dl' contain the vertical and horizontal size of the diversion.
Note that only the just processed lines are counted: For the
computation of 'dn' and 'dl', the requests 'da' and 'boxa' are
handled as if 'di' and 'box' had been used - lines that have been
already stored in a macro are not taken into account.
.\" Center text both horizontally & vertically
.
.\" Enclose macro definitions in .eo and .ec
.\" to avoid the doubling of the backslash
.eo
.\" macro .(c starts centering mode
.de (c
. br
. ev (c
. evc 0
. in 0
. nf
. di @c
..
.\" macro .)c terminates centering mode
.de )c
. br
. ev
. di
. nr @s (((\n[.t]u - \n[dn]u) / 2u) - 1v)
. sp \n[@s]u
. ce 1000
. @c
. ce 0
. sp \n[@s]u
. br
. fi
. rr @s
. rm @c
..
.\" End of macro definitions, restore escape mechanism
.ec
-- Escape: \!
-- Escape: \?anything\?
Prevent requests, macros, and escapes from being interpreted when
read into a diversion. Both escapes take the given text and
"transparently" embed it into the diversion. This is useful for
macros that shouldn't be invoked until the diverted text is
actually output.
The '\!' escape transparently embeds text up to and including the
end of the line. The '\?' escape transparently embeds text until
the next occurrence of the '\?' escape. Example:
\?ANYTHING\?
ANYTHING may not contain newlines; use '\!' to embed newlines in a
diversion. The escape sequence '\?' is also recognized in copy
mode and turned into a single internal code; it is this code that
terminates ANYTHING. Thus the following example prints 4.
.nr x 1
.nf
.di d
\?\\?\\\\?\\\\\\\\nx\\\\?\\?\?
.di
.nr x 2
.di e
.d
.di
.nr x 3
.di f
.e
.di
.nr x 4
.f
Both escapes read the data in copy mode.
If '\!' is used in the top-level diversion, its argument is
directly embedded into the 'gtroff' intermediate output. This can
be used for example to control a postprocessor that processes the
data before it is sent to the device driver.
The '\?' escape used in the top-level diversion produces no output
at all; its argument is simply ignored.
-- Request: .output string
Emit STRING directly to the 'gtroff' intermediate output (subject
to copy mode interpretation); this is similar to '\!' used at the
top level. An initial double quote in STRING is stripped off to
allow initial blanks.
This request can't be used before the first page has started - if
you get an error, simply insert '.br' before the 'output' request.
Without argument, 'output' is ignored.
Use with caution! It is normally only needed for mark-up used by a
postprocessor that does something with the output before sending it
to the output device, filtering out STRING again.
-- Request: .asciify div
"Unformat" the diversion specified by DIV in such a way that ASCII
characters, characters translated with the 'trin' request, space
characters, and some escape sequences that were formatted and
diverted are treated like ordinary input characters when the
diversion is reread. It can be also used for gross hacks; for
example, the following sets register 'n' to 1.
.tr @.
.di x
@nr n 1
.br
.di
.tr @@
.asciify x
.x
Note that 'asciify' cannot return all items in a diversion back to
their source equivalent, nodes such as '\N[...]' will still remain
as nodes, so the result cannot be guaranteed to be a pure string.
*Note Copy-in Mode::.
-- Request: .unformat div
Like 'asciify', unformat the specified diversion. However,
'unformat' only unformats spaces and tabs between words.
Unformatted tabs are treated as input tokens, and spaces are
stretchable again.
The vertical size of lines is not preserved; glyph information
(font, font size, space width, etc.) is retained.
File: groff.info, Node: Environments, Next: Suppressing output, Prev: Diversions, Up: gtroff Reference
5.26 Environments
=================
It happens frequently that some text should be printed in a certain
format regardless of what may be in effect at the time, for example, in
a trap invoked macro to print headers and footers. To solve this
'gtroff' processes text in "environments". An environment contains most
of the parameters that control text processing. It is possible to
switch amongst these environments; by default 'gtroff' processes text in
environment 0. The following is the information kept in an environment.
* font parameters (size, family, style, glyph height and slant, space
and sentence space size)
* page parameters (line length, title length, vertical spacing, line
spacing, indentation, line numbering, centering, right-justifying,
underlining, hyphenation data)
* fill and adjust mode
* tab stops, tab and leader characters, escape character, no-break
and hyphen indicators, margin character data
* partially collected lines
* input traps
* drawing and fill colours
These environments may be given arbitrary names (see *note
Identifiers::, for more info). Old versions of 'troff' only had
environments named '0', '1', and '2'.
-- Request: .ev [env]
-- Register: \n[.ev]
Switch to another environment. The argument ENV is the name of the
environment to switch to. With no argument, 'gtroff' switches back
to the previous environment. There is no limit on the number of
named environments; they are created the first time that they are
referenced. The '.ev' read-only register contains the name or
number of the current environment. This is a string-valued
register.
Note that a call to 'ev' (with argument) pushes the previously
active environment onto a stack. If, say, environments 'foo',
'bar', and 'zap' are called (in that order), the first 'ev' request
without parameter switches back to environment 'bar' (which is
popped off the stack), and a second call switches back to
environment 'foo'.
Here is an example:
.ev footnote-env
.fam N
.ps 6
.vs 8
.ll -.5i
.ev
...
.ev footnote-env
\(dg Note the large, friendly letters.
.ev
-- Request: .evc env
Copy the environment ENV into the current environment.
The following environment data is not copied:
* Partially filled lines.
* The status whether the previous line was interrupted.
* The number of lines still to center, or to right-justify, or
to underline (with or without underlined spaces); they are set
to zero.
* The status whether a temporary indentation is active.
* Input traps and its associated data.
* Line numbering mode is disabled; it can be reactivated with
'.nm +0'.
* The number of consecutive hyphenated lines (set to zero).
-- Register: \n[.w]
-- Register: \n[.cht]
-- Register: \n[.cdp]
-- Register: \n[.csk]
The '\n[.w]' register contains the width of the last glyph added to
the current environment.
The '\n[.cht]' register contains the height of the last glyph added
to the current environment.
The '\n[.cdp]' register contains the depth of the last glyph added
to the current environment. It is positive for glyphs extending
below the baseline.
The '\n[.csk]' register contains the "skew" (how far to the right
of the glyph's center that 'gtroff' should place an accent) of the
last glyph added to the current environment.
-- Register: \n[.n]
The '\n[.n]' register contains the length of the previous output
line in the current environment.
File: groff.info, Node: Suppressing output, Next: Colors, Prev: Environments, Up: gtroff Reference
5.27 Suppressing output
=======================
-- Escape: \Onum
Disable or enable output depending on the value of NUM:
'\O0'
Disable any glyphs from being emitted to the device driver,
provided that the escape occurs at the outer level (see
'\O[3]' and '\O[4]'). Motion is not suppressed so effectively
'\O[0]' means _pen up_.
'\O1'
Enable output of glyphs, provided that the escape occurs at
the outer level.
'\O0' and '\O1' also reset the four registers 'opminx', 'opminy',
'opmaxx', and 'opmaxy' to -1. *Note Register Index::. These four
registers mark the top left and bottom right hand corners of a box
that encompasses all written glyphs.
For example the input text:
Hello \O[0]world \O[1]this is a test.
produces the following output:
Hello this is a test.
'\O2'
Provided that the escape occurs at the outer level, enable
output of glyphs and also write out to 'stderr' the page
number and four registers encompassing the glyphs previously
written since the last call to '\O'.
'\O3'
Begin a nesting level. At start-up, 'gtroff' is at outer
level. The current level is contained within the read-only
register '.O'. *Note Built-in Registers::.
'\O4'
End a nesting level. The current level is contained within
the read-only register '.O'. *Note Built-in Registers::.
'\O[5PFILENAME]'
This escape is 'grohtml' specific. Provided that this escape
occurs at the outer nesting level write the 'filename' to
'stderr'. The position of the image, P, must be specified and
must be one of 'l', 'r', 'c', or 'i' (left, right, centered,
inline). FILENAME is associated with the production of the
next inline image.
File: groff.info, Node: Colors, Next: I/O, Prev: Suppressing output, Up: gtroff Reference
5.28 Colors
===========
-- Request: .color [n]
-- Register: \n[.color]
If N is missing or non-zero, activate colors (this is the default);
otherwise, turn it off.
The read-only number register '.color' is 1 if colors are active,
0 otherwise.
Internally, 'color' sets a global flag; it does not produce a
token. Similar to the 'cp' request, you should use it at the
beginning of your document to control color output.
Colors can be also turned off with the '-c' command-line option.
-- Request: .defcolor ident scheme color_components
Define color with name IDENT. SCHEME can be one of the following
values: 'rgb' (three components), 'cmy' (three components), 'cmyk'
(four components), and 'gray' or 'grey' (one component).
Color components can be given either as a hexadecimal string or as
positive decimal integers in the range 0-65535. A hexadecimal
string contains all color components concatenated. It must start
with either '#' or '##'; the former specifies hex values in the
range 0-255 (which are internally multiplied by 257), the latter in
the range 0-65535. Examples: '#FFC0CB' (pink), '##ffff0000ffff'
(magenta). The default color name value is device-specific
(usually black). It is possible that the default color for '\m'
and '\M' is not identical.
A new scaling indicator 'f' has been introduced, which multiplies
its value by 65536; this makes it convenient to specify color
components as fractions in the range 0 to 1 (1f equals 65536u).
Example:
.defcolor darkgreen rgb 0.1f 0.5f 0.2f
Note that 'f' is the default scaling indicator for the 'defcolor'
request, thus the above statement is equivalent to
.defcolor darkgreen rgb 0.1 0.5 0.2
-- Request: .gcolor [color]
-- Escape: \mc
-- Escape: \m(co
-- Escape: \m[color]
-- Register: \n[.m]
Set (glyph) drawing color. The following examples show how to turn
the next four words red.
.gcolor red
these are in red
.gcolor
and these words are in black.
\m[red]these are in red\m[] and these words are in black.
The escape '\m[]' returns to the previous color, as does a call to
'gcolor' without an argument.
The name of the current drawing color is available in the
read-only, string-valued number register '.m'.
The drawing color is associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
Note that '\m' doesn't produce an input token in 'gtroff'. As a
consequence, it can be used in requests like 'mc' (which expects a
single character as an argument) to change the color on the fly:
.mc \m[red]x\m[]
-- Request: .fcolor [color]
-- Escape: \Mc
-- Escape: \M(co
-- Escape: \M[color]
-- Register: \n[.M]
Set fill (background) color for filled objects drawn with the
'\D'...'' commands.
A red ellipse can be created with the following code:
\M[red]\h'0.5i'\D'E 2i 1i'\M[]
The escape '\M[]' returns to the previous fill color, as does a
call to 'fcolor' without an argument.
The name of the current fill (background) color is available in the
read-only, string-valued number register '.M'.
The fill color is associated with the current environment (*note
Environments::).
Note that '\M' doesn't produce an input token in 'gtroff'.
File: groff.info, Node: I/O, Next: Postprocessor Access, Prev: Colors, Up: gtroff Reference
5.29 I/O
========
'gtroff' has several requests for including files:
-- Request: .so file
Read in the specified FILE and includes it in place of the 'so'
request. This is quite useful for large documents, e.g. keeping
each chapter in a separate file. *Note gsoelim::, for more
information.
Since 'gtroff' replaces the 'so' request with the contents of
'file', it makes a difference whether the data is terminated with a
newline or not: Assuming that file 'xxx' contains the word 'foo'
without a final newline, this
This is
.so xxx
bar
yields 'This is foobar'.
The search path for FILE can be controlled with the '-I'
command-line option.
-- Request: .pso command
Read the standard output from the specified COMMAND and includes it
in place of the 'pso' request.
This request causes an error if used in safer mode (which is the
default). Use 'groff''s or 'troff''s '-U' option to activate
unsafe mode.
The comment regarding a final newline for the 'so' request is valid
for 'pso' also.
-- Request: .mso file
Identical to the 'so' request except that 'gtroff' searches for the
specified FILE in the same directories as macro files for the '-m'
command-line option. If the file name to be included has the form
'NAME.tmac' and it isn't found, 'mso' tries to include 'tmac.NAME'
and vice versa. If the file does not exist, a warning of type
'file' is emitted. *Note Debugging::, for information about
warnings.
-- Request: .trf file
-- Request: .cf file
Transparently output the contents of FILE. Each line is output as
if it were preceded by '\!'; however, the lines are _not_ subject
to copy mode interpretation. If the file does not end with a
newline, then a newline is added ('trf' only). For example, to
define a macro 'x' containing the contents of file 'f', use
.ev 1
.di x
.trf f
.di
.ev
The calls to 'ev' prevent that the current partial input line
becomes part of the diversion.
Both 'trf' and 'cf', when used in a diversion, embeds an object in
the diversion which, when reread, causes the contents of FILE to be
transparently copied through to the output. In Unix 'troff', the
contents of FILE is immediately copied through to the output
regardless of whether there is a current diversion; this behaviour
is so anomalous that it must be considered a bug.
While 'cf' copies the contents of FILE completely unprocessed,
'trf' disallows characters such as NUL that are not valid 'gtroff'
input characters (*note Identifiers::).
For 'cf', within a diversion, 'completely unprocessed' means that
each line of a file to be inserted is handled as if it were
preceded by '\!\\!'.
Both requests cause a line break.
-- Request: .nx [file]
Force 'gtroff' to continue processing of the file specified as an
argument. If no argument is given, immediately jump to the end of
file.
-- Request: .rd [prompt [arg1 arg2 ...]]
Read from standard input, and include what is read as though it
were part of the input file. Text is read until a blank line is
encountered.
If standard input is a TTY input device (keyboard), write PROMPT to
standard error, followed by a colon (or send BEL for a beep if no
argument is given).
Arguments after PROMPT are available for the input. For example,
the line
.rd data foo bar
with the input 'This is \$2.' prints
This is bar.
Using the 'nx' and 'rd' requests, it is easy to set up form letters.
The form letter template is constructed like this, putting the following
lines into a file called 'repeat.let':
.ce
\*(td
.sp 2
.nf
.rd
.sp
.rd
.fi
Body of letter.
.bp
.nx repeat.let
When this is run, a file containing the following lines should be
redirected in. Note that requests included in this file are executed as
though they were part of the form letter. The last block of input is
the 'ex' request, which tells 'groff' to stop processing. If this was
not there, 'groff' would not know when to stop.
Trent A. Fisher
708 NW 19th Av., #202
Portland, OR 97209
Dear Trent,
Len Adollar
4315 Sierra Vista
San Diego, CA 92103
Dear Mr. Adollar,
.ex
-- Request: .pi pipe
Pipe the output of 'gtroff' to the shell command(s) specified by
PIPE. This request must occur before 'gtroff' has a chance to
print anything.
'pi' causes an error if used in safer mode (which is the default).
Use 'groff''s or 'troff''s '-U' option to activate unsafe mode.
Multiple calls to 'pi' are allowed, acting as a chain. For
example,
.pi foo
.pi bar
...
is the same as '.pi foo | bar'.
Note that the intermediate output format of 'gtroff' is piped to
the specified commands. Consequently, calling 'groff' without the
'-Z' option normally causes a fatal error.
-- Request: .sy cmds
-- Register: \n[systat]
Execute the shell command(s) specified by CMDS. The output is not
saved anyplace, so it is up to the user to do so.
This request causes an error if used in safer mode (which is the
default). Use 'groff''s or 'troff''s '-U' option to activate
unsafe mode.
For example, the following code fragment introduces the current
time into a document:
.sy perl -e 'printf ".nr H %d\\n.nr M %d\\n.nr S %d\\n",\
(localtime(time))[2,1,0]' > /tmp/x\n[$$]
.so /tmp/x\n[$$]
.sy rm /tmp/x\n[$$]
\nH:\nM:\nS
Note that this works by having the 'perl' script (run by 'sy')
print out the 'nr' requests that set the number registers 'H', 'M',
and 'S', and then reads those commands in with the 'so' request.
For most practical purposes, the number registers 'seconds',
'minutes', and 'hours', which are initialized at start-up of
'gtroff', should be sufficient. Use the 'af' request to get a
formatted output:
.af hours 00
.af minutes 00
.af seconds 00
\n[hours]:\n[minutes]:\n[seconds]
The 'systat' read-write number register contains the return value
of the 'system()' function executed by the last 'sy' request.
-- Request: .open stream file
-- Request: .opena stream file
Open the specified FILE for writing and associates the specified
STREAM with it.
The 'opena' request is like 'open', but if the file exists, append
to it instead of truncating it.
Both 'open' and 'opena' cause an error if used in safer mode (which
is the default). Use 'groff''s or 'troff''s '-U' option to
activate unsafe mode.
-- Request: .write stream data
-- Request: .writec stream data
Write to the file associated with the specified STREAM. The stream
must previously have been the subject of an open request. The
remainder of the line is interpreted as the 'ds' request reads its
second argument: A leading '"' is stripped, and it is read in
copy-in mode.
The 'writec' request is like 'write', but only 'write' appends a
newline to the data.
-- Request: .writem stream xx
Write the contents of the macro or string XX to the file associated
with the specified STREAM.
XX is read in copy mode, i.e., already formatted elements are
ignored. Consequently, diversions must be unformatted with the
'asciify' request before calling 'writem'. Usually, this means a
loss of information.
-- Request: .close stream
Close the specified STREAM; the stream is no longer an acceptable
argument to the 'write' request.
Here a simple macro to write an index entry.
.open idx test.idx
.
.de IX
. write idx \\n[%] \\$*
..
.
.IX test entry
.
.close idx
-- Escape: \Ve
-- Escape: \V(ev
-- Escape: \V[env]
Interpolate the contents of the specified environment variable ENV
(one-character name E, two-character name EV) as returned by the
function 'getenv'. '\V' is interpreted in copy-in mode.
File: groff.info, Node: Postprocessor Access, Next: Miscellaneous, Prev: I/O, Up: gtroff Reference
5.30 Postprocessor Access
=========================
There are two escapes that give information directly to the
postprocessor. This is particularly useful for embedding POSTSCRIPT
into the final document.
-- Request: .device xxx
-- Escape: \X'xxx'
Embeds its argument into the 'gtroff' output preceded with 'x X'.
The escapes '\&', '\)', '\%', and '\:' are ignored within '\X',
'\ ' and '\~' are converted to single space characters. All other
escapes (except '\\', which produces a backslash) cause an error.
Contrary to '\X', the 'device' request simply processes its
argument in copy mode (*note Copy-in Mode::).
If the 'use_charnames_in_special' keyword is set in the 'DESC'
file, special characters no longer cause an error; they are simply
output verbatim. Additionally, the backslash is represented as
'\\'.
'use_charnames_in_special' is currently used by 'grohtml' only.
-- Request: .devicem xx
-- Escape: \Yn
-- Escape: \Y(nm
-- Escape: \Y[name]
This is approximately equivalent to '\X'\*[NAME]'' (one-character
name N, two-character name NM). However, the contents of the
string or macro NAME are not interpreted; also it is permitted for
NAME to have been defined as a macro and thus contain newlines (it
is not permitted for the argument to '\X' to contain newlines).
The inclusion of newlines requires an extension to the Unix 'troff'
output format, and confuses drivers that do not know about this
extension (*note Device Control Commands::).
*Note Output Devices::.
File: groff.info, Node: Miscellaneous, Next: Gtroff Internals, Prev: Postprocessor Access, Up: gtroff Reference
5.31 Miscellaneous
==================
This section documents parts of 'gtroff' that cannot (yet) be
categorized elsewhere in this manual.
-- Request: .nm [start [inc [space [indent]]]]
Print line numbers. START is the line number of the _next_ output
line. INC indicates which line numbers are printed. For example,
the value 5 means to emit only line numbers that are multiples
of 5; this defaults to 1. SPACE is the space to be left between
the number and the text; this defaults to one digit space. The
fourth argument is the indentation of the line numbers, defaulting
to zero. Both SPACE and INDENT are given as multiples of digit
spaces; they can be negative also. Without any arguments, line
numbers are turned off.
'gtroff' reserves three digit spaces for the line number (which is
printed right-justified) plus the amount given by INDENT; the
output lines are concatenated to the line numbers, separated by
SPACE, and _without_ reducing the line length. Depending on the
value of the horizontal page offset (as set with the 'po' request),
line numbers that are longer than the reserved space stick out to
the left, or the whole line is moved to the right.
Parameters corresponding to missing arguments are not changed; any
non-digit argument (to be more precise, any argument starting with
a character valid as a delimiter for identifiers) is also treated
as missing.
If line numbering has been disabled with a call to 'nm' without an
argument, it can be reactivated with '.nm +0', using the previously
active line numbering parameters.
The parameters of 'nm' are associated with the current environment
(*note Environments::). The current output line number is
available in the number register 'ln'.
.po 1m
.ll 2i
This test shows how line numbering works with groff.
.nm 999
This test shows how line numbering works with groff.
.br
.nm xxx 3 2
.ll -\w'0'u
This test shows how line numbering works with groff.
.nn 2
This test shows how line numbering works with groff.
And here the result:
This test shows how
line numbering works
999 with groff. This
1000 test shows how line
1001 numbering works with
1002 groff.
This test shows how
line numbering
works with groff.
This test shows how
1005 line numbering
works with groff.
-- Request: .nn [skip]
Temporarily turn off line numbering. The argument is the number of
lines not to be numbered; this defaults to 1.
-- Request: .mc glyph [dist]
Print a "margin character" to the right of the text.(1) (*note
Miscellaneous-Footnote-1::) The first argument is the glyph to be
printed. The second argument is the distance away from the right
margin. If missing, the previously set value is used; default is
10pt). For text lines that are too long (that is, longer than the
text length plus DIST), the margin character is directly appended
to the lines.
With no arguments the margin character is turned off. If this
occurs before a break, no margin character is printed.
For compatibility with AT&T 'troff', a call to 'mc' to set the
margin character can't be undone immediately; at least one line
gets a margin character. Thus
.ll 1i
.mc \[br]
.mc
xxx
.br
xxx
produces
xxx |
xxx
For empty lines and lines produced by the 'tl' request no margin
character is emitted.
The margin character is associated with the current environment
(*note Environments::).
This is quite useful for indicating text that has changed, and, in
fact, there are programs available for doing this (they are called
'nrchbar' and 'changebar' and can be found in any
'comp.sources.unix' archive).
.ll 3i
.mc |
This paragraph is highlighted with a margin
character.
.sp
Note that vertical space isn't marked.
.br
\&
.br
But we can fake it with `\&'.
Result:
This paragraph is highlighted |
with a margin character. |
Note that vertical space isn't |
marked. |
|
But we can fake it with `\&'. |
-- Request: .psbb filename
-- Register: \n[llx]
-- Register: \n[lly]
-- Register: \n[urx]
-- Register: \n[ury]
Retrieve the bounding box of the POSTSCRIPT image found in
FILENAME. The file must conform to Adobe's "Document Structuring
Conventions" (DSC); the command searches for a '%%BoundingBox'
comment and extracts the bounding box values into the number
registers 'llx', 'lly', 'urx', and 'ury'. If an error occurs (for
example, 'psbb' cannot find the '%%BoundingBox' comment), it sets
the four number registers to zero.
The search path for FILENAME can be controlled with the '-I'
command-line option.
File: groff.info, Node: Gtroff Internals, Next: Debugging, Prev: Miscellaneous, Up: gtroff Reference
5.32 'gtroff' Internals
=======================
'gtroff' processes input in three steps. One or more input characters
are converted to an "input token".(1) (*note Gtroff
Internals-Footnote-1::) Then, one or more input tokens are converted to
an "output node". Finally, output nodes are converted to the
intermediate output language understood by all output devices.
Actually, before step one happens, 'gtroff' converts certain escape
sequences into reserved input characters (not accessible by the user);
such reserved characters are used for other internal processing also -
this is the very reason why not all characters are valid input. *Note
Identifiers::, for more on this topic.
For example, the input string 'fi\[:u]' is converted into a character
token 'f', a character token 'i', and a special token ':u' (representing
u umlaut). Later on, the character tokens 'f' and 'i' are merged to a
single output node representing the ligature glyph 'fi' (provided the
current font has a glyph for this ligature); the same happens with ':u'.
All output glyph nodes are 'processed', which means that they are
invariably associated with a given font, font size, advance width, etc.
During the formatting process, 'gtroff' itself adds various nodes to
control the data flow.
Macros, diversions, and strings collect elements in two chained
lists: a list of input tokens that have been passed unprocessed, and a
list of output nodes. Consider the following the diversion.
.di xxx
a
\!b
c
.br
.di
It contains these elements.
node list token list element number
line start node -- 1
glyph node 'a' -- 2
word space node -- 3
-- 'b' 4
-- '\n' 5
glyph node 'c' -- 6
vertical size node -- 7
vertical size node -- 8
-- '\n' 9
Elements 1, 7, and 8 are inserted by 'gtroff'; the latter two (which are
always present) specify the vertical extent of the last line, possibly
modified by '\x'. The 'br' request finishes the current partial line,
inserting a newline input token, which is subsequently converted to a
space when the diversion is reread. Note that the word space node has a
fixed width that isn't stretchable anymore. To convert horizontal space
nodes back to input tokens, use the 'unformat' request.
Macros only contain elements in the token list (and the node list is
empty); diversions and strings can contain elements in both lists.
Note that the 'chop' request simply reduces the number of elements in
a macro, string, or diversion by one. Exceptions are "compatibility
save" and "compatibility ignore" input tokens, which are ignored. The
'substring' request also ignores those input tokens.
Some requests like 'tr' or 'cflags' work on glyph identifiers only;
this means that the associated glyph can be changed without destroying
this association. This can be very helpful for substituting glyphs. In
the following example, we assume that glyph 'foo' isn't available by
default, so we provide a substitution using the 'fchar' request and map
it to input character 'x'.
.fchar \[foo] foo
.tr x \[foo]
Now let us assume that we install an additional special font 'bar' that
has glyph 'foo'.
.special bar
.rchar \[foo]
Since glyphs defined with 'fchar' are searched before glyphs in special
fonts, we must call 'rchar' to remove the definition of the fallback
glyph. Anyway, the translation is still active; 'x' now maps to the
real glyph 'foo'.
Macro and request arguments preserve the compatibility mode:
.cp 1 \" switch to compatibility mode
.de xx
\\$1
..
.cp 0 \" switch compatibility mode off
.xx caf\['e]
=> cafe'
Since compatibility mode is on while 'de' is called, the macro 'xx'
activates compatibility mode while executing. Argument '$1' can still
be handled properly because it inherits the compatibility mode status
which was active at the point where 'xx' is called.
After expansion of the parameters, the compatibility save and restore
tokens are removed.
File: groff.info, Node: Debugging, Next: Implementation Differences, Prev: Gtroff Internals, Up: gtroff Reference
5.33 Debugging
==============
'gtroff' is not easy to debug, but there are some useful features and
strategies for debugging.
-- Request: .lf line [filename]
Change the line number and optionally the file name 'gtroff' shall
use for error and warning messages. LINE is the input line number
of the _next_ line.
Without argument, the request is ignored.
This is a debugging aid for documents that are split into many
files, then put together with 'soelim' and other preprocessors.
Usually, it isn't invoked manually.
Note that other 'troff' implementations (including the original
AT&T version) handle 'lf' differently. For them, LINE changes the
line number of the _current_ line.
-- Request: .tm string
-- Request: .tm1 string
-- Request: .tmc string
Send STRING to the standard error output; this is very useful for
printing debugging messages among other things.
STRING is read in copy mode.
The 'tm' request ignores leading spaces of STRING; 'tm1' handles
its argument similar to the 'ds' request: a leading double quote in
STRING is stripped to allow initial blanks.
The 'tmc' request is similar to 'tm1' but does not append a newline
(as is done in 'tm' and 'tm1').
-- Request: .ab [string]
Similar to the 'tm' request, except that it causes 'gtroff' to stop
processing. With no argument it prints 'User Abort.' to standard
error.
-- Request: .ex
The 'ex' request also causes 'gtroff' to stop processing; see also
*note I/O::.
When doing something involved it is useful to leave the debugging
statements in the code and have them turned on by a command-line flag.
.if \n(DB .tm debugging output
To activate these statements say
groff -rDB=1 file
If it is known in advance that there are many errors and no useful
output, 'gtroff' can be forced to suppress formatted output with the
'-z' flag.
-- Request: .pev
Print the contents of the current environment and all the currently
defined environments (both named and numbered) on 'stderr'.
-- Request: .pm
Print the entire symbol table on 'stderr'. Names of all defined
macros, strings, and diversions are print together with their size
in bytes. Since 'gtroff' sometimes adds nodes by itself, the
returned size can be larger than expected.
This request differs from Unix 'troff': 'gtroff' reports the sizes
of diversions, ignores an additional argument to print only the
total of the sizes, and the size isn't returned in blocks of 128
characters.
-- Request: .pnr
Print the names and contents of all currently defined number
registers on 'stderr'.
-- Request: .ptr
Print the names and positions of all traps (not including input
line traps and diversion traps) on 'stderr'. Empty slots in the
page trap list are printed as well, because they can affect the
priority of subsequently planted traps.
-- Request: .fl
Instruct 'gtroff' to flush its output immediately. The intent is
for interactive use, but this behaviour is currently not
implemented in 'gtroff'. Contrary to Unix 'troff', TTY output is
sent to a device driver also ('grotty'), making it non-trivial to
communicate interactively.
This request causes a line break.
-- Request: .backtrace
Print a backtrace of the input stack to the standard error stream.
Consider the following in file 'test':
.de xxx
. backtrace
..
.de yyy
. xxx
..
.
.yyy
On execution, 'gtroff' prints the following:
test:2: backtrace: macro `xxx'
test:5: backtrace: macro `yyy'
test:8: backtrace: file `test'
The option '-b' of 'gtroff' internally calls a variant of this
request on each error and warning.
-- Register: \n[slimit]
Use the 'slimit' number register to set the maximum number of
objects on the input stack. If 'slimit' is less than or equal
to 0, there is no limit set. With no limit, a buggy recursive
macro can exhaust virtual memory.
The default value is 1000; this is a compile-time constant.
-- Request: .warnscale si
Set the scaling indicator used in warnings to SI. Valid values for
SI are 'u', 'i', 'c', 'p', and 'P'. At startup, it is set to 'i'.
-- Request: .spreadwarn [limit]
Make 'gtroff' emit a warning if the additional space inserted for
each space between words in an output line is larger or equal to
LIMIT. A negative value is changed to zero; no argument toggles
the warning on and off without changing LIMIT. The default scaling
indicator is 'm'. At startup, 'spreadwarn' is deactivated, and
LIMIT is set to 3m.
For example,
.spreadwarn 0.2m
causes a warning if 'gtroff' must add 0.2m or more for each
interword space in a line.
This request is active only if text is justified to both margins
(using '.ad b').
'gtroff' has command-line options for printing out more warnings
('-w') and for printing backtraces ('-b') when a warning or an error
occurs. The most verbose level of warnings is '-ww'.
-- Request: .warn [flags]
-- Register: \n[.warn]
Control the level of warnings checked for. The FLAGS are the sum
of the numbers associated with each warning that is to be enabled;
all other warnings are disabled. The number associated with each
warning is listed below. For example, '.warn 0' disables all
warnings, and '.warn 1' disables all warnings except that about
missing glyphs. If no argument is given, all warnings are enabled.
The read-only number register '.warn' contains the current warning
level.
* Menu:
* Warnings::
File: groff.info, Node: Warnings, Prev: Debugging, Up: Debugging
5.33.1 Warnings
---------------
The warnings that can be given to 'gtroff' are divided into the
following categories. The name associated with each warning is used by
the '-w' and '-W' options; the number is used by the 'warn' request and
by the '.warn' register.
'char'
'1'
Non-existent glyphs.(1) (*note Warnings-Footnote-1::) This is
enabled by default.
'number'
'2'
Invalid numeric expressions. This is enabled by default. *Note
Expressions::.
'break'
'4'
In fill mode, lines that could not be broken so that their length
was less than the line length. This is enabled by default.
'delim'
'8'
Missing or mismatched closing delimiters.
'el'
'16'
Use of the 'el' request with no matching 'ie' request. *Note
if-else::.
'scale'
'32'
Meaningless scaling indicators.
'range'
'64'
Out of range arguments.
'syntax'
'128'
Dubious syntax in numeric expressions.
'di'
'256'
Use of 'di' or 'da' without an argument when there is no current
diversion.
'mac'
'512'
Use of undefined strings, macros and diversions. When an undefined
string, macro, or diversion is used, that string is automatically
defined as empty. So, in most cases, at most one warning is given
for each name.
'reg'
'1024'
Use of undefined number registers. When an undefined number
register is used, that register is automatically defined to have a
value of 0. So, in most cases, at most one warning is given for
use of a particular name.
'tab'
'2048'
Use of a tab character where a number was expected.
'right-brace'
'4096'
Use of '\}' where a number was expected.
'missing'
'8192'
Requests that are missing non-optional arguments.
'input'
'16384'
Invalid input characters.
'escape'
'32768'
Unrecognized escape sequences. When an unrecognized escape
sequence '\X' is encountered, the escape character is ignored, and
X is printed.
'space'
'65536'
Missing space between a request or macro and its argument. This
warning is given when an undefined name longer than two characters
is encountered, and the first two characters of the name make a
defined name. The request or macro is not invoked. When this
warning is given, no macro is automatically defined. This is
enabled by default. This warning never occurs in compatibility
mode.
'font'
'131072'
Non-existent fonts. This is enabled by default.
'ig'
'262144'
Invalid escapes in text ignored with the 'ig' request. These are
conditions that are errors when they do not occur in ignored text.
'color'
'524288'
Color related warnings.
'file'
'1048576'
Missing files. The 'mso' request gives this warning when the
requested macro file does not exist. This is enabled by default.
'all'
All warnings except 'di', 'mac' and 'reg'. It is intended that
this covers all warnings that are useful with traditional macro
packages.
'w'
All warnings.
File: groff.info, Node: Implementation Differences, Prev: Debugging, Up: gtroff Reference
5.34 Implementation Differences
===============================
GNU 'troff' has a number of features that cause incompatibilities with
documents written with old versions of 'troff'.
Long names cause some incompatibilities. Unix 'troff' interprets
.dsabcd
as defining a string 'ab' with contents 'cd'. Normally, GNU 'troff'
interprets this as a call of a macro named 'dsabcd'. Also Unix 'troff'
interprets '\*[' or '\n[' as references to a string or number register
called '['. In GNU 'troff', however, this is normally interpreted as
the start of a long name. In compatibility mode GNU 'troff' interprets
long names in the traditional way (which means that they are not
recognized as names).
-- Request: .cp [n]
-- Request: .do cmd
-- Register: \n[.C]
If N is missing or non-zero, turn on compatibility mode; otherwise,
turn it off.
The read-only number register '.C' is 1 if compatibility mode is
on, 0 otherwise.
Compatibility mode can be also turned on with the '-C' command-line
option.
The 'do' request turns off compatibility mode while executing its
arguments as a 'gtroff' command. However, it does not turn off
compatibility mode while processing the macro itself. To do that,
use the 'de1' request (or manipulate the '.C' register manually).
*Note Writing Macros::.
.do fam T
executes the 'fam' request when compatibility mode is enabled.
'gtroff' restores the previous compatibility setting before
interpreting any files sourced by the CMD.
Two other features are controlled by '-C'. If not in compatibility
mode, GNU 'troff' preserves the input level in delimited arguments:
.ds xx '
\w'abc\*(xxdef'
In compatibility mode, the string '72def'' is returned; without '-C' the
resulting string is '168' (assuming a TTY output device).
Finally, the escapes '\f', '\H', '\m', '\M', '\R', '\s', and '\S' are
transparent for recognizing the beginning of a line only in
compatibility mode (this is a rather obscure feature). For example, the
code
.de xx
Hello!
..
\fB.xx\fP
prints 'Hello!' in bold face if in compatibility mode, and '.xx' in bold
face otherwise.
GNU 'troff' does not allow the use of the escape sequences '\|',
'\^', '\&', '\{', '\}', '\<SP>', '\'', '\`', '\-', '\_', '\!', '\%', and
'\c' in names of strings, macros, diversions, number registers, fonts or
environments; Unix 'troff' does. The '\A' escape sequence (*note
Identifiers::) may be helpful in avoiding use of these escape sequences
in names.
Fractional point sizes cause one noteworthy incompatibility. In Unix
'troff' the 'ps' request ignores scale indicators and thus
.ps 10u
sets the point size to 10 points, whereas in GNU 'troff' it sets the
point size to 10 scaled points. *Note Fractional Type Sizes::, for more
information.
In GNU 'troff' there is a fundamental difference between
(unformatted) input characters and (formatted) output glyphs.
Everything that affects how a glyph is output is stored with the glyph
node; once a glyph node has been constructed it is unaffected by any
subsequent requests that are executed, including 'bd', 'cs', 'tkf',
'tr', or 'fp' requests. Normally glyphs are constructed from input
characters at the moment immediately before the glyph is added to the
current output line. Macros, diversions and strings are all, in fact,
the same type of object; they contain lists of input characters and
glyph nodes in any combination. A glyph node does not behave like an
input character for the purposes of macro processing; it does not
inherit any of the special properties that the input character from
which it was constructed might have had. For example,
.di x
\\\\
.br
.di
.x
prints '\\' in GNU 'troff'; each pair of input backslashes is turned
into one output backslash and the resulting output backslashes are not
interpreted as escape characters when they are reread. Unix 'troff'
would interpret them as escape characters when they were reread and
would end up printing one '\'. The correct way to obtain a printable
backslash is to use the '\e' escape sequence: This always prints a
single instance of the current escape character, regardless of whether
or not it is used in a diversion; it also works in both GNU 'troff' and
Unix 'troff'.(1) (*note Implementation Differences-Footnote-1::) To
store, for some reason, an escape sequence in a diversion that is
interpreted when the diversion is reread, either use the traditional
'\!' transparent output facility, or, if this is unsuitable, the new
'\?' escape sequence.
*Note Diversions::, and *note Gtroff Internals::, for more
information.
File: groff.info, Node: Preprocessors, Next: Output Devices, Prev: gtroff Reference, Up: Top
6 Preprocessors
***************
This chapter describes all preprocessors that come with 'groff' or which
are freely available.
* Menu:
* geqn::
* gtbl::
* gpic::
* ggrn::
* grap::
* gchem::
* grefer::
* gsoelim::
* preconv::
File: groff.info, Node: geqn, Next: gtbl, Prev: Preprocessors, Up: Preprocessors
6.1 'geqn'
==========
* Menu:
* Invoking geqn::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking geqn, Prev: geqn, Up: geqn
6.1.1 Invoking 'geqn'
---------------------
File: groff.info, Node: gtbl, Next: gpic, Prev: geqn, Up: Preprocessors
6.2 'gtbl'
==========
* Menu:
* Invoking gtbl::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking gtbl, Prev: gtbl, Up: gtbl
6.2.1 Invoking 'gtbl'
---------------------
File: groff.info, Node: gpic, Next: ggrn, Prev: gtbl, Up: Preprocessors
6.3 'gpic'
==========
* Menu:
* Invoking gpic::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking gpic, Prev: gpic, Up: gpic
6.3.1 Invoking 'gpic'
---------------------
File: groff.info, Node: ggrn, Next: grap, Prev: gpic, Up: Preprocessors
6.4 'ggrn'
==========
* Menu:
* Invoking ggrn::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking ggrn, Prev: ggrn, Up: ggrn
6.4.1 Invoking 'ggrn'
---------------------
File: groff.info, Node: grap, Next: gchem, Prev: ggrn, Up: Preprocessors
6.5 'grap'
==========
A free implementation of 'grap', written by Ted Faber, is available as
an extra package from the following address:
<http://www.lunabase.org/~faber/Vault/software/grap/>
File: groff.info, Node: gchem, Next: grefer, Prev: grap, Up: Preprocessors
6.6 'gchem'
===========
* Menu:
* Invoking gchem::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking gchem, Prev: gchem, Up: gchem
6.6.1 Invoking 'gchem'
----------------------
File: groff.info, Node: grefer, Next: gsoelim, Prev: gchem, Up: Preprocessors
6.7 'grefer'
============
* Menu:
* Invoking grefer::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking grefer, Prev: grefer, Up: grefer
6.7.1 Invoking 'grefer'
-----------------------
File: groff.info, Node: gsoelim, Next: preconv, Prev: grefer, Up: Preprocessors
6.8 'gsoelim'
=============
* Menu:
* Invoking gsoelim::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking gsoelim, Prev: gsoelim, Up: gsoelim
6.8.1 Invoking 'gsoelim'
------------------------
File: groff.info, Node: preconv, Prev: gsoelim, Up: Preprocessors
6.9 'preconv'
=============
* Menu:
* Invoking preconv::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking preconv, Prev: preconv, Up: preconv
6.9.1 Invoking 'preconv'
------------------------
File: groff.info, Node: Output Devices, Next: File formats, Prev: Preprocessors, Up: Top
7 Output Devices
****************
* Menu:
* Special Characters::
* grotty::
* grops::
* gropdf::
* grodvi::
* grolj4::
* grolbp::
* grohtml::
* gxditview::
File: groff.info, Node: Special Characters, Next: grotty, Prev: Output Devices, Up: Output Devices
7.1 Special Characters
======================
*Note Font Files::.
File: groff.info, Node: grotty, Next: grops, Prev: Special Characters, Up: Output Devices
7.2 'grotty'
============
The postprocessor 'grotty' translates the output from GNU 'troff' into a
form suitable for typewriter-like devices. It is fully documented on
its manual page, 'grotty(1)'.
* Menu:
* Invoking grotty::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking grotty, Prev: grotty, Up: grotty
7.2.1 Invoking 'grotty'
-----------------------
The postprocessor 'grotty' accepts the following command-line options:
'-b'
Do not overstrike bold glyphs. Ignored if '-c' isn't used.
'-B'
Do not underline bold-italic glyphs. Ignored if '-c' isn't used.
'-c'
Use overprint and disable colours for printing on legacy Teletype
printers (see below).
'-d'
Do not render lines (that is, ignore all '\D' escapes).
'-f'
Use form feed control characters in the output.
'-FDIR'
Put the directory 'DIR/devNAME' in front of the search path for the
font and device description files, given the target device NAME.
'-h'
Use horizontal tabs for sequences of 8 space characters.
'-i'
Request italic glyphs from the terminal. Ignored if '-c' is
active.
'-o'
Do not overstrike.
'-r'
Highlight italic glyphs. Ignored if '-c' is active.
'-u'
Do not underline italic glyphs. Ignored if '-c' isn't used.
'-U'
Do not overstrike bold-italic glyphs. Ignored if '-c' isn't used.
'-v'
Print the version number.
The '-c' mode for TTY output devices means that underlining is done
by emitting sequences of '_' and '^H' (the backspace character) before
the actual character. Literally, this is printing an underline
character, then moving the caret back one character position, and
printing the actual character at the same position as the underline
character (similar to a typewriter). Usually, a modern terminal can't
interpret this (and the original Teletype machines for which this
sequence was appropriate are no longer in use). You need a pager
program like 'less' that translates this into ISO 6429 SGR sequences to
control terminals.
File: groff.info, Node: grops, Next: gropdf, Prev: grotty, Up: Output Devices
7.3 'grops'
===========
The postprocessor 'grops' translates the output from GNU 'troff' into a
form suitable for Adobe POSTSCRIPT devices. It is fully documented on
its manual page, 'grops(1)'.
* Menu:
* Invoking grops::
* Embedding PostScript::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking grops, Next: Embedding PostScript, Prev: grops, Up: grops
7.3.1 Invoking 'grops'
----------------------
The postprocessor 'grops' accepts the following command-line options:
'-bFLAGS'
Use backward compatibility settings given by FLAGS as documented in
the 'grops(1)' manual page. Overrides the command 'broken' in the
'DESC' file.
'-cN'
Print N copies of each page.
'-FDIR'
Put the directory 'DIR/devNAME' in front of the search path for the
font, prologue and device description files, given the target
device NAME, usually *ps*.
'-g'
Tell the printer to guess the page length. Useful for printing
vertically centered pages when the paper dimensions are determined
at print time.
'-IPATH ...'
Consider the directory 'PATH' for searching included files
specified with relative paths. The current directory is searched
as fallback.
'-l'
Use landscape orientation.
'-m'
Use manual feed.
'-pPAPERSIZE'
Set the page dimensions. Overrides the commands 'papersize',
'paperlength', and 'paperwidth' in the 'DESC' file. See the
'groff_font(5)' manual page for details.
'-PPROLOGUE'
Use the PROLOGUE in the font path as the prologue instead of the
default 'prologue'. Overrides the environment variable
'GROPS_PROLOGUE'.
'-wN'
Set the line thickness to N/1000em. Overrides the default value N
= 40.
'-v'
Print the version number.
File: groff.info, Node: Embedding PostScript, Prev: Invoking grops, Up: grops
7.3.2 Embedding POSTSCRIPT
--------------------------
The escape sequence
'\X'ps: import FILE LLX LLY URX URY WIDTH [HEIGHT]''
places a rectangle of the specified WIDTH containing the POSTSCRIPT
drawing from file FILE bound by the box from LLX LLY to URX URY (in
POSTSCRIPT coordinates) at the insertion point. If HEIGHT is not
specified, the embedded drawing is scaled proportionally.
*Note Miscellaneous::, for the 'psbb' request, which automatically
generates the bounding box.
This escape sequence is used internally by the macro 'PSPIC' (see the
'groff_tmac(5)' manual page).
File: groff.info, Node: gropdf, Next: grodvi, Prev: grops, Up: Output Devices
7.4 'gropdf'
============
The postprocessor 'gropdf' translates the output from GNU 'troff' into a
form suitable for Adobe PDF devices. It is fully documented on its
manual page, 'gropdf(1)'.
* Menu:
* Invoking gropdf::
* Embedding PDF::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking gropdf, Next: Embedding PDF, Prev: gropdf, Up: gropdf
7.4.1 Invoking 'gropdf'
-----------------------
The postprocessor 'gropdf' accepts the following command-line options:
'-d'
Produce uncompressed PDFs that include debugging comments.
'-e'
This forces 'gropdf' to embed all used fonts in the PDF, even if
they are one of the 14 base Adobe fonts.
'-FDIR'
Put the directory 'DIR/devNAME' in front of the search path for the
font, prologue and device description files, given the target
device NAME, usually *pdf*.
'-yFOUNDRY'
This forces the use of a different font foundry.
'-l'
Use landscape orientation.
'-pPAPERSIZE'
Set the page dimensions. Overrides the commands 'papersize',
'paperlength', and 'paperwidth' in the 'DESC' file. See the
'groff_font(5)' manual page for details.
'-v'
Print the version number.
'-s'
Append a comment line to end of PDF showing statistics, i.e.
number of pages in document. Ghostscript's 'ps2pdf(1)' complains
about this line if it is included, but works anyway.
'-uFILENAME'
'gropdf' normally includes a ToUnicode CMap with any font created
using 'text.enc' as the encoding file, this makes it easier to
search for words that contain ligatures. You can include your own
CMap by specifying a FILENAME or have no CMap at all by omitting
the FILENAME.
File: groff.info, Node: Embedding PDF, Prev: Invoking gropdf, Up: gropdf
7.4.2 Embedding PDF
-------------------
The escape sequence
'\X'pdf: pdfpic FILE ALIGNMENT WIDTH [HEIGHT] [LINELENGTH]''
places a rectangle of the specified WIDTH containing the PDF drawing
from file FILE of desired WIDTH and HEIGHT (if HEIGHT is missing or zero
then it is scaled proportionally). If ALIGNMENT is '-L' the drawing is
left aligned. If it is '-C' or '-R' a LINELENGTH greater than the width
of the drawing is required as well. If WIDTH is specified as zero then
the width is scaled in proportion to the height.
File: groff.info, Node: grodvi, Next: grolj4, Prev: gropdf, Up: Output Devices
7.5 'grodvi'
============
The postprocessor 'grodvi' translates the output from GNU 'troff' into
the *DVI* output format compatible with the *TeX* document preparation
system. It is fully documented on its manual page, 'grodvi(1)'.
* Menu:
* Invoking grodvi::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking grodvi, Prev: grodvi, Up: grodvi
7.5.1 Invoking 'grodvi'
-----------------------
The postprocessor 'grodvi' accepts the following command-line options:
'-d'
Do not use *tpic* specials to implement drawing commands.
'-FDIR'
Put the directory 'DIR/devNAME' in front of the search path for the
font and device description files, given the target device NAME,
usually *dvi*.
'-l'
Use landscape orientation.
'-pPAPERSIZE'
Set the page dimensions. Overrides the commands 'papersize',
'paperlength', and 'paperwidth' in the 'DESC' file. See
'groff_font(5)' manual page for details.
'-v'
Print the version number.
'-wN'
Set the line thickness to N/1000em. Overrides the default value N
= 40.
File: groff.info, Node: grolj4, Next: grolbp, Prev: grodvi, Up: Output Devices
7.6 'grolj4'
============
The postprocessor 'grolj4' translates the output from GNU 'troff' into
the *PCL5* output format suitable for printing on a *HP LaserJet 4*
printer. It is fully documented on its manual page, 'grolj4(1)'.
* Menu:
* Invoking grolj4::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking grolj4, Prev: grolj4, Up: grolj4
7.6.1 Invoking 'grolj4'
-----------------------
The postprocessor 'grolj4' accepts the following command-line options:
'-cN'
Print N copies of each page.
'-FDIR'
Put the directory 'DIR/devNAME' in front of the search path for the
font and device description files, given the target device NAME,
usually *lj4*.
'-l'
Use landscape orientation.
'-pSIZE'
Set the page dimensions. Valid values for SIZE are: 'letter',
'legal', 'executive', 'a4', 'com10', 'monarch', 'c5', 'b5', 'd1'.
'-v'
Print the version number.
'-wN'
Set the line thickness to N/1000em. Overrides the default value N
= 40.
The special drawing command '\D'R DH DV'' draws a horizontal
rectangle from the current position to the position at offset (DH,DV).
File: groff.info, Node: grolbp, Next: grohtml, Prev: grolj4, Up: Output Devices
7.7 'grolbp'
============
The postprocessor 'grolbp' translates the output from GNU 'troff' into
the *LBP* output format suitable for printing on *Canon CAPSL* printers.
It is fully documented on its manual page, 'grolbp(1)'.
* Menu:
* Invoking grolbp::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking grolbp, Prev: grolbp, Up: grolbp
7.7.1 Invoking 'grolbp'
-----------------------
The postprocessor 'grolbp' accepts the following command-line options:
'-cN'
Print N copies of each page.
'-FDIR'
Put the directory 'DIR/devNAME' in front of the search path for the
font, prologue and device description files, given the target
device NAME, usually *lbp*.
'-l'
Use landscape orientation.
'-oORIENTATION'
Use the ORIENTATION specified: 'portrait' or 'landscape'.
'-pPAPERSIZE'
Set the page dimensions. See 'groff_font(5)' manual page for
details.
'-wN'
Set the line thickness to N/1000em. Overrides the default value N
= 40.
'-v'
Print the version number.
'-h'
Print command-line help.
File: groff.info, Node: grohtml, Next: gxditview, Prev: grolbp, Up: Output Devices
7.8 'grohtml'
=============
The 'grohtml' front end (which consists of a preprocessor,
'pre-grohtml', and a device driver, 'post-grohtml') translates the
output of GNU 'troff' to HTML. Users should always invoke 'grohtml' via
the 'groff' command with a '\-Thtml' option. If no files are given,
'grohtml' will read the standard input. A filename of '-' will also
cause 'grohtml' to read the standard input. HTML output is written to
the standard output. When 'grohtml' is run by 'groff', options can be
passed to 'grohtml' using 'groff''s '-P' option.
'grohtml' invokes 'groff' twice. In the first pass, pictures,
equations, and tables are rendered using the 'ps' device, and in the
second pass HTML output is generated by the 'html' device.
'grohtml' always writes output in 'UTF-8' encoding and has built-in
entities for all non-composite unicode characters. In spite of this,
'groff' may issue warnings about unknown special characters if they
can't be found during the first pass. Such warnings can be safely
ignored unless the special characters appear inside a table or equation,
in which case glyphs for these characters must be defined for the 'ps'
device as well.
This output device is fully documented on its manual page,
'grohtml(1)'.
* Menu:
* Invoking grohtml::
* grohtml specific registers and strings::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking grohtml, Next: grohtml specific registers and strings, Prev: grohtml, Up: grohtml
7.8.1 Invoking 'grohtml'
------------------------
The postprocessor 'grohtml' accepts the following command-line options:
'-aBITS'
Use this number of BITS (= 1, 2 or 4) for text antialiasing.
Default: BITS = 4.
'-a0'
Do not use text antialiasing.
'-b'
Use white background.
'-DDIR'
Store rendered images in the directory 'DIR'.
'-FDIR'
Put the directory 'DIR/devNAME' in front of the search path for the
font, prologue and device description files, given the target
device NAME, usually *html*.
'-gBITS'
Use this number of BITS (= 1, 2 or 4) for antialiasing of drawings.
Default: BITS = 4.
'-g0'
Do not use antialiasing for drawings.
'-h'
Use the 'B' element for section headings.
'-iRESOLUTION'
Use the RESOLUTION for rendered images. Default: RESOLUTION =
100dpi.
'-ISTEM'
Set the images' STEM NAME. Default: STEM = 'grohtml-XXX' (XXX is
the process ID).
'-jSTEM'
Place each section in a separate file called 'STEM-N.html' (where N
is a generated section number).
'-l'
Do not generate the table of contents.
'-n'
Generate simple fragment identifiers.
'-oOFFSET'
Use vertical padding OFFSET for images.
'-p'
Display the page rendering progress to 'stderr'.
'-r'
Do not use horizontal rules to separate headers and footers.
'-sSIZE'
Set the base font size, to be modified using the elements 'BIG' and
'SMALL'.
'-SLEVEL'
Generate separate files for sections at level LEVEL.
'-v'
Print the version number.
'-V'
Generate a validator button at the bottom.
'-y'
Generate a signature of groff after the validator button, if any.
File: groff.info, Node: grohtml specific registers and strings, Prev: Invoking grohtml, Up: grohtml
7.8.2 'grohtml' specific registers and strings
----------------------------------------------
-- Register: \n[ps4html]
-- String: \*[www-image-template]
The registers 'ps4html' and 'www-image-template' are defined by the
'pre-grohtml' preprocessor. 'pre-grohtml' reads in the 'troff'
input, marks up the inline equations and passes the result firstly
to
troff -Tps -rps4html=1 -dwww-image-template=TEMPLATE
and secondly to
troff -Thtml
or
troff -Txhtml
The POSTSCRIPT device is used to create all the image files (for
'-Thtml'; if '-Txhtml' is used, all equations are passed to 'geqn'
to produce MathML, and the register 'ps4html' enables the macro
sets to ignore floating keeps, footers, and headings.
The register 'www-image-template' is set to the user specified
template name or the default name.
File: groff.info, Node: gxditview, Prev: grohtml, Up: Output Devices
7.9 'gxditview'
===============
* Menu:
* Invoking gxditview::
File: groff.info, Node: Invoking gxditview, Prev: gxditview, Up: gxditview
7.9.1 Invoking 'gxditview'
--------------------------
File: groff.info, Node: File formats, Next: Installation, Prev: Output Devices, Up: Top
8 File formats
**************
All files read and written by 'gtroff' are text files. The following
two sections describe their format.
* Menu:
* gtroff Output::
* Font Files::
File: groff.info, Node: gtroff Output, Next: Font Files, Prev: File formats, Up: File formats
8.1 'gtroff' Output
===================
This section describes the intermediate output format of GNU 'troff'.
This output is produced by a run of 'gtroff' before it is fed into a
device postprocessor program.
As 'groff' is a wrapper program around 'gtroff' that automatically
calls a postprocessor, this output does not show up normally. This is
why it is called "intermediate". 'groff' provides the option '-Z' to
inhibit postprocessing, such that the produced intermediate output is
sent to standard output just like calling 'gtroff' manually.
Here, the term "troff output" describes what is output by 'gtroff',
while "intermediate output" refers to the language that is accepted by
the parser that prepares this output for the postprocessors. This
parser is smarter on whitespace and implements obsolete elements for
compatibility, otherwise both formats are the same.(1) (*note gtroff
Output-Footnote-1::)
The main purpose of the intermediate output concept is to facilitate
the development of postprocessors by providing a common programming
interface for all devices. It has a language of its own that is
completely different from the 'gtroff' language. While the 'gtroff'
language is a high-level programming language for text processing, the
intermediate output language is a kind of low-level assembler language
by specifying all positions on the page for writing and drawing.
The intermediate output produced by 'gtroff' is fairly readable,
while output from AT&T 'troff' is rather hard to understand because of
strange habits that are still supported, but not used any longer by
'gtroff'.
* Menu:
* Language Concepts::
* Command Reference::
* Intermediate Output Examples::
* Output Language Compatibility::
File: groff.info, Node: Language Concepts, Next: Command Reference, Prev: gtroff Output, Up: gtroff Output
8.1.1 Language Concepts
-----------------------
During the run of 'gtroff', the input data is cracked down to the
information on what has to be printed at what position on the intended
device. So the language of the intermediate output format can be quite
small. Its only elements are commands with and without arguments. In
this section, the term "command" always refers to the intermediate
output language, and never to the 'gtroff' language used for document
formatting. There are commands for positioning and text writing, for
drawing, and for device controlling.
* Menu:
* Separation::
* Argument Units::
* Document Parts::
File: groff.info, Node: Separation, Next: Argument Units, Prev: Language Concepts, Up: Language Concepts
8.1.1.1 Separation
..................
AT&T 'troff' output has strange requirements on whitespace. The
'gtroff' output parser, however, is smart about whitespace by making it
maximally optional. The whitespace characters, i.e., the tab, space,
and newline characters, always have a syntactical meaning. They are
never printable because spacing within the output is always done by
positioning commands.
Any sequence of space or tab characters is treated as a single
"syntactical space". It separates commands and arguments, but is only
required when there would occur a clashing between the command code and
the arguments without the space. Most often, this happens when
variable-length command names, arguments, argument lists, or command
clusters meet. Commands and arguments with a known, fixed length need
not be separated by syntactical space.
A line break is a syntactical element, too. Every command argument
can be followed by whitespace, a comment, or a newline character. Thus
a "syntactical line break" is defined to consist of optional syntactical
space that is optionally followed by a comment, and a newline character.
The normal commands, those for positioning and text, consist of a
single letter taking a fixed number of arguments. For historical
reasons, the parser allows stacking of such commands on the same line,
but fortunately, in 'gtroff''s intermediate output, every command with
at least one argument is followed by a line break, thus providing
excellent readability.
The other commands - those for drawing and device controlling - have
a more complicated structure; some recognize long command names, and
some take a variable number of arguments. So all 'D' and 'x' commands
were designed to request a syntactical line break after their last
argument. Only one command, 'x X', has an argument that can stretch
over several lines; all other commands must have all of their arguments
on the same line as the command, i.e., the arguments may not be split by
a line break.
Empty lines (these are lines containing only space and/or a comment),
can occur everywhere. They are just ignored.
File: groff.info, Node: Argument Units, Next: Document Parts, Prev: Separation, Up: Language Concepts
8.1.1.2 Argument Units
......................
Some commands take integer arguments that are assumed to represent
values in a measurement unit, but the letter for the corresponding scale
indicator is not written with the output command arguments. Most
commands assume the scale indicator 'u', the basic unit of the device,
some use 'z', the scaled point unit of the device, while others, such as
the color commands, expect plain integers.
Note that single characters can have the eighth bit set, as can the
names of fonts and special characters. The names of characters and
fonts can be of arbitrary length. A character that is to be printed is
always in the current font.
A string argument is always terminated by the next whitespace
character (space, tab, or newline); an embedded '#' character is
regarded as part of the argument, not as the beginning of a comment
command. An integer argument is already terminated by the next
non-digit character, which then is regarded as the first character of
the next argument or command.
File: groff.info, Node: Document Parts, Prev: Argument Units, Up: Language Concepts
8.1.1.3 Document Parts
......................
A correct intermediate output document consists of two parts, the
"prologue" and the "body".
The task of the prologue is to set the general device parameters
using three exactly specified commands. 'gtroff''s prologue is
guaranteed to consist of the following three lines (in that order):
x T DEVICE
x res N H V
x init
with the arguments set as outlined in *note Device Control Commands::.
Note that the parser for the intermediate output format is able to
swallow additional whitespace and comments as well even in the prologue.
The body is the main section for processing the document data.
Syntactically, it is a sequence of any commands different from the ones
used in the prologue. Processing is terminated as soon as the first
'x stop' command is encountered; the last line of any 'gtroff'
intermediate output always contains such a command.
Semantically, the body is page oriented. A new page is started by a
'p' command. Positioning, writing, and drawing commands are always done
within the current page, so they cannot occur before the first 'p'
command. Absolute positioning (by the 'H' and 'V' commands) is done
relative to the current page; all other positioning is done relative to
the current location within this page.
File: groff.info, Node: Command Reference, Next: Intermediate Output Examples, Prev: Language Concepts, Up: gtroff Output
8.1.2 Command Reference
-----------------------
This section describes all intermediate output commands, both from AT&T
'troff' as well as the 'gtroff' extensions.
* Menu:
* Comment Command::
* Simple Commands::
* Graphics Commands::
* Device Control Commands::
* Obsolete Command::
File: groff.info, Node: Comment Command, Next: Simple Commands, Prev: Command Reference, Up: Command Reference
8.1.2.1 Comment Command
.......................
'#ANYTHING<end of line>'
A comment. Ignore any characters from the '#' character up to the
next newline character.
This command is the only possibility for commenting in the
intermediate output. Each comment can be preceded by arbitrary
syntactical space; every command can be terminated by a comment.
File: groff.info, Node: Simple Commands, Next: Graphics Commands, Prev: Comment Command, Up: Command Reference
8.1.2.2 Simple Commands
.......................
The commands in this subsection have a command code consisting of a
single character, taking a fixed number of arguments. Most of them are
commands for positioning and text writing. These commands are smart
about whitespace. Optionally, syntactical space can be inserted before,
after, and between the command letter and its arguments. All of these
commands are stackable, i.e., they can be preceded by other simple
commands or followed by arbitrary other commands on the same line. A
separating syntactical space is only necessary when two integer
arguments would clash or if the preceding argument ends with a string
argument.
'C XXX<whitespace>'
Print a special character named XXX. The trailing syntactical
space or line break is necessary to allow glyph names of arbitrary
length. The glyph is printed at the current print position; the
glyph's size is read from the font file. The print position is not
changed.
'c G'
Print glyph G at the current print position;(1) (*note Simple
Commands-Footnote-1::) the glyph's size is read from the font file.
The print position is not changed.
'f N'
Set font to font number N (a non-negative integer).
'H N'
Move right to the absolute vertical position N (a non-negative
integer in basic units 'u' relative to left edge of current page.
'h N'
Move N (a non-negative integer) basic units 'u' horizontally to the
right. The original Unix troff manual allows negative values for N
also, but 'gtroff' doesn't use this.
'm COLOR-SCHEME [COMPONENT ...]'
Set the color for text (glyphs), line drawing, and the outline of
graphic objects using different color schemes; the analogous
command for the filling color of graphic objects is 'DF'. The
color components are specified as integer arguments between 0 and
65536. The number of color components and their meaning vary for
the different color schemes. These commands are generated by
'gtroff''s escape sequence '\m'. No position changing. These
commands are a 'gtroff' extension.
'mc CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW'
Set color using the CMY color scheme, having the 3 color
components CYAN, MAGENTA, and YELLOW.
'md'
Set color to the default color value (black in most cases).
No component arguments.
'mg GRAY'
Set color to the shade of gray given by the argument, an
integer between 0 (black) and 65536 (white).
'mk CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK'
Set color using the CMYK color scheme, having the 4 color
components CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW, and BLACK.
'mr RED GREEN BLUE'
Set color using the RGB color scheme, having the 3 color
components RED, GREEN, and BLUE.
'N N'
Print glyph with index N (a non-negative integer) of the current
font. This command is a 'gtroff' extension.
'n B A'
Inform the device about a line break, but no positioning is done by
this command. In AT&T 'troff', the integer arguments B and A
informed about the space before and after the current line to make
the intermediate output more human readable without performing any
action. In 'groff', they are just ignored, but they must be
provided for compatibility reasons.
'p N'
Begin a new page in the outprint. The page number is set to N.
This page is completely independent of pages formerly processed
even if those have the same page number. The vertical position on
the outprint is automatically set to 0. All positioning, writing,
and drawing is always done relative to a page, so a 'p' command
must be issued before any of these commands.
's N'
Set point size to N scaled points (this is unit 'z'). AT&T 'troff'
used the unit points ('p') instead. *Note Output Language
Compatibility::.
't XXX<whitespace>'
't XXX DUMMY-ARG<whitespace>'
Print a word, i.e., a sequence of characters XXX representing
output glyphs which names are single characters, terminated by a
space character or a line break; an optional second integer
argument is ignored (this allows the formatter to generate an even
number of arguments). The first glyph should be printed at the
current position, the current horizontal position should then be
increased by the width of the first glyph, and so on for each
glyph. The widths of the glyphs are read from the font file,
scaled for the current point size, and rounded to a multiple of the
horizontal resolution. Special characters cannot be printed using
this command (use the 'C' command for special characters). This
command is a 'gtroff' extension; it is only used for devices whose
'DESC' file contains the 'tcommand' keyword (*note DESC File
Format::).
'u N XXX<whitespace>'
Print word with track kerning. This is the same as the 't' command
except that after printing each glyph, the current horizontal
position is increased by the sum of the width of that glyph and N
(an integer in basic units 'u'). This command is a 'gtroff'
extension; it is only used for devices whose 'DESC' file contains
the 'tcommand' keyword (*note DESC File Format::).
'V N'
Move down to the absolute vertical position N (a non-negative
integer in basic units 'u') relative to upper edge of current page.
'v N'
Move N basic units 'u' down (N is a non-negative integer). The
original Unix troff manual allows negative values for N also, but
'gtroff' doesn't use this.
'w'
Informs about a paddable white space to increase readability. The
spacing itself must be performed explicitly by a move command.
File: groff.info, Node: Graphics Commands, Next: Device Control Commands, Prev: Simple Commands, Up: Command Reference
8.1.2.3 Graphics Commands
.........................
Each graphics or drawing command in the intermediate output starts with
the letter 'D', followed by one or two characters that specify a
subcommand; this is followed by a fixed or variable number of integer
arguments that are separated by a single space character. A 'D' command
may not be followed by another command on the same line (apart from a
comment), so each 'D' command is terminated by a syntactical line break.
'gtroff' output follows the classical spacing rules (no space between
command and subcommand, all arguments are preceded by a single space
character), but the parser allows optional space between the command
letters and makes the space before the first argument optional. As
usual, each space can be any sequence of tab and space characters.
Some graphics commands can take a variable number of arguments. In
this case, they are integers representing a size measured in basic units
'u'. The arguments called H1, H2, ..., HN stand for horizontal
distances where positive means right, negative left. The arguments
called V1, V2, ..., VN stand for vertical distances where positive means
down, negative up. All these distances are offsets relative to the
current location.
Each graphics command directly corresponds to a similar 'gtroff' '\D'
escape sequence. *Note Drawing Requests::.
Unknown 'D' commands are assumed to be device-specific. Its
arguments are parsed as strings; the whole information is then sent to
the postprocessor.
In the following command reference, the syntax element <line break>
means a syntactical line break as defined above.
'D~ H1 V1 H2 V2 ... HN VN<line break>'
Draw B-spline from current position to offset (H1,V1), then to
offset (H2,V2), if given, etc. up to (HN,VN). This command takes a
variable number of argument pairs; the current position is moved to
the terminal point of the drawn curve.
'Da H1 V1 H2 V2<line break>'
Draw arc from current position to (H1,V1)+(H2,V2) with center at
(H1,V1); then move the current position to the final point of the
arc.
'DC D<line break>'
'DC D DUMMY-ARG<line break>'
Draw a solid circle using the current fill color with diameter D
(integer in basic units 'u') with leftmost point at the current
position; then move the current position to the rightmost point of
the circle. An optional second integer argument is ignored (this
allows the formatter to generate an even number of arguments).
This command is a 'gtroff' extension.
'Dc D<line break>'
Draw circle line with diameter D (integer in basic units 'u') with
leftmost point at the current position; then move the current
position to the rightmost point of the circle.
'DE H V<line break>'
Draw a solid ellipse in the current fill color with a horizontal
diameter of H and a vertical diameter of V (both integers in basic
units 'u') with the leftmost point at the current position; then
move to the rightmost point of the ellipse. This command is a
'gtroff' extension.
'De H V<line break>'
Draw an outlined ellipse with a horizontal diameter of H and a
vertical diameter of V (both integers in basic units 'u') with the
leftmost point at current position; then move to the rightmost
point of the ellipse.
'DF COLOR-SCHEME [COMPONENT ...]<line break>'
Set fill color for solid drawing objects using different color
schemes; the analogous command for setting the color of text, line
graphics, and the outline of graphic objects is 'm'. The color
components are specified as integer arguments between 0 and 65536.
The number of color components and their meaning vary for the
different color schemes. These commands are generated by
'gtroff''s escape sequences '\D'F ...'' and '\M' (with no other
corresponding graphics commands). No position changing. This
command is a 'gtroff' extension.
'DFc CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW<line break>'
Set fill color for solid drawing objects using the CMY color
scheme, having the 3 color components CYAN, MAGENTA, and
YELLOW.
'DFd<line break>'
Set fill color for solid drawing objects to the default fill
color value (black in most cases). No component arguments.
'DFg GRAY<line break>'
Set fill color for solid drawing objects to the shade of gray
given by the argument, an integer between 0 (black) and 65536
(white).
'DFk CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK<line break>'
Set fill color for solid drawing objects using the CMYK color
scheme, having the 4 color components CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW,
and BLACK.
'DFr RED GREEN BLUE<line break>'
Set fill color for solid drawing objects using the RGB color
scheme, having the 3 color components RED, GREEN, and BLUE.
'Df N<line break>'
The argument N must be an integer in the range -32767 to 32767.
0 <= N <= 1000
Set the color for filling solid drawing objects to a shade of
gray, where 0 corresponds to solid white, 1000 (the default)
to solid black, and values in between to intermediate shades
of gray; this is obsoleted by command 'DFg'.
N < 0 or N > 1000
Set the filling color to the color that is currently being
used for the text and the outline, see command 'm'. For
example, the command sequence
mg 0 0 65536
Df -1
sets all colors to blue.
No position changing. This command is a 'gtroff' extension.
'Dl H V<line break>'
Draw line from current position to offset (H,V) (integers in basic
units 'u'); then set current position to the end of the drawn line.
'Dp H1 V1 H2 V2 ... HN VN<line break>'
Draw a polygon line from current position to offset (H1,V1), from
there to offset (H2,V2), etc. up to offset (HN,VN), and from there
back to the starting position. For historical reasons, the
position is changed by adding the sum of all arguments with odd
index to the actual horizontal position and the even ones to the
vertical position. Although this doesn't make sense it is kept for
compatibility. This command is a 'gtroff' extension.
'DP H1 V1 H2 V2 ... HN VN<line break>'
Draw a solid polygon in the current fill color rather than an
outlined polygon, using the same arguments and positioning as the
corresponding 'Dp' command. This command is a 'gtroff' extension.
'Dt N<line break>'
Set the current line thickness to N (an integer in basic units 'u')
if N>0; if N=0 select the smallest available line thickness; if N<0
set the line thickness proportional to the point size (this is the
default before the first 'Dt' command was specified). For
historical reasons, the horizontal position is changed by adding
the argument to the actual horizontal position, while the vertical
position is not changed. Although this doesn't make sense it is
kept for compatibility. This command is a 'gtroff' extension.
File: groff.info, Node: Device Control Commands, Next: Obsolete Command, Prev: Graphics Commands, Up: Command Reference
8.1.2.4 Device Control Commands
...............................
Each device control command starts with the letter 'x', followed by a
space character (optional or arbitrary space or tab in 'gtroff') and a
subcommand letter or word; each argument (if any) must be preceded by a
syntactical space. All 'x' commands are terminated by a syntactical
line break; no device control command can be followed by another command
on the same line (except a comment).
The subcommand is basically a single letter, but to increase
readability, it can be written as a word, i.e., an arbitrary sequence of
characters terminated by the next tab, space, or newline character. All
characters of the subcommand word but the first are simply ignored. For
example, 'gtroff' outputs the initialization command 'x i' as 'x init'
and the resolution command 'x r' as 'x res'.
In the following, the syntax element <line break> means a syntactical
line break (*note Separation::).
'xF NAME<line break>'
The 'F' stands for FILENAME.
Use NAME as the intended name for the current file in error
reports. This is useful for remembering the original file name
when 'gtroff' uses an internal piping mechanism. The input file is
not changed by this command. This command is a 'gtroff' extension.
'xf N S<line break>'
The 'f' stands for FONT.
Mount font position N (a non-negative integer) with font named S (a
text word). *Note Font Positions::.
'xH N<line break>'
The 'H' stands for HEIGHT.
Set glyph height to N (a positive integer in scaled points 'z').
AT&T 'troff' uses the unit points ('p') instead. *Note Output
Language Compatibility::.
'xi<line break>'
The 'i' stands for INIT.
Initialize device. This is the third command of the prologue.
'xp<line break>'
The 'p' stands for PAUSE.
Parsed but ignored. The original Unix troff manual writes
pause device, can be restarted
'xr N H V<line break>'
The 'r' stands for RESOLUTION.
Resolution is N, while H is the minimal horizontal motion, and V
the minimal vertical motion possible with this device; all
arguments are positive integers in basic units 'u' per inch. This
is the second command of the prologue.
'xS N<line break>'
The 'S' stands for SLANT.
Set slant to N (an integer in basic units 'u').
'xs<line break>'
The 's' stands for STOP.
Terminates the processing of the current file; issued as the last
command of any intermediate troff output.
'xt<line break>'
The 't' stands for TRAILER.
Generate trailer information, if any. In GTROFF, this is actually
just ignored.
'xT XXX<line break>'
The 'T' stands for TYPESETTER.
Set name of device to word XXX, a sequence of characters ended by
the next white space character. The possible device names coincide
with those from the 'groff' '-T' option. This is the first command
of the prologue.
'xu N<line break>'
The 'u' stands for UNDERLINE.
Configure underlining of spaces. If N is 1, start underlining of
spaces; if N is 0, stop underlining of spaces. This is needed for
the 'cu' request in nroff mode and is ignored otherwise. This
command is a 'gtroff' extension.
'xX ANYTHING<line break>'
The 'x' stands for X-ESCAPE.
Send string ANYTHING uninterpreted to the device. If the line
following this command starts with a '+' character this line is
interpreted as a continuation line in the following sense. The '+'
is ignored, but a newline character is sent instead to the device,
the rest of the line is sent uninterpreted. The same applies to
all following lines until the first character of a line is not a
'+' character. This command is generated by the 'gtroff' escape
sequence '\X'. The line-continuing feature is a 'gtroff'
extension.
File: groff.info, Node: Obsolete Command, Prev: Device Control Commands, Up: Command Reference
8.1.2.5 Obsolete Command
........................
In AT&T 'troff' output, the writing of a single glyph is mostly done by
a very strange command that combines a horizontal move and a single
character giving the glyph name. It doesn't have a command code, but is
represented by a 3-character argument consisting of exactly 2 digits and
a character.
DDG
Move right DD (exactly two decimal digits) basic units 'u', then
print glyph G (represented as a single character).
In 'gtroff', arbitrary syntactical space around and within this
command is allowed to be added. Only when a preceding command on
the same line ends with an argument of variable length a separating
space is obligatory. In AT&T 'troff', large clusters of these and
other commands are used, mostly without spaces; this made such
output almost unreadable.
For modern high-resolution devices, this command does not make sense
because the width of the glyphs can become much larger than two decimal
digits. In 'gtroff', this is only used for the devices 'X75', 'X75-12',
'X100', and 'X100-12'. For other devices, the commands 't' and 'u'
provide a better functionality.
File: groff.info, Node: Intermediate Output Examples, Next: Output Language Compatibility, Prev: Command Reference, Up: gtroff Output
8.1.3 Intermediate Output Examples
----------------------------------
This section presents the intermediate output generated from the same
input for three different devices. The input is the sentence 'hell
world' fed into 'gtroff' on the command line.
High-resolution device 'ps'
This is the standard output of 'gtroff' if no '-T' option is given.
shell> echo "hell world" | groff -Z -T ps
x T ps
x res 72000 1 1
x init
p1
x font 5 TR
f5
s10000
V12000
H72000
thell
wh2500
tw
H96620
torld
n12000 0
x trailer
V792000
x stop
This output can be fed into 'grops' to get its representation as a
POSTSCRIPT file.
Low-resolution device 'latin1'
This is similar to the high-resolution device except that the
positioning is done at a minor scale. Some comments (lines
starting with '#') were added for clarification; they were not
generated by the formatter.
shell> echo "hell world" | groff -Z -T latin1
# prologue
x T latin1
x res 240 24 40
x init
# begin a new page
p1
# font setup
x font 1 R
f1
s10
# initial positioning on the page
V40
H0
# write text `hell'
thell
# inform about space, and issue a horizontal jump
wh24
# write text `world'
tworld
# announce line break, but do nothing because ...
n40 0
# ... the end of the document has been reached
x trailer
V2640
x stop
This output can be fed into 'grotty' to get a formatted text
document.
AT&T 'troff' output
Since a computer monitor has a very low resolution compared to
modern printers the intermediate output for the X Window devices
can use the jump-and-write command with its 2-digit displacements.
shell> echo "hell world" | groff -Z -T X100
x T X100
x res 100 1 1
x init
p1
x font 5 TR
f5
s10
V16
H100
# write text with jump-and-write commands
ch07e07l03lw06w11o07r05l03dh7
n16 0
x trailer
V1100
x stop
This output can be fed into 'xditview' or 'gxditview' for
displaying in X.
Due to the obsolete jump-and-write command, the text clusters in
the AT&T 'troff' output are almost unreadable.
File: groff.info, Node: Output Language Compatibility, Prev: Intermediate Output Examples, Up: gtroff Output
8.1.4 Output Language Compatibility
-----------------------------------
The intermediate output language of AT&T 'troff' was first documented in
the Unix troff manual, with later additions documented in 'A
Typesetter-independent TROFF', written by Brian Kernighan.
The 'gtroff' intermediate output format is compatible with this
specification except for the following features.
* The classical quasi device independence is not yet implemented.
* The old hardware was very different from what we use today. So the
'groff' devices are also fundamentally different from the ones in
AT&T 'troff'. For example, the AT&T POSTSCRIPT device is called
'post' and has a resolution of only 720 units per inch, suitable
for printers 20 years ago, while 'groff''s 'ps' device has a
resolution of 72000 units per inch. Maybe, by implementing some
rescaling mechanism similar to the classical quasi device
independence, 'groff' could emulate AT&T's 'post' device.
* The B-spline command 'D~' is correctly handled by the intermediate
output parser, but the drawing routines aren't implemented in some
of the postprocessor programs.
* The argument of the commands 's' and 'x H' has the implicit unit
scaled point 'z' in 'gtroff', while AT&T 'troff' has point ('p').
This isn't an incompatibility but a compatible extension, for both
units coincide for all devices without a 'sizescale' parameter in
the 'DESC' file, including all postprocessors from AT&T and
'groff''s text devices. The few 'groff' devices with a 'sizescale'
parameter either do not exist for AT&T 'troff', have a different
name, or seem to have a different resolution. So conflicts are
very unlikely.
* The position changing after the commands 'Dp', 'DP', and 'Dt' is
illogical, but as old versions of 'gtroff' used this feature it is
kept for compatibility reasons.
File: groff.info, Node: Font Files, Prev: gtroff Output, Up: File formats
8.2 Font Files
==============
The 'gtroff' font format is roughly a superset of the 'ditroff' font
format (as used in later versions of AT&T 'troff' and its descendants).
Unlike the 'ditroff' font format, there is no associated binary format;
all files are text files.(1) (*note Font Files-Footnote-1::) The font
files for device NAME are stored in a directory 'devNAME'. There are
two types of file: a device description file called 'DESC' and for each
font F a font file called 'F'.
* Menu:
* DESC File Format::
* Font File Format::
File: groff.info, Node: DESC File Format, Next: Font File Format, Prev: Font Files, Up: Font Files
8.2.1 'DESC' File Format
------------------------
The 'DESC' file can contain the following types of line. Except for the
'charset' keyword, which must come last (if at all), the order of the
lines is not important. Later entries in the file, however, override
previous values.
'charset'
This line and everything following in the file are ignored. It is
allowed for the sake of backwards compatibility.
'family FAM'
The default font family is FAM.
'fonts N F1 F2 F3 ... FN'
Fonts F1 ... FN are mounted in the font positions M+1, ..., M+N
where M is the number of styles. This command may extend over more
than one line. A font name of 0 means no font is mounted on the
corresponding font position.
'hor N'
The horizontal resolution is N machine units. All horizontal
quantities are rounded to be multiples of this value.
'image_generator STRING'
Needed for 'grohtml' only. It specifies the program to generate
PNG images from POSTSCRIPT input. Under GNU/Linux this is usually
'gs' but under other systems (notably cygwin) it might be set to
another name.
'paperlength N'
The physical vertical dimension of the output medium in machine
units. This isn't used by 'troff' itself but by output devices.
Deprecated. Use 'papersize' instead.
'papersize STRING ...'
Select a paper size. Valid values for STRING are the ISO paper
types 'A0'-'A7', 'B0'-'B7', 'C0'-'C7', 'D0'-'D7', 'DL', and the US
paper types 'letter', 'legal', 'tabloid', 'ledger', 'statement',
'executive', 'com10', and 'monarch'. Case is not significant for
STRING if it holds predefined paper types. Alternatively, STRING
can be a file name (e.g. '/etc/papersize'); if the file can be
opened, 'groff' reads the first line and tests for the above paper
sizes. Finally, STRING can be a custom paper size in the format
'LENGTH,WIDTH' (no spaces before and after the comma). Both LENGTH
and WIDTH must have a unit appended; valid values are 'i' for
inches, 'c' for centimeters, 'p' for points, and 'P' for picas.
Example: '12c,235p'. An argument that starts with a digit is
always treated as a custom paper format. 'papersize' sets both the
vertical and horizontal dimension of the output medium.
More than one argument can be specified; 'groff' scans from left to
right and uses the first valid paper specification.
'paperwidth N'
The physical horizontal dimension of the output medium in machine
units. This isn't used by 'troff' itself but by output devices.
Deprecated. Use 'papersize' instead.
'pass_filenames'
Tell 'gtroff' to emit the name of the source file currently being
processed. This is achieved by the intermediate output command
'F'. Currently, this is only used by the 'grohtml' output device.
'postpro PROGRAM'
Call PROGRAM as a postprocessor. For example, the line
postpro grodvi
in the file 'devdvi/DESC' makes 'groff' call 'grodvi' if option
'-Tdvi' is given (and '-Z' isn't used).
'prepro PROGRAM'
Call PROGRAM as a preprocessor. Currently, this keyword is used by
'groff' with option '-Thtml' or '-Txhtml' only.
'print PROGRAM'
Use PROGRAM as a spooler program for printing. If omitted, the
'-l' and '-L' options of 'groff' are ignored.
'res N'
There are N machine units per inch.
'sizes S1 S2 ... SN 0'
This means that the device has fonts at S1, S2, ... SN scaled
points. The list of sizes must be terminated by 0 (this is digit
zero). Each SI can also be a range of sizes M-N. The list can
extend over more than one line.
'sizescale N'
The scale factor for point sizes. By default this has a value
of 1. One scaled point is equal to one point/N. The arguments to
the 'unitwidth' and 'sizes' commands are given in scaled points.
*Note Fractional Type Sizes::, for more information.
'styles S1 S2 ... SM'
The first M font positions are associated with styles S1 ... SM.
'tcommand'
This means that the postprocessor can handle the 't' and 'u'
intermediate output commands.
'unicode'
Indicate that the output device supports the complete Unicode
repertoire. Useful only for devices that produce _character
entities_ instead of glyphs.
If 'unicode' is present, no 'charset' section is required in the
font description files since the Unicode handling built into
'groff' is used. However, if there are entries in a 'charset'
section, they either override the default mappings for those
particular characters or add new mappings (normally for composite
characters).
This is used for '-Tutf8', '-Thtml', and '-Txhtml'.
'unitwidth N'
Quantities in the font files are given in machine units for fonts
whose point size is N scaled points.
'unscaled_charwidths'
Make the font handling module always return unscaled character
widths. Needed for the 'grohtml' device.
'use_charnames_in_special'
This command indicates that 'gtroff' should encode special
characters inside special commands. Currently, this is only used
by the 'grohtml' output device. *Note Postprocessor Access::.
'vert N'
The vertical resolution is N machine units. All vertical
quantities are rounded to be multiples of this value.
The 'res', 'unitwidth', 'fonts', and 'sizes' lines are mandatory.
Other commands are ignored by 'gtroff' but may be used by postprocessors
to store arbitrary information about the device in the 'DESC' file.
Here a list of obsolete keywords that are recognized by 'groff' but
completely ignored: 'spare1', 'spare2', 'biggestfont'.
File: groff.info, Node: Font File Format, Prev: DESC File Format, Up: Font Files
8.2.2 Font File Format
----------------------
A "font file", also (and probably better) called a "font description
file", has two sections. The first section is a sequence of lines each
containing a sequence of blank delimited words; the first word in the
line is a key, and subsequent words give a value for that key.
'name F'
The name of the font is F.
'spacewidth N'
The normal width of a space is N.
'slant N'
The glyphs of the font have a slant of N degrees. (Positive means
forward.)
'ligatures LIG1 LIG2 ... LIGN [0]'
Glyphs LIG1, LIG2, ..., LIGN are ligatures; possible ligatures are
'ff', 'fi', 'fl', 'ffi' and 'ffl'. For backwards compatibility,
the list of ligatures may be terminated with a 0. The list of
ligatures may not extend over more than one line.
'special'
The font is "special"; this means that when a glyph is requested
that is not present in the current font, it is searched for in any
special fonts that are mounted.
Other commands are ignored by 'gtroff' but may be used by
postprocessors to store arbitrary information about the font in the font
file.
The first section can contain comments, which start with the '#'
character and extend to the end of a line.
The second section contains one or two subsections. It must contain
a 'charset' subsection and it may also contain a 'kernpairs' subsection.
These subsections can appear in any order. Each subsection starts with
a word on a line by itself.
The word 'charset' starts the character set subsection.(1) (*note
Font File Format-Footnote-1::) The 'charset' line is followed by a
sequence of lines. Each line gives information for one glyph. A line
comprises a number of fields separated by blanks or tabs. The format is
NAME METRICS TYPE CODE [ENTITY-NAME] ['--' COMMENT]
NAME identifies the glyph name(2) (*note Font File Format-Footnote-2::):
If NAME is a single character C then it corresponds to the 'gtroff'
input character C; if it is of the form '\C' where C is a single
character, then it corresponds to the special character '\[C]';
otherwise it corresponds to the special character '\[NAME]'. If it is
exactly two characters XX it can be entered as '\(XX'. Note that
single-letter special characters can't be accessed as '\C'; the only
exception is '\-', which is identical to '\[-]'.
'gtroff' supports 8-bit input characters; however some utilities have
difficulties with eight-bit characters. For this reason, there is a
convention that the entity name 'charN' is equivalent to the single
input character whose code is N. For example, 'char163' would be
equivalent to the character with code 163, which is the pounds sterling
sign in the ISO Latin-1 character set. You shouldn't use 'charN'
entities in font description files since they are related to input, not
output. Otherwise, you get hard-coded connections between input and
output encoding, which prevents use of different (input) character sets.
The name '---' is special and indicates that the glyph is unnamed;
such glyphs can only be used by means of the '\N' escape sequence in
'gtroff'.
The TYPE field gives the glyph type:
'1'
the glyph has a descender, for example, 'p';
'2'
the glyph has an ascender, for example, 'b';
'3'
the glyph has both an ascender and a descender, for example, '('.
The CODE field gives the code that the postprocessor uses to print
the glyph. The glyph can also be input to 'gtroff' using this code by
means of the '\N' escape sequence. CODE can be any integer. If it
starts with '0' it is interpreted as octal; if it starts with '0x' or
'0X' it is interpreted as hexadecimal. Note, however, that the '\N'
escape sequence only accepts a decimal integer.
The ENTITY-NAME field gives an ASCII string identifying the glyph
that the postprocessor uses to print the 'gtroff' glyph NAME. This
field is optional and has been introduced so that the 'grohtml' device
driver can encode its character set. For example, the glyph '\[Po]' is
represented as '£' in HTML 4.0.
Anything on the line after the ENTITY-NAME field resp. after '--' is
ignored.
The METRICS field has the form:
WIDTH[','HEIGHT[','DEPTH[','ITALIC-CORRECTION
[','LEFT-ITALIC-CORRECTION[','SUBSCRIPT-CORRECTION]]]]]
There must not be any spaces between these subfields (it has been split
here into two lines for better legibility only). Missing subfields are
assumed to be 0. The subfields are all decimal integers. Since there
is no associated binary format, these values are not required to fit
into a variable of type 'char' as they are in 'ditroff'. The WIDTH
subfield gives the width of the glyph. The HEIGHT subfield gives the
height of the glyph (upwards is positive); if a glyph does not extend
above the baseline, it should be given a zero height, rather than a
negative height. The DEPTH subfield gives the depth of the glyph, that
is, the distance from the baseline to the lowest point below the
baseline to which the glyph extends (downwards is positive); if a glyph
does not extend below the baseline, it should be given a zero depth,
rather than a negative depth. The ITALIC-CORRECTION subfield gives the
amount of space that should be added after the glyph when it is
immediately to be followed by a glyph from a roman font. The
LEFT-ITALIC-CORRECTION subfield gives the amount of space that should be
added before the glyph when it is immediately to be preceded by a glyph
from a roman font. The SUBSCRIPT-CORRECTION gives the amount of space
that should be added after a glyph before adding a subscript. This
should be less than the italic correction.
A line in the 'charset' section can also have the format
NAME "
This indicates that NAME is just another name for the glyph mentioned in
the preceding line.
The word 'kernpairs' starts the kernpairs section. This contains a
sequence of lines of the form:
C1 C2 N
This means that when glyph C1 appears next to glyph C2 the space between
them should be increased by N. Most entries in the kernpairs section
have a negative value for N.
File: groff.info, Node: Installation, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: File formats, Up: Top
9 Installation
**************
File: groff.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Request Index, Prev: Installation, Up: Top
Appendix A Copying This Manual
******************************
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
"Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept
the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if
used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
"Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using public-standard
network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
History section of the Document). You may use the same title
as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
"History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
that was published at least four years before the Document
itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
"Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
<http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.
File: groff.info, Node: Request Index, Next: Escape Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
Appendix B Request Index
************************
Requests appear without the leading control character (normally either
'.' or ''').
* Menu:
* ab: Debugging. (line 40)
* ad: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 50)
* af: Assigning Formats. (line 12)
* aln: Setting Registers. (line 112)
* als: Strings. (line 226)
* am: Writing Macros. (line 113)
* am1: Writing Macros. (line 114)
* ami: Writing Macros. (line 115)
* ami1: Writing Macros. (line 116)
* as: Strings. (line 174)
* as1: Strings. (line 175)
* asciify: Diversions. (line 194)
* backtrace: Debugging. (line 96)
* bd: Artificial Fonts. (line 95)
* blm: Blank Line Traps. (line 7)
* box: Diversions. (line 34)
* boxa: Diversions. (line 35)
* bp: Page Control. (line 7)
* br: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 12)
* break: while. (line 68)
* brp: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 130)
* c2: Character Translations.
(line 16)
* cc: Character Translations.
(line 10)
* ce: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 207)
* cf: I/O. (line 50)
* cflags: Using Symbols. (line 233)
* ch: Page Location Traps. (line 111)
* char: Using Symbols. (line 319)
* chop: Strings. (line 264)
* class: Character Classes. (line 12)
* close: I/O. (line 230)
* color: Colors. (line 7)
* composite: Using Symbols. (line 188)
* continue: while. (line 72)
* cp: Implementation Differences.
(line 22)
* cs: Artificial Fonts. (line 125)
* cu: Artificial Fonts. (line 86)
* da: Diversions. (line 22)
* de: Writing Macros. (line 15)
* de1: Writing Macros. (line 16)
* defcolor: Colors. (line 21)
* dei: Writing Macros. (line 17)
* dei1: Writing Macros. (line 18)
* device: Postprocessor Access.
(line 11)
* devicem: Postprocessor Access.
(line 29)
* di: Diversions. (line 21)
* do: Implementation Differences.
(line 23)
* ds: Strings. (line 15)
* ds1: Strings. (line 16)
* dt: Diversion Traps. (line 7)
* ec: Character Translations.
(line 47)
* ecr: Character Translations.
(line 59)
* ecs: Character Translations.
(line 58)
* el: if-else. (line 27)
* em: End-of-input Traps. (line 7)
* eo: Character Translations.
(line 24)
* ev: Environments. (line 37)
* evc: Environments. (line 69)
* ex: Debugging. (line 45)
* fam: Font Families. (line 20)
* fc: Fields. (line 18)
* fchar: Using Symbols. (line 320)
* fcolor: Colors. (line 78)
* fi: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 28)
* fl: Debugging. (line 87)
* fp: Font Positions. (line 11)
* fschar: Using Symbols. (line 321)
* fspecial: Special Fonts. (line 18)
* ft: Changing Fonts. (line 7)
* ft <1>: Font Positions. (line 56)
* ftr: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* fzoom: Changing Fonts. (line 69)
* gcolor: Colors. (line 48)
* hc: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 163)
* hcode: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 232)
* hla: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 308)
* hlm: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 102)
* hpf: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 172)
* hpfa: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 173)
* hpfcode: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 174)
* hw: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 118)
* hy: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 9)
* hym: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 265)
* hys: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 280)
* ie: if-else. (line 26)
* if: if-else. (line 10)
* ig: Comments. (line 63)
* in: Line Layout. (line 86)
* it: Input Line Traps. (line 7)
* itc: Input Line Traps. (line 8)
* kern: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 41)
* lc: Leaders. (line 23)
* length: Strings. (line 208)
* lf: Debugging. (line 10)
* lg: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 23)
* linetabs: Tabs and Fields. (line 137)
* ll: Line Layout. (line 140)
* ls: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 63)
* lsm: Leading Spaces Traps.
(line 7)
* lt: Page Layout. (line 64)
* mc: Miscellaneous. (line 73)
* mk: Page Motions. (line 10)
* mso: I/O. (line 40)
* na: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 122)
* ne: Page Control. (line 33)
* nf: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 39)
* nh: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 94)
* nm: Miscellaneous. (line 10)
* nn: Miscellaneous. (line 69)
* nop: if-else. (line 23)
* nr: Setting Registers. (line 13)
* nr <1>: Setting Registers. (line 68)
* nr <2>: Auto-increment. (line 11)
* nroff: Troff and Nroff Mode.
(line 32)
* ns: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 121)
* nx: I/O. (line 83)
* open: I/O. (line 198)
* opena: I/O. (line 199)
* os: Page Control. (line 53)
* output: Diversions. (line 179)
* pc: Page Layout. (line 93)
* pev: Debugging. (line 62)
* pi: I/O. (line 142)
* pl: Page Layout. (line 10)
* pm: Debugging. (line 66)
* pn: Page Layout. (line 81)
* pnr: Debugging. (line 77)
* po: Line Layout. (line 58)
* ps: Changing Type Sizes. (line 7)
* psbb: Miscellaneous. (line 133)
* pso: I/O. (line 29)
* ptr: Debugging. (line 81)
* pvs: Changing Type Sizes. (line 132)
* rchar: Using Symbols. (line 377)
* rd: I/O. (line 88)
* return: Writing Macros. (line 147)
* rfschar: Using Symbols. (line 378)
* rj: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 253)
* rm: Strings. (line 221)
* rn: Strings. (line 218)
* rnn: Setting Registers. (line 108)
* rr: Setting Registers. (line 104)
* rs: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 122)
* rt: Page Motions. (line 11)
* schar: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* shc: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 296)
* shift: Parameters. (line 30)
* sizes: Changing Type Sizes. (line 68)
* so: I/O. (line 9)
* sp: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 7)
* special: Special Fonts. (line 17)
* spreadwarn: Debugging. (line 131)
* ss: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 154)
* sty: Font Families. (line 59)
* substring: Strings. (line 191)
* sv: Page Control. (line 52)
* sy: I/O. (line 163)
* ta: Tabs and Fields. (line 14)
* tc: Tabs and Fields. (line 129)
* ti: Line Layout. (line 112)
* tkf: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 60)
* tl: Page Layout. (line 35)
* tm: Debugging. (line 25)
* tm1: Debugging. (line 26)
* tmc: Debugging. (line 27)
* tr: Character Translations.
(line 148)
* trf: I/O. (line 49)
* trin: Character Translations.
(line 149)
* trnt: Character Translations.
(line 236)
* troff: Troff and Nroff Mode.
(line 24)
* uf: Artificial Fonts. (line 90)
* ul: Artificial Fonts. (line 64)
* unformat: Diversions. (line 217)
* vpt: Page Location Traps. (line 17)
* vs: Changing Type Sizes. (line 83)
* warn: Debugging. (line 153)
* warnscale: Debugging. (line 127)
* wh: Page Location Traps. (line 29)
* while: while. (line 10)
* write: I/O. (line 210)
* writec: I/O. (line 211)
* writem: I/O. (line 221)
File: groff.info, Node: Escape Index, Next: Operator Index, Prev: Request Index, Up: Top
Appendix C Escape Index
***********************
Any escape sequence '\X' with X not in the list below emits a warning,
printing glyph X.
* Menu:
* \: Using Symbols. (line 130)
* \!: Diversions. (line 134)
* \": Comments. (line 10)
* \#: Comments. (line 48)
* \$: Parameters. (line 19)
* \$*: Parameters. (line 38)
* \$0: Parameters. (line 69)
* \$@: Parameters. (line 39)
* \$^: Parameters. (line 48)
* \%: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 143)
* \&: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 100)
* \': Using Symbols. (line 218)
* \): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 127)
* \*: Strings. (line 17)
* \,: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 91)
* \-: Using Symbols. (line 227)
* \.: Character Translations.
(line 122)
* \/: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 80)
* \0: Page Motions. (line 141)
* \<colon>: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 144)
* \?: Diversions. (line 135)
* \A: Identifiers. (line 53)
* \a: Leaders. (line 18)
* \B: Expressions. (line 82)
* \b: Drawing Requests. (line 231)
* \c: Line Control. (line 41)
* \C: Using Symbols. (line 182)
* \d: Page Motions. (line 103)
* \D: Drawing Requests. (line 67)
* \e: Character Translations.
(line 69)
* \E: Character Translations.
(line 70)
* \f: Changing Fonts. (line 8)
* \F: Font Families. (line 22)
* \f <1>: Font Positions. (line 57)
* \g: Assigning Formats. (line 72)
* \H: Artificial Fonts. (line 13)
* \h: Page Motions. (line 106)
* \k: Page Motions. (line 204)
* \l: Drawing Requests. (line 16)
* \L: Drawing Requests. (line 49)
* \m: Colors. (line 49)
* \M: Colors. (line 79)
* \n: Interpolating Registers.
(line 9)
* \n <1>: Auto-increment. (line 19)
* \N: Using Symbols. (line 198)
* \o: Page Motions. (line 219)
* \O: Suppressing output. (line 7)
* \p: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 131)
* \R: Setting Registers. (line 14)
* \R <1>: Setting Registers. (line 70)
* \r: Page Motions. (line 97)
* \<RET>: Line Control. (line 40)
* \S: Artificial Fonts. (line 44)
* \s: Changing Type Sizes. (line 10)
* \<SP>: Page Motions. (line 117)
* \t: Tabs and Fields. (line 10)
* \u: Page Motions. (line 100)
* \v: Page Motions. (line 81)
* \V: I/O. (line 246)
* \w: Page Motions. (line 148)
* \x: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 82)
* \X: Postprocessor Access.
(line 12)
* \Y: Postprocessor Access.
(line 30)
* \z: Page Motions. (line 223)
* \Z: Page Motions. (line 227)
* \\: Character Translations.
(line 68)
* \^: Page Motions. (line 133)
* \_: Using Symbols. (line 230)
* \`: Using Symbols. (line 223)
* \{: if-else. (line 35)
* \|: Page Motions. (line 125)
* \}: if-else. (line 35)
* \~: Page Motions. (line 121)
File: groff.info, Node: Operator Index, Next: Register Index, Prev: Escape Index, Up: Top
Appendix D Operator Index
*************************
* Menu:
* !: Expressions. (line 21)
* %: Expressions. (line 8)
* &: Expressions. (line 19)
* (: Expressions. (line 58)
* ): Expressions. (line 58)
* *: Expressions. (line 8)
* +: Expressions. (line 8)
* + <1>: Expressions. (line 21)
* -: Expressions. (line 8)
* - <1>: Expressions. (line 21)
* /: Expressions. (line 8)
* <: Expressions. (line 15)
* <=: Expressions. (line 15)
* <?: Expressions. (line 44)
* <colon>: Expressions. (line 19)
* =: Expressions. (line 15)
* ==: Expressions. (line 15)
* >: Expressions. (line 15)
* >=: Expressions. (line 15)
* >?: Expressions. (line 44)
File: groff.info, Node: Register Index, Next: Macro Index, Prev: Operator Index, Up: Top
Appendix E Register Index
*************************
The macro package or program a specific register belongs to is appended
in brackets.
A register name 'x' consisting of exactly one character can be
accessed as '\nx'. A register name 'xx' consisting of exactly two
characters can be accessed as '\n(xx'. Register names 'xxx' of any
length can be accessed as '\n[xxx]'.
* Menu:
* $$: Built-in Registers. (line 99)
* %: Page Layout. (line 93)
* % <1>: Page Control. (line 10)
* .$: Parameters. (line 10)
* .A: Built-in Registers. (line 106)
* .a: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 83)
* .b: Artificial Fonts. (line 97)
* .br: Requests. (line 56)
* .c: Built-in Registers. (line 76)
* .C: Implementation Differences.
(line 24)
* .cdp: Environments. (line 93)
* .ce: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 208)
* .cht: Environments. (line 92)
* .color: Colors. (line 8)
* .csk: Environments. (line 94)
* .d: Diversions. (line 69)
* .ev: Environments. (line 38)
* .F: Built-in Registers. (line 12)
* .f: Font Positions. (line 12)
* .fam: Font Families. (line 21)
* .fn: Font Families. (line 25)
* .fp: Font Positions. (line 13)
* .g: Built-in Registers. (line 102)
* .H: Built-in Registers. (line 15)
* .h: Diversions. (line 76)
* .height: Artificial Fonts. (line 16)
* .hla: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 309)
* .hlc: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 104)
* .hlm: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 103)
* .hy: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 10)
* .hym: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 266)
* .hys: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 281)
* .i: Line Layout. (line 89)
* .in: Line Layout. (line 115)
* .int: Line Control. (line 42)
* .j: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 51)
* .k: Page Motions. (line 215)
* .kern: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 42)
* .L: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 64)
* .l: Line Layout. (line 143)
* .lg: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 24)
* .linetabs: Tabs and Fields. (line 138)
* .ll: Line Layout. (line 144)
* .lt: Page Layout. (line 67)
* .m: Colors. (line 52)
* .M: Colors. (line 82)
* .n: Environments. (line 109)
* .ne: Page Location Traps. (line 122)
* .ns: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 123)
* .O: Built-in Registers. (line 111)
* .o: Line Layout. (line 61)
* .P: Built-in Registers. (line 115)
* .p: Page Layout. (line 13)
* .pe: Page Location Traps. (line 143)
* .pn: Page Layout. (line 84)
* .ps: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 35)
* .psr: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 42)
* .pvs: Changing Type Sizes. (line 135)
* .R: Built-in Registers. (line 19)
* .rj: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 254)
* .s: Changing Type Sizes. (line 11)
* .slant: Artificial Fonts. (line 45)
* .sr: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 43)
* .ss: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 155)
* .sss: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 156)
* .sty: Changing Fonts. (line 11)
* .T: Built-in Registers. (line 121)
* .t: Page Location Traps. (line 102)
* .tabs: Tabs and Fields. (line 15)
* .trunc: Page Location Traps. (line 131)
* .U: Built-in Registers. (line 23)
* .u: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 29)
* .V: Built-in Registers. (line 28)
* .v: Changing Type Sizes. (line 86)
* .vpt: Page Location Traps. (line 18)
* .w: Environments. (line 91)
* .warn: Debugging. (line 154)
* .x: Built-in Registers. (line 88)
* .y: Built-in Registers. (line 92)
* .Y: Built-in Registers. (line 96)
* .z: Diversions. (line 68)
* .zoom: Changing Fonts. (line 70)
* c.: Built-in Registers. (line 77)
* ct: Page Motions. (line 153)
* DD [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 238)
* dl: Diversions. (line 93)
* dn: Diversions. (line 92)
* dw: Built-in Registers. (line 45)
* dy: Built-in Registers. (line 48)
* FAM [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 110)
* FF [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 184)
* FI [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 177)
* FL [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 170)
* FM [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 47)
* FPD [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 220)
* FPS [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 204)
* FVS [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 212)
* GROWPS [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 88)
* GS [ms]: Differences from AT&T ms.
(line 45)
* HM [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 40)
* HORPHANS [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 154)
* hours: Built-in Registers. (line 41)
* hp: Page Motions. (line 212)
* HY [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 101)
* LL [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 25)
* llx: Miscellaneous. (line 134)
* lly: Miscellaneous. (line 135)
* ln: Built-in Registers. (line 82)
* lsn: Leading Spaces Traps.
(line 8)
* lss: Leading Spaces Traps.
(line 9)
* LT [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 32)
* MINGW [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 230)
* MINGW [ms] <1>: Additional ms Macros.
(line 28)
* minutes: Built-in Registers. (line 37)
* mo: Built-in Registers. (line 51)
* nl: Page Control. (line 66)
* opmaxx: Suppressing output. (line 19)
* opmaxy: Suppressing output. (line 19)
* opminx: Suppressing output. (line 19)
* opminy: Suppressing output. (line 19)
* PD [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 127)
* PI [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 120)
* PO [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 16)
* PORPHANS [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 142)
* PS [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 57)
* ps4html [grohtml]: grohtml specific registers and strings.
(line 7)
* PSINCR [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 77)
* QI [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 134)
* rsb: Page Motions. (line 152)
* rst: Page Motions. (line 151)
* sb: Page Motions. (line 150)
* seconds: Built-in Registers. (line 32)
* skw: Page Motions. (line 155)
* slimit: Debugging. (line 119)
* ssc: Page Motions. (line 154)
* st: Page Motions. (line 149)
* systat: I/O. (line 164)
* urx: Miscellaneous. (line 136)
* ury: Miscellaneous. (line 137)
* VS [ms]: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 67)
* year: Built-in Registers. (line 54)
* yr: Built-in Registers. (line 57)
File: groff.info, Node: Macro Index, Next: String Index, Prev: Register Index, Up: Top
Appendix F Macro Index
**********************
The macro package a specific macro belongs to is appended in brackets.
They appear without the leading control character (normally '.').
* Menu:
* 1C [ms]: ms Multiple Columns. (line 13)
* 2C [ms]: ms Multiple Columns. (line 16)
* [ [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 32)
* ] [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 33)
* AB [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 58)
* AE [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 63)
* AI [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 54)
* AM [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 51)
* AM [ms] <1>: Additional ms Macros.
(line 10)
* AT [man]: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 26)
* AU [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 38)
* B [man]: Man font macros. (line 48)
* B [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 10)
* B1 [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 94)
* B2 [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 95)
* BD [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 31)
* BI [man]: Man font macros. (line 19)
* BI [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 38)
* BR [man]: Man font macros. (line 40)
* BT [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 21)
* BT [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 39)
* BX [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 42)
* CD [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 41)
* CT [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 36)
* CW [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 39)
* CW [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 34)
* CW [ms] <1>: Additional ms Macros.
(line 19)
* DA [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 23)
* De [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 45)
* DE [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 16)
* DE [ms] <1>: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 24)
* DE [ms] <2>: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 32)
* DE [ms] <3>: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 42)
* DE [ms] <4>: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 50)
* De [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 57)
* Ds [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 42)
* DS [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 14)
* DS [ms] <1>: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 22)
* DS [ms] <2>: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 30)
* DS [ms] <3>: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 40)
* DS [ms] <4>: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 48)
* Ds [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 56)
* DS [ms] <5>: Additional ms Macros.
(line 14)
* DT [man]: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 10)
* EE [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 52)
* EF [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 26)
* EH [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 24)
* EN [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 27)
* EQ [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 26)
* EX [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 48)
* FE [ms]: ms Footnotes. (line 15)
* FS [ms]: ms Footnotes. (line 14)
* G [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 55)
* GL [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 60)
* HB [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 65)
* HD [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 38)
* HP [man]: Man usage. (line 97)
* I [man]: Man font macros. (line 53)
* I [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 30)
* IB [man]: Man font macros. (line 28)
* ID [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 23)
* IP [man]: Man usage. (line 79)
* IP [ms]: Lists in ms. (line 9)
* IR [man]: Man font macros. (line 36)
* IX [ms]: Additional ms Macros.
(line 22)
* KE [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 73)
* KE [ms] <1>: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 78)
* KF [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 77)
* KS [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 72)
* LD [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 15)
* LG [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 51)
* LP [man]: Man usage. (line 69)
* LP [ms]: Paragraphs in ms. (line 12)
* MC [ms]: ms Multiple Columns. (line 19)
* MS [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 73)
* ND [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 28)
* NE [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 85)
* NH [ms]: Headings in ms. (line 13)
* NL [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 63)
* NT [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 78)
* OF [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 25)
* OH [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 23)
* P [man]: Man usage. (line 71)
* P1 [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 19)
* PD [man]: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 15)
* PE [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 20)
* PN [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 88)
* Pn [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 92)
* PP [man]: Man usage. (line 70)
* PP [ms]: Paragraphs in ms. (line 9)
* PS [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 19)
* PT [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 16)
* PT [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 37)
* PX [ms]: ms TOC. (line 62)
* QE [ms]: Paragraphs in ms. (line 23)
* QP [ms]: Paragraphs in ms. (line 15)
* QS [ms]: Paragraphs in ms. (line 22)
* R [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 98)
* R [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 26)
* RB [man]: Man font macros. (line 44)
* RD [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 49)
* RE [man]: Man usage. (line 114)
* RE [ms]: Indentation values in ms.
(line 12)
* RI [man]: Man font macros. (line 32)
* RN [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 101)
* RP [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 10)
* RS [man]: Man usage. (line 105)
* RS [ms]: Indentation values in ms.
(line 11)
* SB [man]: Man font macros. (line 15)
* SH [man]: Man usage. (line 33)
* SH [ms]: Headings in ms. (line 54)
* SM [man]: Man font macros. (line 11)
* SM [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 57)
* SS [man]: Man usage. (line 42)
* TA [ms]: Tabstops in ms. (line 10)
* TB [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 70)
* TC [ms]: ms TOC. (line 52)
* TE [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 12)
* TH [man]: Man usage. (line 11)
* TL [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 33)
* TP [man]: Man usage. (line 50)
* TS [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 11)
* UC [man]: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 43)
* UL [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 46)
* VE [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 108)
* VS [man]: Optional man extensions.
(line 104)
* XA [ms]: ms TOC. (line 13)
* XE [ms]: ms TOC. (line 14)
* XP [ms]: Paragraphs in ms. (line 30)
* XS [ms]: ms TOC. (line 12)
File: groff.info, Node: String Index, Next: Glyph Name Index, Prev: Macro Index, Up: Top
Appendix G String Index
***********************
The macro package or program a specific string belongs to is appended in
brackets.
A string name 'x' consisting of exactly one character can be accessed
as '\*x'. A string name 'xx' consisting of exactly two characters can
be accessed as '\*(xx'. String names 'xxx' of any length can be
accessed as '\*[xxx]'.
* Menu:
* ! [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 101)
* ' [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 65)
* * [ms]: ms Footnotes. (line 11)
* , [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 74)
* - [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 41)
* . [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 89)
* .T: Built-in Registers. (line 126)
* 3 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 107)
* 8 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 104)
* ? [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 98)
* \*[<colon>] [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 80)
* ^ [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 71)
* _ [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 86)
* ` [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 68)
* { [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 67)
* } [ms]: Highlighting in ms. (line 68)
* ~ [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 77)
* ABSTRACT [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 15)
* ae [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 125)
* Ae [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 128)
* CF [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 16)
* CH [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 11)
* D- [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 116)
* d- [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 119)
* HF [man]: Predefined man strings.
(line 12)
* LF [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 15)
* LH [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 10)
* lq [man]: Predefined man strings.
(line 21)
* MONTH1 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 23)
* MONTH10 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 32)
* MONTH11 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 33)
* MONTH12 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 34)
* MONTH2 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 24)
* MONTH3 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 25)
* MONTH4 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 26)
* MONTH5 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 27)
* MONTH6 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 28)
* MONTH7 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 29)
* MONTH8 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 30)
* MONTH9 [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 31)
* o [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 92)
* Q [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 44)
* q [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 122)
* R [man]: Predefined man strings.
(line 15)
* REFERENCES [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 11)
* RF [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 17)
* RH [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 12)
* rq [man]: Predefined man strings.
(line 22)
* S [man]: Predefined man strings.
(line 9)
* SN [ms]: Headings in ms. (line 22)
* SN-DOT [ms]: Headings in ms. (line 23)
* SN-NO-DOT [ms]: Headings in ms. (line 24)
* SN-STYLE [ms]: Headings in ms. (line 36)
* Th [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 110)
* th [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 113)
* Tm [man]: Predefined man strings.
(line 18)
* TOC [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 19)
* U [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 45)
* v [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 83)
* www-image-template [grohtml]: grohtml specific registers and strings.
(line 8)
File: groff.info, Node: Glyph Name Index, Next: Font File Keyword Index, Prev: String Index, Up: Top
Appendix H Glyph Name Index
***************************
A glyph name 'xx' consisting of exactly two characters can be accessed
as '\(xx'. Glyph names 'xxx' of any length can be accessed as '\[xxx]'.
File: groff.info, Node: Font File Keyword Index, Next: Program and File Index, Prev: Glyph Name Index, Up: Top
Appendix I Font File Keyword Index
**********************************
* Menu:
* #: Font File Format. (line 36)
* ---: Font File Format. (line 51)
* biggestfont: DESC File Format. (line 141)
* charset: DESC File Format. (line 12)
* charset <1>: Font File Format. (line 44)
* family: Changing Fonts. (line 11)
* family <1>: Font Positions. (line 59)
* family <2>: DESC File Format. (line 16)
* fonts: Using Symbols. (line 14)
* fonts <1>: Special Fonts. (line 18)
* fonts <2>: DESC File Format. (line 19)
* hor: DESC File Format. (line 25)
* image_generator: DESC File Format. (line 29)
* kernpairs: Font File Format. (line 134)
* ligatures: Font File Format. (line 22)
* name: Font File Format. (line 12)
* paperlength: DESC File Format. (line 35)
* papersize: DESC File Format. (line 40)
* paperwidth: DESC File Format. (line 59)
* pass_filenames: DESC File Format. (line 64)
* postpro: DESC File Format. (line 69)
* prepro: DESC File Format. (line 77)
* print: DESC File Format. (line 81)
* res: DESC File Format. (line 85)
* sizes: DESC File Format. (line 88)
* sizescale: DESC File Format. (line 94)
* slant: Font File Format. (line 18)
* spacewidth: Font File Format. (line 15)
* spare1: DESC File Format. (line 141)
* spare2: DESC File Format. (line 141)
* special: Artificial Fonts. (line 114)
* special <1>: Font File Format. (line 28)
* styles: Changing Fonts. (line 11)
* styles <1>: Font Families. (line 74)
* styles <2>: Font Positions. (line 59)
* styles <3>: DESC File Format. (line 100)
* tcommand: DESC File Format. (line 103)
* unicode: DESC File Format. (line 107)
* unitwidth: DESC File Format. (line 121)
* unscaled_charwidths: DESC File Format. (line 125)
* use_charnames_in_special: Postprocessor Access.
(line 21)
* use_charnames_in_special <1>: DESC File Format. (line 129)
* vert: DESC File Format. (line 134)
File: groff.info, Node: Program and File Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Font File Keyword Index, Up: Top
Appendix J Program and File Index
*********************************
* Menu:
* an.tmac: man. (line 6)
* changebar: Miscellaneous. (line 106)
* composite.tmac: Using Symbols. (line 188)
* cp1047.tmac: Input Encodings. (line 9)
* DESC: Changing Fonts. (line 11)
* DESC <1>: Font Families. (line 74)
* DESC <2>: Font Positions. (line 59)
* DESC <3>: Using Symbols. (line 14)
* DESC <4>: Using Symbols. (line 208)
* DESC <5>: Special Fonts. (line 18)
* DESC file format: DESC File Format. (line 6)
* DESC, and font mounting: Font Positions. (line 35)
* DESC, and use_charnames_in_special: Postprocessor Access.
(line 21)
* ditroff: History. (line 57)
* ec.tmac: Input Encodings. (line 44)
* eqn: ms Insertions. (line 7)
* freeeuro.pfa: Input Encodings. (line 44)
* gchem: Groff Options. (line 6)
* geqn: Groff Options. (line 6)
* geqn, invocation in manual pages: Preprocessors in man pages.
(line 11)
* ggrn: Groff Options. (line 6)
* gpic: Groff Options. (line 6)
* grap: Groff Options. (line 6)
* grefer: Groff Options. (line 6)
* grefer, invocation in manual pages: Preprocessors in man pages.
(line 11)
* groff: Groff Options. (line 6)
* grog: grog. (line 6)
* grohtml: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 6)
* gsoelim: Groff Options. (line 6)
* gtbl: Groff Options. (line 6)
* gtbl, invocation in manual pages: Preprocessors in man pages.
(line 11)
* gtroff: Groff Options. (line 6)
* hyphen.us: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 219)
* hyphenex.us: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 219)
* latin1.tmac: Input Encodings. (line 14)
* latin2.tmac: Input Encodings. (line 18)
* latin5.tmac: Input Encodings. (line 23)
* latin9.tmac: Input Encodings. (line 28)
* less: Invoking grotty. (line 50)
* makeindex: Indices. (line 10)
* man, invocation of preprocessors: Preprocessors in man pages.
(line 11)
* man-old.tmac: man. (line 6)
* man.local: Man usage. (line 6)
* man.local <1>: Optional man extensions.
(line 6)
* man.tmac: man. (line 6)
* man.ultrix: Optional man extensions.
(line 30)
* nrchbar: Miscellaneous. (line 106)
* papersize.tmac: Paper Size. (line 16)
* perl: I/O. (line 174)
* pic: ms Insertions. (line 7)
* post-grohtml: Groff Options. (line 272)
* pre-grohtml: Groff Options. (line 272)
* preconv: Groff Options. (line 6)
* refer: ms Insertions. (line 7)
* soelim: Debugging. (line 10)
* tbl: ms Insertions. (line 7)
* trace.tmac: Writing Macros. (line 104)
* trace.tmac <1>: Writing Macros. (line 136)
* troffrc: Groff Options. (line 205)
* troffrc <1>: Paper Size. (line 16)
* troffrc <2>: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 219)
* troffrc <3>: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 309)
* troffrc <4>: Troff and Nroff Mode.
(line 24)
* troffrc <5>: Line Layout. (line 61)
* troffrc-end: Groff Options. (line 205)
* troffrc-end <1>: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 219)
* troffrc-end <2>: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 309)
* troffrc-end <3>: Troff and Nroff Mode.
(line 24)
* tty.tmac: Troff and Nroff Mode.
(line 32)
File: groff.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Program and File Index, Up: Top
Appendix K Concept Index
************************
* Menu:
* ", at end of sentence: Sentences. (line 18)
* ", at end of sentence <1>: Using Symbols. (line 271)
* ", in a macro argument: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 25)
* %, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* &, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* ', as a comment: Comments. (line 42)
* ', at end of sentence: Sentences. (line 18)
* ', at end of sentence <1>: Using Symbols. (line 271)
* ', delimiting arguments: Escapes. (line 29)
* (, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* (, starting a two-character identifier: Identifiers. (line 71)
* (, starting a two-character identifier <1>: Escapes. (line 16)
* ), as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* ), at end of sentence: Sentences. (line 18)
* ), at end of sentence <1>: Using Symbols. (line 271)
* *, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* *, at end of sentence: Sentences. (line 18)
* *, at end of sentence <1>: Using Symbols. (line 271)
* +, and page motion: Expressions. (line 64)
* +, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* -, and page motion: Expressions. (line 64)
* -, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* ., as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* .h register, difference to nl: Diversions. (line 88)
* .ps register, in comparison with .psr: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 43)
* .s register, in comparison with .sr: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 43)
* .S register, Plan 9 alias for .tabs: Tabs and Fields. (line 125)
* .t register, and diversions: Diversion Traps. (line 7)
* .tabs register, Plan 9 alias (.S): Tabs and Fields. (line 125)
* .V register, and vs: Changing Type Sizes. (line 92)
* /, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* 8-bit input: Font File Format. (line 51)
* <, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* <colon>, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* =, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* >, as delimiter: Escapes. (line 67)
* [, macro names starting with, and refer: Identifiers. (line 46)
* [, starting an identifier: Identifiers. (line 73)
* [, starting an identifier <1>: Escapes. (line 20)
* \!, and copy-in mode: Diversions. (line 147)
* \!, and output request: Diversions. (line 178)
* \!, and trnt: Character Translations.
(line 236)
* \!, in top-level diversion: Diversions. (line 170)
* \!, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \!, incompatibilities with AT&T troff <1>: Implementation Differences.
(line 104)
* \!, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \!, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \$, when reading text for a macro: Copy-in Mode. (line 6)
* \%, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 165)
* \%, following \X or \Y: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 157)
* \%, in \X: Postprocessor Access.
(line 14)
* \%, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \%, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \%, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \&, and glyph definitions: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* \&, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 175)
* \&, at end of sentence: Sentences. (line 24)
* \&, escaping control characters: Requests. (line 47)
* \&, in \X: Postprocessor Access.
(line 14)
* \&, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \&, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \', and translations: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* \', incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \', used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \', used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \(, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* \), in \X: Postprocessor Access.
(line 14)
* \), used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \*, and warnings: Warnings. (line 54)
* \*, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 13)
* \*, when reading text for a macro: Copy-in Mode. (line 6)
* \, disabling (eo): Character Translations.
(line 24)
* \,, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \-, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* \-, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \-, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \-, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \/, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \/, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \0, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \<colon>, in \X: Postprocessor Access.
(line 14)
* \<colon>, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \<colon>, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \?, and copy-in mode: Operators in Conditionals.
(line 55)
* \?, and copy-in mode <1>: Diversions. (line 147)
* \?, in top-level diversion: Diversions. (line 175)
* \?, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 104)
* \?, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \A, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 59)
* \a, and copy-in mode: Leaders. (line 18)
* \a, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 168)
* \A, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \a, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \B, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 59)
* \b, limitations: Drawing Requests. (line 238)
* \b, possible quote characters: Escapes. (line 37)
* \C, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 59)
* \c, and fill mode: Line Control. (line 69)
* \c, and no-fill mode: Line Control. (line 60)
* \C, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* \c, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \c, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \c, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \D'f ...' and horizontal resolution: Drawing Requests. (line 150)
* \D, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \d, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \E, and copy-in mode: Character Translations.
(line 81)
* \e, and glyph definitions: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* \e, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 163)
* \e, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 104)
* \e, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \E, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \e, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \F, and changing fonts: Changing Fonts. (line 11)
* \F, and font positions: Font Positions. (line 59)
* \f, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* \f, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 55)
* \h, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \H, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \H, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 55)
* \H, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* \H, with fractional type sizes: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* \l, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \L, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \l, and glyph definitions: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* \L, and glyph definitions: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* \N, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \N, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* \n, and warnings: Warnings. (line 61)
* \n, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 13)
* \n, when reading text for a macro: Copy-in Mode. (line 6)
* \o, possible quote characters: Escapes. (line 37)
* \p, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \p, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \R, after \c: Line Control. (line 52)
* \R, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \R, and warnings: Warnings. (line 61)
* \R, difference to nr: Auto-increment. (line 11)
* \r, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \R, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* \<RET>, when reading text for a macro: Copy-in Mode. (line 6)
* \s, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \S, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \s, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 55)
* \S, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 55)
* \s, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* \s, with fractional type sizes: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* \<SP>, difference to \~: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 20)
* \<SP>, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \<SP>, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \t, and copy-in mode: Tabs and Fields. (line 10)
* \t, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 168)
* \t, and warnings: Warnings. (line 68)
* \t, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \u, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \v, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \V, and copy-in mode: I/O. (line 248)
* \v, internal representation: Gtroff Internals. (line 53)
* \w, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 59)
* \x, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 62)
* \X, and special characters: Postprocessor Access.
(line 21)
* \X, followed by \%: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 157)
* \X, possible quote characters: Escapes. (line 37)
* \Y, followed by \%: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 157)
* \Z, allowed delimiters: Escapes. (line 59)
* \[, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* \\, when reading text for a macro: Copy-in Mode. (line 6)
* \^, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \^, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \_, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* \_, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \_, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \_, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \`, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* \`, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \`, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \`, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \{, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \{, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \{, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \|, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \|, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \}, and warnings: Warnings. (line 72)
* \}, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 68)
* \}, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* \}, used as delimiter <1>: Escapes. (line 71)
* \~, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 165)
* \~, difference to \<SP>: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 20)
* \~, used as delimiter: Escapes. (line 52)
* ], as part of an identifier: Identifiers. (line 41)
* ], at end of sentence: Sentences. (line 18)
* ], at end of sentence <1>: Using Symbols. (line 271)
* ], ending an identifier: Identifiers. (line 73)
* ], ending an identifier <1>: Escapes. (line 20)
* ], macro names starting with, and refer: Identifiers. (line 46)
* |, and page motion: Expressions. (line 69)
* aborting (ab): Debugging. (line 40)
* absolute position operator (|): Expressions. (line 69)
* accent marks [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 6)
* access of postprocessor: Postprocessor Access.
(line 6)
* accessing unnamed glyphs with \N: Font File Format. (line 51)
* activating kerning (kern): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 42)
* activating ligatures (lg): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 24)
* activating track kerning (tkf): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 60)
* ad request, and hyphenation margin: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 266)
* ad request, and hyphenation space: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 281)
* adjusting: Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* adjusting and filling, manipulating: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* adjustment mode register (.j): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 114)
* adobe glyph list (AGL): Using Symbols. (line 88)
* AGL (adobe glyph list): Using Symbols. (line 88)
* alias, diversion, creating (als): Strings. (line 226)
* alias, diversion, removing (rm): Strings. (line 260)
* alias, macro, creating (als): Strings. (line 226)
* alias, macro, removing (rm): Strings. (line 260)
* alias, number register, creating (aln): Setting Registers. (line 112)
* alias, string, creating (als): Strings. (line 226)
* alias, string, removing (rm): Strings. (line 260)
* als request, and \$0: Parameters. (line 69)
* am, am1, ami requests, and warnings: Warnings. (line 54)
* annotations: Footnotes and Annotations.
(line 6)
* appending to a diversion (da): Diversions. (line 22)
* appending to a file (opena): I/O. (line 199)
* appending to a macro (am): Writing Macros. (line 116)
* appending to a string (as): Strings. (line 175)
* arc, drawing (\D'a ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 127)
* argument delimiting characters: Escapes. (line 29)
* arguments to macros, and tabs: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 6)
* arguments to requests and macros: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 6)
* arguments, and compatibility mode: Gtroff Internals. (line 90)
* arguments, macro (\$): Parameters. (line 21)
* arguments, of strings: Strings. (line 19)
* arithmetic operators: Expressions. (line 8)
* artificial fonts: Artificial Fonts. (line 6)
* as, as1 requests, and comments: Comments. (line 16)
* as, as1 requests, and warnings: Warnings. (line 54)
* ASCII approximation output register (.A): Groff Options. (line 50)
* ASCII approximation output register (.A) <1>: Built-in Registers.
(line 106)
* ASCII, output encoding: Groff Options. (line 249)
* asciify request, and writem: I/O. (line 221)
* assigning formats (af): Assigning Formats. (line 6)
* assignments, indirect: Interpolating Registers.
(line 11)
* assignments, nested: Interpolating Registers.
(line 11)
* AT&T troff, ms macro package differences: Differences from AT&T ms.
(line 6)
* auto-increment: Auto-increment. (line 6)
* auto-increment, and ig request: Comments. (line 85)
* available glyphs, list (groff_char(7) man page): Using Symbols.
(line 76)
* background color name register (.M): Colors. (line 92)
* backslash, printing (\\, \e, \E, \[rs]): Escapes. (line 74)
* backslash, printing (\\, \e, \E, \[rs]) <1>: Implementation Differences.
(line 104)
* backspace character: Identifiers. (line 12)
* backspace character, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 168)
* backtrace of input stack (backtrace): Debugging. (line 96)
* baseline: Sizes. (line 6)
* basic unit (u): Measurements. (line 6)
* basics of macros: Basics. (line 6)
* bd request, and font styles: Font Families. (line 59)
* bd request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* bd request, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 84)
* begin of conditional block (\{): if-else. (line 35)
* beginning diversion (di): Diversions. (line 22)
* blank line: Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 10)
* blank line <1>: Requests. (line 27)
* blank line (sp): Basics. (line 92)
* blank line macro (blm): Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 10)
* blank line macro (blm) <1>: Requests. (line 27)
* blank line macro (blm) <2>: Blank Line Traps. (line 7)
* blank line traps: Blank Line Traps. (line 6)
* blank lines, disabling: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 123)
* block, conditional, begin (\{): if-else. (line 35)
* block, conditional, end (\}): if-else. (line 35)
* bold face [man]: Man font macros. (line 15)
* bold face, imitating (bd): Artificial Fonts. (line 97)
* bottom margin: Page Layout. (line 20)
* bounding box: Miscellaneous. (line 137)
* box rule glyph (\[br]): Drawing Requests. (line 50)
* box, boxa requests, and warnings: Warnings. (line 54)
* boxa request, and dn (dl): Diversions. (line 93)
* bp request, and top-level diversion: Page Control. (line 24)
* bp request, and traps (.pe): Page Location Traps. (line 143)
* bp request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* bp request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* br glyph, and cflags: Using Symbols. (line 267)
* break: Basics. (line 48)
* break <1>: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* break (br): Basics. (line 116)
* break request, in a while loop: while. (line 68)
* break, implicit: Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 6)
* built-in registers: Built-in Registers. (line 6)
* bulleted list, example markup [ms]: Lists in ms. (line 21)
* c unit: Measurements. (line 33)
* calling convention of preprocessors: Preprocessors in man pages.
(line 6)
* capabilities of groff: groff Capabilities. (line 6)
* ce request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* ce request, difference to .ad c: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 66)
* centered text: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 66)
* centering lines (ce): Basics. (line 104)
* centering lines (ce) <1>: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 208)
* centimeter unit (c): Measurements. (line 33)
* cf request, and copy-in mode: I/O. (line 50)
* cf request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* changing font family (fam, \F): Font Families. (line 25)
* changing font position (\f): Font Positions. (line 59)
* changing font style (sty): Font Families. (line 59)
* changing fonts (ft, \f): Changing Fonts. (line 11)
* changing format, and read-only registers: Assigning Formats.
(line 67)
* changing the font height (\H): Artificial Fonts. (line 16)
* changing the font slant (\S): Artificial Fonts. (line 45)
* changing the page number character (pc): Page Layout. (line 93)
* changing trap location (ch): Page Location Traps. (line 111)
* changing type sizes (ps, \s): Changing Type Sizes. (line 11)
* changing vertical line spacing (vs): Changing Type Sizes. (line 86)
* char request, and soft hyphen character: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 296)
* char request, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* char request, used with \N: Using Symbols. (line 198)
* character: Using Symbols. (line 6)
* character class (class): Character Classes. (line 12)
* character classes: Character Classes. (line 6)
* character properties (cflags): Using Symbols. (line 233)
* character translations: Character Translations.
(line 6)
* character, backspace: Identifiers. (line 12)
* character, backspace, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 168)
* character, control (.): Requests. (line 6)
* character, control, changing (cc): Character Translations.
(line 6)
* character, defining (char): Using Symbols. (line 322)
* character, defining fallback (fchar, fschar, schar): Using Symbols.
(line 322)
* character, escape, changing (ec): Character Translations.
(line 47)
* character, escape, while defining glyph: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* character, field delimiting (fc): Fields. (line 6)
* character, field padding (fc): Fields. (line 6)
* character, hyphenation (\%): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 144)
* character, leader repetition (lc): Leaders. (line 23)
* character, leader, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 168)
* character, leader, non-interpreted (\a): Leaders. (line 18)
* character, named (\C): Using Symbols. (line 182)
* character, newline: Escapes. (line 69)
* character, newline, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 168)
* character, no-break control ('): Requests. (line 6)
* character, no-break control, changing (c2): Character Translations.
(line 6)
* character, soft hyphen, setting (shc): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 296)
* character, space: Escapes. (line 69)
* character, special: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* character, tab: Escapes. (line 69)
* character, tab repetition (tc): Tabs and Fields. (line 129)
* character, tab, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 168)
* character, tab, non-interpreted (\t): Tabs and Fields. (line 10)
* character, tabulator: Tab Stops. (line 6)
* character, transparent: Sentences. (line 18)
* character, transparent <1>: Using Symbols. (line 271)
* character, whitespace: Identifiers. (line 10)
* character, zero width space (\&): Requests. (line 47)
* character, zero width space (\&) <1>: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 47)
* character, zero width space (\&) <2>: Drawing Requests. (line 32)
* characters, argument delimiting: Escapes. (line 29)
* characters, end-of-sentence: Using Symbols. (line 243)
* characters, hyphenation: Using Symbols. (line 247)
* characters, input, and output glyphs, compatibility with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 84)
* characters, invalid for trf request: I/O. (line 72)
* characters, invalid input: Identifiers. (line 15)
* characters, overlapping: Using Symbols. (line 261)
* characters, special: Special Characters. (line 6)
* characters, unnamed, accessing with \N: Font File Format. (line 51)
* chem, the program: gchem. (line 6)
* circle, drawing (\D'c ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 108)
* circle, solid, drawing (\D'C ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 113)
* class of characters (class): Character Classes. (line 12)
* classes, character: Character Classes. (line 6)
* closing file (close): I/O. (line 230)
* code, hyphenation (hcode): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 232)
* color name, background, register (.M): Colors. (line 92)
* color name, drawing, register (.m): Colors. (line 65)
* color name, fill, register (.M): Colors. (line 92)
* color, default: Colors. (line 25)
* colors: Colors. (line 6)
* colors, fill, unnamed (\D'F...'): Drawing Requests. (line 215)
* command prefix: Environment. (line 14)
* command-line options: Groff Options. (line 49)
* commands, embedded: Embedded Commands. (line 6)
* comments: Comments. (line 6)
* comments in font files: Font File Format. (line 36)
* comments, lining up with tabs: Comments. (line 21)
* comments, with ds: Strings. (line 44)
* common features: Common Features. (line 6)
* common name space of macros, diversions, and strings: Strings.
(line 91)
* comparison of strings: Operators in Conditionals.
(line 47)
* comparison operators: Expressions. (line 15)
* compatibility mode: Warnings. (line 90)
* compatibility mode <1>: Implementation Differences.
(line 6)
* compatibility mode, and parameters: Gtroff Internals. (line 90)
* composite glyph names: Using Symbols. (line 88)
* conditional block, begin (\{): if-else. (line 35)
* conditional block, end (\}): if-else. (line 35)
* conditional output for terminal (TTY): Operators in Conditionals.
(line 14)
* conditional page break (ne): Page Control. (line 33)
* conditionals and loops: Conditionals and Loops.
(line 6)
* consecutive hyphenated lines (hlm): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 104)
* constant glyph space mode (cs): Artificial Fonts. (line 125)
* contents, table of: Table of Contents. (line 6)
* contents, table of <1>: Leaders. (line 29)
* continuation, input line (\): Line Control. (line 36)
* continuation, output line (\c): Line Control. (line 36)
* continue request, in a while loop: while. (line 68)
* continuous underlining (cu): Artificial Fonts. (line 86)
* control character (.): Requests. (line 6)
* control character, changing (cc): Character Translations.
(line 6)
* control character, no-break ('): Requests. (line 6)
* control character, no-break, changing (c2): Character Translations.
(line 6)
* control sequences, for terminals: Invoking grotty. (line 50)
* control, line: Line Control. (line 6)
* control, page: Page Control. (line 6)
* conventions for input: Input Conventions. (line 6)
* copy mode: Copy-in Mode. (line 6)
* copy-in mode: Copy-in Mode. (line 6)
* copy-in mode, and cf request: I/O. (line 50)
* copy-in mode, and device request: Postprocessor Access.
(line 18)
* copy-in mode, and ig request: Comments. (line 85)
* copy-in mode, and length request: Strings. (line 208)
* copy-in mode, and macro arguments: Parameters. (line 21)
* copy-in mode, and output request: Diversions. (line 178)
* copy-in mode, and tm request: Debugging. (line 30)
* copy-in mode, and tm1 request: Debugging. (line 30)
* copy-in mode, and tmc request: Debugging. (line 30)
* copy-in mode, and trf request: I/O. (line 50)
* copy-in mode, and write request: I/O. (line 211)
* copy-in mode, and writec request: I/O. (line 211)
* copy-in mode, and writem request: I/O. (line 224)
* copy-in mode, and \!: Diversions. (line 147)
* copy-in mode, and \?: Operators in Conditionals.
(line 55)
* copy-in mode, and \? <1>: Diversions. (line 147)
* copy-in mode, and \a: Leaders. (line 18)
* copy-in mode, and \E: Character Translations.
(line 81)
* copy-in mode, and \t: Tabs and Fields. (line 10)
* copy-in mode, and \V: I/O. (line 248)
* copying environment (evc): Environments. (line 69)
* correction between italic and roman glyph (\/, \,): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 80)
* correction, italic (\/): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 80)
* correction, left italic (\,): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 91)
* cover page macros, [ms]: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 6)
* cp request, and glyph definitions: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* cp1047, input encoding: Input Encodings. (line 9)
* cp1047, output encoding: Groff Options. (line 261)
* cq glyph, at end of sentence: Sentences. (line 18)
* cq glyph, at end of sentence <1>: Using Symbols. (line 271)
* creating alias, for diversion (als): Strings. (line 226)
* creating alias, for macro (als): Strings. (line 226)
* creating alias, for number register (aln): Setting Registers.
(line 112)
* creating alias, for string (als): Strings. (line 226)
* creating new characters (char): Using Symbols. (line 322)
* credits: Credits. (line 6)
* cs request, and font styles: Font Families. (line 59)
* cs request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* cs request, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 84)
* cs request, with fractional type sizes: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* current directory: Macro Directories. (line 21)
* current input file name register (.F): Built-in Registers. (line 12)
* current page number (%): Page Control. (line 27)
* current time: I/O. (line 174)
* current time, hours (hours): Built-in Registers. (line 41)
* current time, minutes (minutes): Built-in Registers. (line 37)
* current time, seconds (seconds): Built-in Registers. (line 32)
* current vertical position (nl): Page Control. (line 66)
* da request, and dn (dl): Diversions. (line 93)
* da request, and warnings: Warnings. (line 49)
* da request, and warnings <1>: Warnings. (line 54)
* date, day of the month register (dy): Built-in Registers. (line 48)
* date, day of the week register (dw): Built-in Registers. (line 45)
* date, month of the year register (mo): Built-in Registers. (line 51)
* date, year register (year, yr): Built-in Registers. (line 54)
* day of the month register (dy): Built-in Registers. (line 48)
* day of the week register (dw): Built-in Registers. (line 45)
* de request, and while: while. (line 22)
* de, de1, dei requests, and warnings: Warnings. (line 54)
* debugging: Debugging. (line 6)
* default color: Colors. (line 25)
* default indentation [man]: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 6)
* default indentation, resetting [man]: Man usage. (line 126)
* default units: Default Units. (line 6)
* defining character (char): Using Symbols. (line 322)
* defining character class (class): Character Classes. (line 12)
* defining fallback character (fchar, fschar, schar): Using Symbols.
(line 322)
* defining glyph (char): Using Symbols. (line 322)
* defining symbol (char): Using Symbols. (line 322)
* delayed text: Footnotes and Annotations.
(line 10)
* delimited arguments, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 46)
* delimiting character, for fields (fc): Fields. (line 6)
* delimiting characters for arguments: Escapes. (line 29)
* depth, of last glyph (.cdp): Environments. (line 94)
* DESC file, format: DESC File Format. (line 6)
* device request, and copy-in mode: Postprocessor Access.
(line 18)
* device resolution: DESC File Format. (line 85)
* devices for output: Output device intro. (line 6)
* devices for output <1>: Output Devices. (line 6)
* dg glyph, at end of sentence: Sentences. (line 18)
* dg glyph, at end of sentence <1>: Using Symbols. (line 271)
* di request, and warnings: Warnings. (line 49)
* di request, and warnings <1>: Warnings. (line 54)
* differences in implementation: Implementation Differences.
(line 6)
* digit width space (\0): Page Motions. (line 141)
* digits, and delimiters: Escapes. (line 65)
* dimensions, line: Line Layout. (line 6)
* directories for fonts: Font Directories. (line 6)
* directories for macros: Macro Directories. (line 6)
* directory, current: Macro Directories. (line 21)
* directory, for tmac files: Macro Directories. (line 11)
* directory, home: Macro Directories. (line 24)
* directory, platform-specific: Macro Directories. (line 26)
* directory, site-specific: Macro Directories. (line 26)
* directory, site-specific <1>: Font Directories. (line 29)
* disabling hyphenation (\%): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 144)
* disabling \ (eo): Character Translations.
(line 24)
* discardable horizontal space: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 187)
* discarded space in traps: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 53)
* displays: Displays. (line 6)
* displays [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 6)
* displays, and footnotes [ms]: ms Footnotes. (line 24)
* distance to next trap register (.t): Page Location Traps. (line 102)
* ditroff, the program: History. (line 57)
* diversion name register (.z): Diversions. (line 69)
* diversion trap, setting (dt): Diversion Traps. (line 7)
* diversion traps: Diversion Traps. (line 6)
* diversion, appending (da): Diversions. (line 22)
* diversion, beginning (di): Diversions. (line 22)
* diversion, creating alias (als): Strings. (line 226)
* diversion, ending (di): Diversions. (line 22)
* diversion, nested: Diversions. (line 69)
* diversion, removing (rm): Strings. (line 221)
* diversion, removing alias (rm): Strings. (line 260)
* diversion, renaming (rn): Strings. (line 218)
* diversion, stripping final newline: Strings. (line 156)
* diversion, top-level: Diversions. (line 12)
* diversion, top-level, and bp: Page Control. (line 24)
* diversion, top-level, and \!: Diversions. (line 170)
* diversion, top-level, and \?: Diversions. (line 175)
* diversion, unformatting (asciify): Diversions. (line 194)
* diversion, vertical position in, register (.d): Diversions. (line 69)
* diversions: Diversions. (line 6)
* diversions, and traps: Page Location Traps. (line 165)
* diversions, shared name space with macros and strings: Strings.
(line 91)
* dl register, and da (boxa): Diversions. (line 93)
* dn register, and da (boxa): Diversions. (line 93)
* documents, multi-file: Debugging. (line 10)
* documents, structuring the source code: Requests. (line 14)
* double quote, in a macro argument: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 25)
* double-spacing (ls): Basics. (line 82)
* double-spacing (ls) <1>: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 64)
* double-spacing (vs, pvs): Changing Type Sizes. (line 123)
* drawing a circle (\D'c ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 108)
* drawing a line (\D'l ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 79)
* drawing a polygon (\D'p ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 157)
* drawing a solid circle (\D'C ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 113)
* drawing a solid ellipse (\D'E ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 123)
* drawing a solid polygon (\D'P ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 166)
* drawing a spline (\D'~ ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 135)
* drawing an arc (\D'a ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 127)
* drawing an ellipse (\D'e ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 117)
* drawing color name register (.m): Colors. (line 65)
* drawing horizontal lines (\l): Drawing Requests. (line 17)
* drawing requests: Drawing Requests. (line 6)
* drawing vertical lines (\L): Drawing Requests. (line 50)
* ds request, and comments: Strings. (line 44)
* ds request, and double quotes: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 69)
* ds request, and leading spaces: Strings. (line 56)
* ds, ds1 requests, and comments: Comments. (line 16)
* ds, ds1 requests, and warnings: Warnings. (line 54)
* dumping environments (pev): Debugging. (line 62)
* dumping number registers (pnr): Debugging. (line 77)
* dumping symbol table (pm): Debugging. (line 66)
* dumping traps (ptr): Debugging. (line 81)
* EBCDIC encoding: Tab Stops. (line 6)
* EBCDIC encoding of a tab: Tabs and Fields. (line 6)
* EBCDIC encoding of backspace: Identifiers. (line 12)
* EBCDIC, input encoding: Input Encodings. (line 9)
* EBCDIC, output encoding: Groff Options. (line 261)
* el request, and warnings: Warnings. (line 32)
* ellipse, drawing (\D'e ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 117)
* ellipse, solid, drawing (\D'E ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 123)
* em glyph, and cflags: Using Symbols. (line 254)
* em unit (m): Measurements. (line 55)
* embedded commands: Embedded Commands. (line 6)
* embedding PDF: Embedding PDF. (line 6)
* embedding PostScript: Embedding PostScript.
(line 6)
* embolding of special fonts: Artificial Fonts. (line 114)
* empty line: Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 10)
* empty line (sp): Basics. (line 92)
* empty space before a paragraph [man]: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 15)
* en unit (n): Measurements. (line 60)
* enabling vertical position traps (vpt): Page Location Traps.
(line 18)
* encoding, EBCDIC: Tab Stops. (line 6)
* encoding, input, cp1047: Input Encodings. (line 9)
* encoding, input, EBCDIC: Input Encodings. (line 9)
* encoding, input, latin-1 (ISO 8859-1): Input Encodings. (line 14)
* encoding, input, latin-2 (ISO 8859-2): Input Encodings. (line 18)
* encoding, input, latin-5 (ISO 8859-9): Input Encodings. (line 23)
* encoding, input, latin-9 (latin-0, ISO 8859-15): Input Encodings.
(line 28)
* encoding, output, ASCII: Groff Options. (line 249)
* encoding, output, cp1047: Groff Options. (line 261)
* encoding, output, EBCDIC: Groff Options. (line 261)
* encoding, output, latin-1 (ISO 8859-1): Groff Options. (line 253)
* encoding, output, utf-8: Groff Options. (line 257)
* end of conditional block (\}): if-else. (line 35)
* end-of-input macro (em): End-of-input Traps. (line 7)
* end-of-input trap, setting (em): End-of-input Traps. (line 7)
* end-of-input traps: End-of-input Traps. (line 6)
* end-of-sentence characters: Using Symbols. (line 243)
* ending diversion (di): Diversions. (line 22)
* environment number/name register (.ev): Environments. (line 38)
* environment variables: Environment. (line 6)
* environment, copying (evc): Environments. (line 69)
* environment, dimensions of last glyph (.w, .cht, .cdp, .csk): Environments.
(line 94)
* environment, previous line length (.n): Environments. (line 109)
* environment, switching (ev): Environments. (line 38)
* environments: Environments. (line 6)
* environments, dumping (pev): Debugging. (line 62)
* eqn, the program: geqn. (line 6)
* equations [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 6)
* escape character, changing (ec): Character Translations.
(line 47)
* escape character, while defining glyph: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* escapes: Escapes. (line 6)
* escaping newline characters, in strings: Strings. (line 62)
* ex request, use in debugging: Debugging. (line 45)
* ex request, used with nx and rd: I/O. (line 121)
* example markup, bulleted list [ms]: Lists in ms. (line 21)
* example markup, glossary-style list [ms]: Lists in ms. (line 65)
* example markup, multi-page table [ms]: Example multi-page table.
(line 6)
* example markup, numbered list [ms]: Lists in ms. (line 41)
* example markup, title page: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 65)
* examples of invocation: Invocation Examples. (line 6)
* exiting (ex): Debugging. (line 45)
* expansion of strings (\*): Strings. (line 19)
* explicit hyphen (\%): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 104)
* expression, limitation of logical not in: Expressions. (line 27)
* expression, order of evaluation: Expressions. (line 58)
* expressions: Expressions. (line 6)
* expressions, and space characters: Expressions. (line 85)
* extra post-vertical line space (\x): Changing Type Sizes. (line 116)
* extra post-vertical line space register (.a): Manipulating Spacing.
(line 94)
* extra pre-vertical line space (\x): Changing Type Sizes. (line 107)
* extra spaces: Filling and Adjusting.
(line 10)
* extremum operators (>?, <?): Expressions. (line 44)
* f unit: Measurements. (line 48)
* f unit, and colors: Colors. (line 35)
* factor, zoom, of a font (fzoom): Changing Fonts. (line 70)
* fallback character, defining (fchar, fschar, schar): Using Symbols.
(line 322)
* fallback glyph, removing definition (rchar, rfschar): Using Symbols.
(line 378)
* fam request, and changing fonts: Changing Fonts. (line 11)
* fam request, and font positions: Font Positions. (line 59)
* families, font: Font Families. (line 6)
* features, common: Common Features. (line 6)
* fi request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* field delimiting character (fc): Fields. (line 6)
* field padding character (fc): Fields. (line 6)
* fields: Fields. (line 6)
* fields, and tabs: Tabs and Fields. (line 6)
* figures [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 6)
* file formats: File formats. (line 6)
* file, appending to (opena): I/O. (line 199)
* file, closing (close): I/O. (line 230)
* file, inclusion (so): I/O. (line 9)
* file, opening (open): I/O. (line 199)
* file, processing next (nx): I/O. (line 83)
* file, writing to (write, writec): I/O. (line 211)
* files, font: Font Files. (line 6)
* files, macro, searching: Macro Directories. (line 11)
* fill color name register (.M): Colors. (line 92)
* fill colors, unnamed (\D'F...'): Drawing Requests. (line 215)
* fill mode: Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 15)
* fill mode <1>: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 161)
* fill mode <2>: Warnings. (line 23)
* fill mode (fi): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 29)
* fill mode, and \c: Line Control. (line 69)
* filling: Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* filling and adjusting, manipulating: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* final newline, stripping in diversions: Strings. (line 156)
* fl request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* floating keep: Displays. (line 23)
* flush output (fl): Debugging. (line 87)
* font description file, format: DESC File Format. (line 6)
* font description file, format <1>: Font File Format. (line 6)
* font directories: Font Directories. (line 6)
* font families: Font Families. (line 6)
* font family, changing (fam, \F): Font Families. (line 25)
* font file, format: Font File Format. (line 6)
* font files: Font Files. (line 6)
* font files, comments: Font File Format. (line 36)
* font for underlining (uf): Artificial Fonts. (line 90)
* font height, changing (\H): Artificial Fonts. (line 16)
* font path: Font Directories. (line 14)
* font position register (.f): Font Positions. (line 19)
* font position, changing (\f): Font Positions. (line 59)
* font positions: Font Positions. (line 6)
* font selection [man]: Man font macros. (line 6)
* font slant, changing (\S): Artificial Fonts. (line 45)
* font style, changing (sty): Font Families. (line 59)
* font styles: Font Families. (line 6)
* font translation (ftr): Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* font, magnification (fzoom): Changing Fonts. (line 70)
* font, mounting (fp): Font Positions. (line 13)
* font, optical size: Changing Fonts. (line 70)
* font, previous (ft, \f[], \fP): Changing Fonts. (line 23)
* font, zoom factor (fzoom): Changing Fonts. (line 70)
* fonts: Fonts and Symbols. (line 6)
* fonts <1>: Changing Fonts. (line 6)
* fonts, artificial: Artificial Fonts. (line 6)
* fonts, changing (ft, \f): Changing Fonts. (line 11)
* fonts, PostScript: Font Families. (line 11)
* fonts, searching: Font Directories. (line 6)
* fonts, special: Special Fonts. (line 6)
* footers: Page Layout. (line 31)
* footers <1>: Page Location Traps. (line 38)
* footers [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 6)
* footnotes: Footnotes and Annotations.
(line 6)
* footnotes [ms]: ms Footnotes. (line 6)
* footnotes, and displays [ms]: ms Footnotes. (line 24)
* footnotes, and keeps [ms]: ms Footnotes. (line 24)
* form letters: I/O. (line 105)
* format of font description file: DESC File Format. (line 6)
* format of font description files: Font File Format. (line 6)
* format of font files: Font File Format. (line 6)
* format of register (\g): Assigning Formats. (line 74)
* formats, assigning (af): Assigning Formats. (line 6)
* formats, file: File formats. (line 6)
* fp request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* fp request, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 84)
* fractional point sizes: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* fractional point sizes <1>: Implementation Differences.
(line 75)
* fractional type sizes: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* fractional type sizes <1>: Implementation Differences.
(line 75)
* french-spacing: Sentences. (line 12)
* fspecial request, and font styles: Font Families. (line 59)
* fspecial request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* fspecial request, and glyph search order: Using Symbols. (line 14)
* fspecial request, and imitating bold: Artificial Fonts. (line 114)
* ft request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* gchem, invoking: Invoking gchem. (line 5)
* gchem, the program: gchem. (line 6)
* geqn, invoking: Invoking geqn. (line 5)
* geqn, the program: geqn. (line 6)
* GGL (groff glyph list): Using Symbols. (line 88)
* GGL (groff glyph list) <1>: Character Classes. (line 32)
* ggrn, invoking: Invoking ggrn. (line 5)
* ggrn, the program: ggrn. (line 6)
* glossary-style list, example markup [ms]: Lists in ms. (line 65)
* glyph: Using Symbols. (line 6)
* glyph for line drawing: Drawing Requests. (line 50)
* glyph names, composite: Using Symbols. (line 88)
* glyph pile (\b): Drawing Requests. (line 231)
* glyph properties (cflags): Using Symbols. (line 233)
* glyph, box rule (\[br]): Drawing Requests. (line 50)
* glyph, constant space: Artificial Fonts. (line 125)
* glyph, defining (char): Using Symbols. (line 322)
* glyph, for line drawing: Drawing Requests. (line 28)
* glyph, for margins (mc): Miscellaneous. (line 73)
* glyph, italic correction (\/): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 80)
* glyph, last, dimensions (.w, .cht, .cdp, .csk): Environments.
(line 94)
* glyph, leader repetition (lc): Leaders. (line 23)
* glyph, left italic correction (\,): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 91)
* glyph, numbered (\N): Character Translations.
(line 159)
* glyph, numbered (\N) <1>: Using Symbols. (line 198)
* glyph, removing definition (rchar, rfschar): Using Symbols. (line 378)
* glyph, soft hyphen (hy): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 296)
* glyph, tab repetition (tc): Tabs and Fields. (line 129)
* glyph, underscore (\[ru]): Drawing Requests. (line 28)
* glyphs, available, list (groff_char(7) man page): Using Symbols.
(line 76)
* glyphs, output, and input characters, compatibility with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 84)
* glyphs, overstriking (\o): Page Motions. (line 219)
* glyphs, unnamed: Using Symbols. (line 208)
* glyphs, unnamed, accessing with \N: Font File Format. (line 51)
* GNU-specific register (.g): Built-in Registers. (line 102)
* gpic, invoking: Invoking gpic. (line 5)
* gpic, the program: gpic. (line 6)
* grap, the program: grap. (line 6)
* gray shading (\D'f ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 140)
* grefer, invoking: Invoking grefer. (line 5)
* grefer, the program: grefer. (line 6)
* grn, the program: ggrn. (line 6)
* grodvi, invoking: Invoking grodvi. (line 6)
* grodvi, the program: grodvi. (line 6)
* groff - what is it?: What Is groff?. (line 6)
* groff capabilities: groff Capabilities. (line 6)
* groff glyph list (GGL): Using Symbols. (line 88)
* groff glyph list (GGL) <1>: Character Classes. (line 32)
* groff invocation: Invoking groff. (line 6)
* groff, and pi request: I/O. (line 158)
* GROFF_BIN_PATH, environment variable: Environment. (line 10)
* GROFF_COMMAND_PREFIX, environment variable: Environment. (line 14)
* GROFF_ENCODING, environment variable: Environment. (line 25)
* GROFF_FONT_PATH, environment variable: Environment. (line 34)
* GROFF_FONT_PATH, environment variable <1>: Font Directories.
(line 26)
* GROFF_TMAC_PATH, environment variable: Environment. (line 39)
* GROFF_TMAC_PATH, environment variable <1>: Macro Directories.
(line 18)
* GROFF_TMPDIR, environment variable: Environment. (line 44)
* GROFF_TYPESETTER, environment variable: Environment. (line 52)
* grohtml, invoking: Invoking grohtml. (line 6)
* grohtml, registers and strings: grohtml specific registers and strings.
(line 6)
* grohtml, the program: Groff Options. (line 272)
* grohtml, the program <1>: grohtml. (line 6)
* grolbp, invoking: Invoking grolbp. (line 6)
* grolbp, the program: grolbp. (line 6)
* grolj4, invoking: Invoking grolj4. (line 6)
* grolj4, the program: grolj4. (line 6)
* gropdf, invoking: Invoking gropdf. (line 6)
* gropdf, the program: gropdf. (line 6)
* grops, invoking: Invoking grops. (line 6)
* grops, the program: grops. (line 6)
* grotty, invoking: Invoking grotty. (line 6)
* grotty, the program: grotty. (line 6)
* gsoelim, invoking: Invoking gsoelim. (line 5)
* gsoelim, the program: gsoelim. (line 6)
* gtbl, invoking: Invoking gtbl. (line 5)
* gtbl, the program: gtbl. (line 6)
* gtroff, identification register (.g): Built-in Registers. (line 102)
* gtroff, interactive use: Debugging. (line 87)
* gtroff, output: gtroff Output. (line 6)
* gtroff, process ID register ($$): Built-in Registers. (line 99)
* gtroff, reference: gtroff Reference. (line 6)
* gxditview, invoking: Invoking gxditview. (line 5)
* gxditview, the program: gxditview. (line 6)
* hanging indentation [man]: Man usage. (line 97)
* hcode request, and glyph definitions: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* headers: Page Layout. (line 31)
* headers <1>: Page Location Traps. (line 38)
* headers [ms]: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 6)
* height, font, changing (\H): Artificial Fonts. (line 16)
* height, of last glyph (.cht): Environments. (line 94)
* high-water mark register (.h): Diversions. (line 76)
* history: History. (line 6)
* home directory: Macro Directories. (line 24)
* horizontal discardable space: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 187)
* horizontal input line position register (hp): Page Motions. (line 212)
* horizontal input line position, saving (\k): Page Motions. (line 206)
* horizontal line, drawing (\l): Drawing Requests. (line 17)
* horizontal motion (\h): Page Motions. (line 106)
* horizontal output line position register (.k): Page Motions.
(line 215)
* horizontal resolution: DESC File Format. (line 25)
* horizontal resolution register (.H): Built-in Registers. (line 15)
* horizontal space (\h): Page Motions. (line 106)
* horizontal space, unformatting: Strings. (line 156)
* hours, current time (hours): Built-in Registers. (line 41)
* hpf request, and hyphenation language: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 309)
* hw request, and hy restrictions: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 129)
* hw request, and hyphenation language: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 309)
* hy glyph, and cflags: Using Symbols. (line 254)
* hyphen, explicit (\%): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 104)
* hyphenated lines, consecutive (hlm): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 104)
* hyphenating characters: Using Symbols. (line 247)
* hyphenation: Hyphenation. (line 6)
* hyphenation character (\%): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 144)
* hyphenation code (hcode): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 232)
* hyphenation language register (.hla): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 316)
* hyphenation margin (hym): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 266)
* hyphenation margin register (.hym): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 276)
* hyphenation patterns (hpf): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 174)
* hyphenation restrictions register (.hy): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 87)
* hyphenation space (hys): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 281)
* hyphenation space register (.hys): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 292)
* hyphenation, disabling (\%): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 144)
* hyphenation, manipulating: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 6)
* i unit: Measurements. (line 28)
* i/o: I/O. (line 6)
* IBM cp1047 input encoding: Input Encodings. (line 9)
* IBM cp1047 output encoding: Groff Options. (line 261)
* identifiers: Identifiers. (line 6)
* identifiers, undefined: Identifiers. (line 77)
* ie request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* ie request, and warnings: Warnings. (line 32)
* ie request, operators to use with: Operators in Conditionals.
(line 6)
* if request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* if request, and the ! operator: Expressions. (line 21)
* if request, operators to use with: Operators in Conditionals.
(line 6)
* if-else: if-else. (line 6)
* ig request, and auto-increment: Comments. (line 85)
* ig request, and copy-in mode: Comments. (line 85)
* imitating bold face (bd): Artificial Fonts. (line 97)
* implementation differences: Implementation Differences.
(line 6)
* implicit breaks of lines: Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 6)
* implicit line breaks: Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 6)
* in request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* in request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* inch unit (i): Measurements. (line 28)
* including a file (so): I/O. (line 9)
* incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 6)
* increment value without changing the register: Auto-increment.
(line 47)
* increment, automatic: Auto-increment. (line 6)
* indentation (in): Line Layout. (line 25)
* indentation, resetting to default [man]: Man usage. (line 126)
* index, in macro package: Indices. (line 6)
* indicator, scaling: Measurements. (line 6)
* indirect assignments: Interpolating Registers.
(line 11)
* input and output requests: I/O. (line 6)
* input characters and output glyphs, compatibility with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 84)
* input characters, invalid: Identifiers. (line 15)
* input conventions: Input Conventions. (line 6)
* input encoding, cp1047: Input Encodings. (line 9)
* input encoding, EBCDIC: Input Encodings. (line 9)
* input encoding, latin-1 (ISO 8859-1): Input Encodings. (line 14)
* input encoding, latin-2 (ISO 8859-2): Input Encodings. (line 18)
* input encoding, latin-5 (ISO 8859-9): Input Encodings. (line 23)
* input encoding, latin-9 (latin-9, ISO 8859-15): Input Encodings.
(line 28)
* input file name, current, register (.F): Built-in Registers.
(line 12)
* input level in delimited arguments: Implementation Differences.
(line 46)
* input line continuation (\): Line Control. (line 36)
* input line number register (.c, c.): Built-in Registers. (line 77)
* input line number, setting (lf): Debugging. (line 10)
* input line position, horizontal, saving (\k): Page Motions. (line 206)
* input line trap, setting (it): Input Line Traps. (line 8)
* input line traps: Input Line Traps. (line 6)
* input line traps and interrupted lines (itc): Input Line Traps.
(line 24)
* input line, horizontal position, register (hp): Page Motions.
(line 212)
* input stack, backtrace (backtrace): Debugging. (line 96)
* input stack, setting limit: Debugging. (line 119)
* input token: Gtroff Internals. (line 6)
* input, 8-bit: Font File Format. (line 51)
* input, standard, reading from (rd): I/O. (line 88)
* inserting horizontal space (\h): Page Motions. (line 106)
* installation: Installation. (line 5)
* interactive use of gtroff: Debugging. (line 87)
* intermediate output: gtroff Output. (line 16)
* interpolating registers (\n): Interpolating Registers.
(line 6)
* interpolation of strings (\*): Strings. (line 19)
* interrupted line: Line Control. (line 36)
* interrupted line register (.int): Line Control. (line 81)
* interrupted lines and input line traps (itc): Input Line Traps.
(line 24)
* introduction: Introduction. (line 6)
* invalid characters for trf request: I/O. (line 72)
* invalid input characters: Identifiers. (line 15)
* invocation examples: Invocation Examples. (line 6)
* invoking gchem: Invoking gchem. (line 6)
* invoking geqn: Invoking geqn. (line 6)
* invoking ggrn: Invoking ggrn. (line 6)
* invoking gpic: Invoking gpic. (line 6)
* invoking grefer: Invoking grefer. (line 6)
* invoking grodvi: Invoking grodvi. (line 6)
* invoking groff: Invoking groff. (line 6)
* invoking grohtml: Invoking grohtml. (line 6)
* invoking grolbp: Invoking grolbp. (line 6)
* invoking grolj4: Invoking grolj4. (line 6)
* invoking gropdf: Invoking gropdf. (line 6)
* invoking grops: Invoking grops. (line 6)
* invoking grotty: Invoking grotty. (line 6)
* invoking gsoelim: Invoking gsoelim. (line 6)
* invoking gtbl: Invoking gtbl. (line 6)
* invoking gxditview: Invoking gxditview. (line 6)
* invoking preconv: Invoking preconv. (line 6)
* ISO 6249 SGR: Invoking grotty. (line 50)
* ISO 8859-1 (latin-1), input encoding: Input Encodings. (line 14)
* ISO 8859-1 (latin-1), output encoding: Groff Options. (line 253)
* ISO 8859-15 (latin-9, latin-0), input encoding: Input Encodings.
(line 28)
* ISO 8859-2 (latin-2), input encoding: Input Encodings. (line 18)
* ISO 8859-9 (latin-5), input encoding: Input Encodings. (line 23)
* italic correction (\/): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 80)
* italic fonts [man]: Man font macros. (line 53)
* italic glyph, correction after roman glyph (\,): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 91)
* italic glyph, correction before roman glyph (\/): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 80)
* justifying text: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* justifying text (rj): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 254)
* keep: Displays. (line 18)
* keep, floating: Displays. (line 23)
* keeps [ms]: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 6)
* keeps, and footnotes [ms]: ms Footnotes. (line 24)
* kerning and ligatures: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 6)
* kerning enabled register (.kern): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 42)
* kerning, activating (kern): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 42)
* kerning, track: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 53)
* landscape page orientation: Paper Size. (line 6)
* last glyph, dimensions (.w, .cht, .cdp, .csk): Environments.
(line 94)
* last-requested point size registers (.psr, .sr): Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 43)
* latin-1 (ISO 8859-1), input encoding: Input Encodings. (line 14)
* latin-1 (ISO 8859-1), output encoding: Groff Options. (line 253)
* latin-2 (ISO 8859-2), input encoding: Input Encodings. (line 18)
* latin-5 (ISO 8859-9), input encoding: Input Encodings. (line 23)
* latin-9 (latin-0, ISO 8859-15), input encoding: Input Encodings.
(line 28)
* layout, line: Line Layout. (line 6)
* layout, page: Page Layout. (line 6)
* lc request, and glyph definitions: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* leader character: Leaders. (line 12)
* leader character, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 168)
* leader character, non-interpreted (\a): Leaders. (line 18)
* leader repetition character (lc): Leaders. (line 23)
* leaders: Leaders. (line 6)
* leading: Sizes. (line 15)
* leading spaces: Filling and Adjusting.
(line 10)
* leading spaces macro (lsm): Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 15)
* leading spaces macro (lsm) <1>: Leading Spaces Traps.
(line 9)
* leading spaces traps: Leading Spaces Traps.
(line 6)
* leading spaces with ds: Strings. (line 56)
* left italic correction (\,): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 91)
* left margin (po): Line Layout. (line 21)
* left margin, how to move [man]: Man usage. (line 105)
* length of a string (length): Strings. (line 208)
* length of line (ll): Line Layout. (line 29)
* length of page (pl): Page Layout. (line 13)
* length of previous line (.n): Environments. (line 109)
* length of title line (lt): Page Layout. (line 67)
* length request, and copy-in mode: Strings. (line 208)
* letters, form: I/O. (line 105)
* level of warnings (warn): Debugging. (line 154)
* ligature: Using Symbols. (line 6)
* ligatures and kerning: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 6)
* ligatures enabled register (.lg): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 24)
* ligatures, activating (lg): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 24)
* limitations of \b escape: Drawing Requests. (line 238)
* line break: Basics. (line 48)
* line break <1>: Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 6)
* line break <2>: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* line break (br): Basics. (line 116)
* line breaks, with vertical space [man]: Man usage. (line 119)
* line breaks, without vertical space [man]: Man usage. (line 123)
* line control: Line Control. (line 6)
* line dimensions: Line Layout. (line 6)
* line drawing glyph: Drawing Requests. (line 28)
* line drawing glyph <1>: Drawing Requests. (line 50)
* line indentation (in): Line Layout. (line 25)
* line layout: Line Layout. (line 6)
* line length (ll): Line Layout. (line 29)
* line length register (.l): Line Layout. (line 158)
* line length, previous (.n): Environments. (line 109)
* line number, input, register (.c, c.): Built-in Registers. (line 77)
* line number, output, register (ln): Built-in Registers. (line 82)
* line numbers, printing (nm): Miscellaneous. (line 10)
* line space, extra post-vertical (\x): Changing Type Sizes. (line 116)
* line space, extra pre-vertical (\x): Changing Type Sizes. (line 107)
* line spacing register (.L): Manipulating Spacing.
(line 75)
* line spacing, post-vertical (pvs): Changing Type Sizes. (line 120)
* line thickness (\D't ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 205)
* line, blank: Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 10)
* line, drawing (\D'l ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 79)
* line, empty (sp): Basics. (line 92)
* line, horizontal, drawing (\l): Drawing Requests. (line 17)
* line, implicit breaks: Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 6)
* line, input, continuation (\): Line Control. (line 36)
* line, input, horizontal position, register (hp): Page Motions.
(line 212)
* line, input, horizontal position, saving (\k): Page Motions.
(line 206)
* line, interrupted: Line Control. (line 36)
* line, output, continuation (\c): Line Control. (line 36)
* line, output, horizontal position, register (.k): Page Motions.
(line 215)
* line, vertical, drawing (\L): Drawing Requests. (line 50)
* line-tabs mode: Tabs and Fields. (line 138)
* lines, blank, disabling: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 123)
* lines, centering (ce): Basics. (line 104)
* lines, centering (ce) <1>: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 208)
* lines, consecutive hyphenated (hlm): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 104)
* lines, interrupted, and input line traps (itc): Input Line Traps.
(line 24)
* list: Displays. (line 13)
* list of available glyphs (groff_char(7) man page): Using Symbols.
(line 76)
* ll request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* location, vertical, page, marking (mk): Page Motions. (line 11)
* location, vertical, page, returning to marked (rt): Page Motions.
(line 11)
* logical not, limitation in expression: Expressions. (line 27)
* logical operators: Expressions. (line 19)
* long names: Implementation Differences.
(line 9)
* loops and conditionals: Conditionals and Loops.
(line 6)
* lq glyph, and lq string [man]: Predefined man strings.
(line 22)
* ls request, alternative to (pvs): Changing Type Sizes. (line 135)
* lt request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* m unit: Measurements. (line 55)
* M unit: Measurements. (line 67)
* machine unit (u): Measurements. (line 6)
* macro arguments: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 6)
* macro arguments, and compatibility mode: Gtroff Internals. (line 90)
* macro arguments, and tabs: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 6)
* macro basics: Basics. (line 6)
* macro directories: Macro Directories. (line 6)
* macro files, searching: Macro Directories. (line 11)
* macro name register (\$0): Parameters. (line 69)
* macro names, starting with [ or ], and refer: Identifiers. (line 46)
* macro packages: Macro Package Intro. (line 6)
* macro packages <1>: Macro Packages. (line 6)
* macro packages, structuring the source code: Requests. (line 14)
* macro, appending (am): Writing Macros. (line 116)
* macro, arguments (\$): Parameters. (line 21)
* macro, creating alias (als): Strings. (line 226)
* macro, end-of-input (em): End-of-input Traps. (line 7)
* macro, removing (rm): Strings. (line 221)
* macro, removing alias (rm): Strings. (line 260)
* macro, renaming (rn): Strings. (line 218)
* macros: Macros. (line 6)
* macros for manual pages [man]: Man usage. (line 6)
* macros, recursive: while. (line 38)
* macros, searching: Macro Directories. (line 6)
* macros, shared name space with strings and diversions: Strings.
(line 91)
* macros, tutorial for users: Tutorial for Macro Users.
(line 6)
* macros, writing: Writing Macros. (line 6)
* magnification of a font (fzoom): Changing Fonts. (line 70)
* major quotes: Displays. (line 10)
* major version number register (.x): Built-in Registers. (line 88)
* man macros: Man usage. (line 6)
* man macros, bold face: Man font macros. (line 15)
* man macros, custom headers and footers: Optional man extensions.
(line 12)
* man macros, default indentation: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 6)
* man macros, empty space before a paragraph: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 15)
* man macros, hanging indentation: Man usage. (line 97)
* man macros, how to set fonts: Man font macros. (line 6)
* man macros, italic fonts: Man font macros. (line 53)
* man macros, line breaks with vertical space: Man usage. (line 119)
* man macros, line breaks without vertical space: Man usage. (line 123)
* man macros, moving left margin: Man usage. (line 105)
* man macros, resetting default indentation: Man usage. (line 126)
* man macros, tab stops: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 10)
* man macros, Ultrix-specific: Optional man extensions.
(line 30)
* man pages: man. (line 6)
* manipulating filling and adjusting: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* manipulating hyphenation: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 6)
* manipulating spacing: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 6)
* manmacros, BSD compatibility: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 26)
* manmacros, BSD compatibility <1>: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 43)
* manual pages: man. (line 6)
* margin for hyphenation (hym): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 266)
* margin glyph (mc): Miscellaneous. (line 73)
* margin, bottom: Page Layout. (line 20)
* margin, left (po): Line Layout. (line 21)
* margin, top: Page Layout. (line 20)
* mark, high-water, register (.h): Diversions. (line 76)
* marking vertical page location (mk): Page Motions. (line 11)
* MathML: grohtml specific registers and strings.
(line 23)
* maximum values of Roman numerals: Assigning Formats. (line 58)
* mdoc macros: mdoc. (line 6)
* me macro package: me. (line 6)
* measurement unit: Measurements. (line 6)
* measurements: Measurements. (line 6)
* measurements, specifying safely: Default Units. (line 24)
* minimum values of Roman numerals: Assigning Formats. (line 58)
* minor version number register (.y): Built-in Registers. (line 92)
* minutes, current time (minutes): Built-in Registers. (line 37)
* mm macro package: mm. (line 6)
* mode for constant glyph space (cs): Artificial Fonts. (line 125)
* mode, compatibility: Implementation Differences.
(line 6)
* mode, compatibility, and parameters: Gtroff Internals. (line 90)
* mode, copy: Copy-in Mode. (line 6)
* mode, copy-in: Copy-in Mode. (line 6)
* mode, copy-in, and cf request: I/O. (line 50)
* mode, copy-in, and device request: Postprocessor Access.
(line 18)
* mode, copy-in, and ig request: Comments. (line 85)
* mode, copy-in, and length request: Strings. (line 208)
* mode, copy-in, and macro arguments: Parameters. (line 21)
* mode, copy-in, and output request: Diversions. (line 178)
* mode, copy-in, and tm request: Debugging. (line 30)
* mode, copy-in, and tm1 request: Debugging. (line 30)
* mode, copy-in, and tmc request: Debugging. (line 30)
* mode, copy-in, and trf request: I/O. (line 50)
* mode, copy-in, and write request: I/O. (line 211)
* mode, copy-in, and writec request: I/O. (line 211)
* mode, copy-in, and writem request: I/O. (line 224)
* mode, copy-in, and \!: Diversions. (line 147)
* mode, copy-in, and \?: Operators in Conditionals.
(line 55)
* mode, copy-in, and \? <1>: Diversions. (line 147)
* mode, copy-in, and \a: Leaders. (line 18)
* mode, copy-in, and \E: Character Translations.
(line 81)
* mode, copy-in, and \t: Tabs and Fields. (line 10)
* mode, copy-in, and \V: I/O. (line 248)
* mode, fill: Implicit Line Breaks.
(line 15)
* mode, fill <1>: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 161)
* mode, fill <2>: Warnings. (line 23)
* mode, fill (fi): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 29)
* mode, fill, and \c: Line Control. (line 69)
* mode, line-tabs: Tabs and Fields. (line 138)
* mode, no-fill (nf): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 39)
* mode, no-fill, and \c: Line Control. (line 60)
* mode, no-space (ns): Manipulating Spacing.
(line 123)
* mode, nroff: Troff and Nroff Mode.
(line 6)
* mode, safer: Groff Options. (line 213)
* mode, safer <1>: Macro Directories. (line 21)
* mode, safer <2>: Built-in Registers. (line 23)
* mode, safer <3>: I/O. (line 32)
* mode, safer <4>: I/O. (line 146)
* mode, safer <5>: I/O. (line 167)
* mode, safer <6>: I/O. (line 205)
* mode, troff: Troff and Nroff Mode.
(line 6)
* mode, unsafe: Groff Options. (line 289)
* mode, unsafe <1>: Macro Directories. (line 21)
* mode, unsafe <2>: Built-in Registers. (line 23)
* mode, unsafe <3>: I/O. (line 32)
* mode, unsafe <4>: I/O. (line 146)
* mode, unsafe <5>: I/O. (line 167)
* mode, unsafe <6>: I/O. (line 205)
* modifying requests: Requests. (line 60)
* mom macro package: mom. (line 6)
* month of the year register (mo): Built-in Registers. (line 51)
* motion operators: Expressions. (line 64)
* motion, horizontal (\h): Page Motions. (line 106)
* motion, vertical (\v): Page Motions. (line 81)
* motions, page: Page Motions. (line 6)
* mounting font (fp): Font Positions. (line 13)
* ms macros: ms. (line 6)
* ms macros, accent marks: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 6)
* ms macros, body text: ms Body Text. (line 6)
* ms macros, cover page: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 6)
* ms macros, creating table of contents: ms TOC. (line 6)
* ms macros, differences from AT&T: Differences from AT&T ms.
(line 6)
* ms macros, displays: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 6)
* ms macros, document control registers: ms Document Control Registers.
(line 6)
* ms macros, equations: ms Insertions. (line 6)
* ms macros, figures: ms Insertions. (line 6)
* ms macros, footers: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 6)
* ms macros, footnotes: ms Footnotes. (line 6)
* ms macros, general structure: General ms Structure.
(line 6)
* ms macros, headers: ms Headers and Footers.
(line 6)
* ms macros, headings: Headings in ms. (line 6)
* ms macros, highlighting: Highlighting in ms. (line 6)
* ms macros, keeps: ms Displays and Keeps.
(line 6)
* ms macros, lists: Lists in ms. (line 6)
* ms macros, margins: ms Margins. (line 6)
* ms macros, multiple columns: ms Multiple Columns. (line 6)
* ms macros, naming conventions: Naming Conventions. (line 6)
* ms macros, nested lists: Lists in ms. (line 122)
* ms macros, page layout: ms Page Layout. (line 6)
* ms macros, paragraph handling: Paragraphs in ms. (line 6)
* ms macros, references: ms Insertions. (line 6)
* ms macros, special characters: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 6)
* ms macros, strings: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 6)
* ms macros, tables: ms Insertions. (line 6)
* multi-file documents: Debugging. (line 10)
* multi-line strings: Strings. (line 62)
* multi-page table, example markup [ms]: Example multi-page table.
(line 6)
* multiple columns [ms]: ms Multiple Columns. (line 6)
* n unit: Measurements. (line 60)
* name space, common, of macros, diversions, and strings: Strings.
(line 91)
* name, background color, register (.M): Colors. (line 92)
* name, drawing color, register (.m): Colors. (line 65)
* name, fill color, register (.M): Colors. (line 92)
* named character (\C): Using Symbols. (line 182)
* names, long: Implementation Differences.
(line 9)
* naming conventions, ms macros: Naming Conventions. (line 6)
* ne request, and the .trunc register: Page Location Traps. (line 131)
* ne request, comparison with sv: Page Control. (line 53)
* negating register values: Setting Registers. (line 78)
* nested assignments: Interpolating Registers.
(line 11)
* nested diversions: Diversions. (line 69)
* nested lists [ms]: Lists in ms. (line 122)
* new page (bp): Basics. (line 90)
* new page (bp) <1>: Page Control. (line 10)
* newline character: Identifiers. (line 10)
* newline character <1>: Escapes. (line 69)
* newline character, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 168)
* newline character, in strings, escaping: Strings. (line 62)
* newline, final, stripping in diversions: Strings. (line 156)
* next file, processing (nx): I/O. (line 83)
* next free font position register (.fp): Font Positions. (line 29)
* nf request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* nl register, and .d: Diversions. (line 69)
* nl register, difference to .h: Diversions. (line 88)
* nm request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* no-break control character ('): Requests. (line 6)
* no-break control character, changing (c2): Character Translations.
(line 6)
* no-fill mode (nf): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 39)
* no-fill mode, and \c: Line Control. (line 60)
* no-space mode (ns): Manipulating Spacing.
(line 123)
* node, output: Gtroff Internals. (line 6)
* nr request, and warnings: Warnings. (line 61)
* nr request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* nroff mode: Troff and Nroff Mode.
(line 6)
* nroff, the program: History. (line 22)
* number of arguments register (.$): Parameters. (line 10)
* number of registers register (.R): Built-in Registers. (line 19)
* number register, creating alias (aln): Setting Registers. (line 112)
* number register, removing (rr): Setting Registers. (line 104)
* number register, renaming (rnn): Setting Registers. (line 108)
* number registers, dumping (pnr): Debugging. (line 77)
* number, input line, setting (lf): Debugging. (line 10)
* number, page (pn): Page Layout. (line 84)
* numbered glyph (\N): Character Translations.
(line 159)
* numbered glyph (\N) <1>: Using Symbols. (line 198)
* numbered list, example markup [ms]: Lists in ms. (line 41)
* numbers, and delimiters: Escapes. (line 65)
* numbers, line, printing (nm): Miscellaneous. (line 10)
* numerals, Roman: Assigning Formats. (line 31)
* numeric expression, valid: Expressions. (line 82)
* offset, page (po): Line Layout. (line 21)
* open request, and safer mode: Groff Options. (line 213)
* opena request, and safer mode: Groff Options. (line 213)
* opening file (open): I/O. (line 199)
* operator, scaling: Expressions. (line 54)
* operators, arithmetic: Expressions. (line 8)
* operators, as delimiters: Escapes. (line 67)
* operators, comparison: Expressions. (line 15)
* operators, extremum (>?, <?): Expressions. (line 44)
* operators, logical: Expressions. (line 19)
* operators, motion: Expressions. (line 64)
* operators, unary: Expressions. (line 21)
* optical size of a font: Changing Fonts. (line 70)
* options: Groff Options. (line 6)
* order of evaluation in expressions: Expressions. (line 58)
* orientation, landscape: Paper Size. (line 6)
* orphan lines, preventing with ne: Page Control. (line 33)
* os request, and no-space mode: Page Control. (line 62)
* output and input requests: I/O. (line 6)
* output device name string register (.T): Groff Options. (line 278)
* output device name string register (.T) <1>: Built-in Registers.
(line 126)
* output device usage number register (.T): Groff Options. (line 278)
* output devices: Output device intro. (line 6)
* output devices <1>: Output Devices. (line 6)
* output encoding, ASCII: Groff Options. (line 249)
* output encoding, cp1047: Groff Options. (line 261)
* output encoding, EBCDIC: Groff Options. (line 261)
* output encoding, latin-1 (ISO 8859-1): Groff Options. (line 253)
* output encoding, utf-8: Groff Options. (line 257)
* output glyphs, and input characters,compatibility with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 84)
* output line number register (ln): Built-in Registers. (line 82)
* output line, continuation (\c): Line Control. (line 36)
* output line, horizontal position, register (.k): Page Motions.
(line 215)
* output node: Gtroff Internals. (line 6)
* output request, and copy-in mode: Diversions. (line 178)
* output request, and \!: Diversions. (line 178)
* output, flush (fl): Debugging. (line 87)
* output, gtroff: gtroff Output. (line 6)
* output, intermediate: gtroff Output. (line 16)
* output, suppressing (\O): Suppressing output. (line 7)
* output, transparent (cf, trf): I/O. (line 50)
* output, transparent (\!, \?): Diversions. (line 135)
* output, transparent, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 104)
* output, troff: gtroff Output. (line 16)
* overlapping characters: Using Symbols. (line 261)
* overstriking glyphs (\o): Page Motions. (line 219)
* p unit: Measurements. (line 36)
* P unit: Measurements. (line 40)
* packages, macros: Macro Packages. (line 6)
* padding character, for fields (fc): Fields. (line 6)
* page break, conditional (ne): Page Control. (line 33)
* page control: Page Control. (line 6)
* page ejecting register (.pe): Page Location Traps. (line 143)
* page footers: Page Location Traps. (line 38)
* page headers: Page Location Traps. (line 38)
* page layout: Page Layout. (line 6)
* page layout [ms]: ms Page Layout. (line 6)
* page length (pl): Page Layout. (line 13)
* page length register (.p): Page Layout. (line 17)
* page location traps: Page Location Traps. (line 6)
* page location, vertical, marking (mk): Page Motions. (line 11)
* page location, vertical, returning to marked (rt): Page Motions.
(line 11)
* page motions: Page Motions. (line 6)
* page number (pn): Page Layout. (line 84)
* page number character (%): Page Layout. (line 35)
* page number character, changing (pc): Page Layout. (line 93)
* page number register (%): Page Control. (line 27)
* page offset (po): Line Layout. (line 21)
* page orientation, landscape: Paper Size. (line 6)
* page, new (bp): Page Control. (line 10)
* paper formats: Paper Formats. (line 6)
* paper size: Paper Size. (line 6)
* paragraphs: Paragraphs. (line 6)
* parameters: Parameters. (line 6)
* parameters, and compatibility mode: Gtroff Internals. (line 90)
* parentheses: Expressions. (line 58)
* path, for font files: Font Directories. (line 14)
* path, for tmac files: Macro Directories. (line 11)
* patterns for hyphenation (hpf): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 174)
* PDF, embedding: Embedding PDF. (line 6)
* pi request, and groff: I/O. (line 158)
* pi request, and safer mode: Groff Options. (line 213)
* pic, the program: gpic. (line 6)
* pica unit (P): Measurements. (line 40)
* pile, glyph (\b): Drawing Requests. (line 231)
* pl request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* planting a trap: Traps. (line 11)
* platform-specific directory: Macro Directories. (line 26)
* pn request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* PNG image generation from PostScript: DESC File Format. (line 29)
* po request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* point size registers (.s, .ps): Changing Type Sizes. (line 20)
* point size registers, last-requested (.psr, .sr): Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 43)
* point sizes, changing (ps, \s): Changing Type Sizes. (line 11)
* point sizes, fractional: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* point sizes, fractional <1>: Implementation Differences.
(line 75)
* point unit (p): Measurements. (line 36)
* polygon, drawing (\D'p ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 157)
* polygon, solid, drawing (\D'P ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 166)
* position of lowest text line (.h): Diversions. (line 76)
* position, absolute, operator (|): Expressions. (line 69)
* position, horizontal input line, saving (\k): Page Motions. (line 206)
* position, horizontal, in input line, register (hp): Page Motions.
(line 212)
* position, horizontal, in output line, register (.k): Page Motions.
(line 215)
* position, vertical, current (nl): Page Control. (line 66)
* position, vertical, in diversion, register (.d): Diversions.
(line 69)
* positions, font: Font Positions. (line 6)
* post-vertical line spacing: Changing Type Sizes. (line 120)
* post-vertical line spacing register (.pvs): Changing Type Sizes.
(line 135)
* post-vertical line spacing, changing (pvs): Changing Type Sizes.
(line 135)
* postprocessor access: Postprocessor Access.
(line 6)
* postprocessors: Output device intro. (line 6)
* PostScript fonts: Font Families. (line 11)
* PostScript, bounding box: Miscellaneous. (line 137)
* PostScript, embedding: Embedding PostScript.
(line 6)
* PostScript, PNG image generation: DESC File Format. (line 29)
* preconv, invoking: Invoking preconv. (line 5)
* preconv, the program: preconv. (line 6)
* prefix, for commands: Environment. (line 14)
* preprocessor, calling convention: Preprocessors in man pages.
(line 6)
* preprocessors: Preprocessor Intro. (line 6)
* preprocessors <1>: Preprocessors. (line 6)
* previous font (ft, \f[], \fP): Changing Fonts. (line 23)
* previous line length (.n): Environments. (line 109)
* print current page register (.P): Groff Options. (line 170)
* printing backslash (\\, \e, \E, \[rs]): Escapes. (line 74)
* printing backslash (\\, \e, \E, \[rs]) <1>: Implementation Differences.
(line 104)
* printing line numbers (nm): Miscellaneous. (line 10)
* printing to stderr (tm, tm1, tmc): Debugging. (line 27)
* printing, zero-width (\z, \Z): Page Motions. (line 223)
* printing, zero-width (\z, \Z) <1>: Page Motions. (line 227)
* process ID of gtroff register ($$): Built-in Registers. (line 99)
* processing next file (nx): I/O. (line 83)
* properties of characters (cflags): Using Symbols. (line 233)
* properties of glyphs (cflags): Using Symbols. (line 233)
* ps request, and constant glyph space mode: Artificial Fonts.
(line 125)
* ps request, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 75)
* ps request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* ps request, with fractional type sizes: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* pso request, and safer mode: Groff Options. (line 213)
* pvs request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* quotes, major: Displays. (line 10)
* quotes, trailing: Strings. (line 56)
* radicalex glyph, and cflags: Using Symbols. (line 261)
* ragged-left: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 63)
* ragged-right: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 59)
* rc request, and glyph definitions: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* read-only register, changing format: Assigning Formats. (line 67)
* reading from standard input (rd): I/O. (line 88)
* recursive macros: while. (line 38)
* refer, and macro names starting with [ or ]: Identifiers. (line 46)
* refer, the program: grefer. (line 6)
* reference, gtroff: gtroff Reference. (line 6)
* references [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 6)
* register, creating alias (aln): Setting Registers. (line 112)
* register, format (\g): Assigning Formats. (line 74)
* register, removing (rr): Setting Registers. (line 104)
* register, renaming (rnn): Setting Registers. (line 108)
* registers: Registers. (line 6)
* registers specific to grohtml: grohtml specific registers and strings.
(line 6)
* registers, built-in: Built-in Registers. (line 6)
* registers, interpolating (\n): Interpolating Registers.
(line 6)
* registers, number of, register (.R): Built-in Registers. (line 19)
* registers, setting (nr, \R): Setting Registers. (line 6)
* removing alias, for diversion (rm): Strings. (line 260)
* removing alias, for macro (rm): Strings. (line 260)
* removing alias, for string (rm): Strings. (line 260)
* removing diversion (rm): Strings. (line 221)
* removing glyph definition (rchar, rfschar): Using Symbols. (line 378)
* removing macro (rm): Strings. (line 221)
* removing number register (rr): Setting Registers. (line 104)
* removing request (rm): Strings. (line 221)
* removing string (rm): Strings. (line 221)
* renaming diversion (rn): Strings. (line 218)
* renaming macro (rn): Strings. (line 218)
* renaming number register (rnn): Setting Registers. (line 108)
* renaming request (rn): Strings. (line 218)
* renaming string (rn): Strings. (line 218)
* request arguments: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 6)
* request arguments, and compatibility mode: Gtroff Internals.
(line 90)
* request, removing (rm): Strings. (line 221)
* request, renaming (rn): Strings. (line 218)
* request, undefined: Comments. (line 25)
* requests: Requests. (line 6)
* requests for drawing: Drawing Requests. (line 6)
* requests for input and output: I/O. (line 6)
* requests, modifying: Requests. (line 60)
* resolution, device: DESC File Format. (line 85)
* resolution, horizontal: DESC File Format. (line 25)
* resolution, horizontal, register (.H): Built-in Registers. (line 15)
* resolution, vertical: DESC File Format. (line 134)
* resolution, vertical, register (.V): Built-in Registers. (line 28)
* returning to marked vertical page location (rt): Page Motions.
(line 11)
* revision number register (.Y): Built-in Registers. (line 96)
* rf, the program: History. (line 6)
* right-justifying (rj): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 254)
* rj request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* rn glyph, and cflags: Using Symbols. (line 261)
* roff, the program: History. (line 17)
* roman glyph, correction after italic glyph (\/): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 80)
* roman glyph, correction before italic glyph (\,): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 91)
* Roman numerals: Assigning Formats. (line 31)
* Roman numerals, maximum and minimum: Assigning Formats. (line 58)
* rq glyph, and rq string [man]: Predefined man strings.
(line 22)
* rq glyph, at end of sentence: Sentences. (line 18)
* rq glyph, at end of sentence <1>: Using Symbols. (line 271)
* rt request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* ru glyph, and cflags: Using Symbols. (line 261)
* RUNOFF, the program: History. (line 6)
* s unit: Measurements. (line 45)
* s unit <1>: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* safer mode: Groff Options. (line 213)
* safer mode <1>: Macro Directories. (line 21)
* safer mode <2>: Built-in Registers. (line 23)
* safer mode <3>: I/O. (line 32)
* safer mode <4>: I/O. (line 146)
* safer mode <5>: I/O. (line 167)
* safer mode <6>: I/O. (line 205)
* saving horizontal input line position (\k): Page Motions. (line 206)
* scaling indicator: Measurements. (line 6)
* scaling operator: Expressions. (line 54)
* searching fonts: Font Directories. (line 6)
* searching macro files: Macro Directories. (line 11)
* searching macros: Macro Directories. (line 6)
* seconds, current time (seconds): Built-in Registers. (line 32)
* sentence space: Sentences. (line 12)
* sentence space size register (.sss): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 156)
* sentences: Sentences. (line 6)
* setting diversion trap (dt): Diversion Traps. (line 7)
* setting end-of-input trap (em): End-of-input Traps. (line 7)
* setting input line number (lf): Debugging. (line 10)
* setting input line trap (it): Input Line Traps. (line 8)
* setting registers (nr, \R): Setting Registers. (line 6)
* shading filled objects (\D'f ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 140)
* shc request, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 172)
* site-specific directory: Macro Directories. (line 26)
* site-specific directory <1>: Font Directories. (line 29)
* size of sentence space register (.sss): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 156)
* size of type: Sizes. (line 6)
* size of word space register (.ss): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 156)
* size, optical, of a font: Changing Fonts. (line 70)
* size, paper: Paper Size. (line 6)
* sizes: Sizes. (line 6)
* sizes, fractional: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* sizes, fractional <1>: Implementation Differences.
(line 75)
* skew, of last glyph (.csk): Environments. (line 94)
* slant, font, changing (\S): Artificial Fonts. (line 45)
* soelim, the program: gsoelim. (line 6)
* soft hyphen character, setting (shc): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 296)
* soft hyphen glyph (hy): Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 296)
* solid circle, drawing (\D'C ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 113)
* solid ellipse, drawing (\D'E ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 123)
* solid polygon, drawing (\D'P ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 166)
* SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH, environment variable: Environment. (line 55)
* sp request, and no-space mode: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 123)
* sp request, and traps: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 53)
* sp request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* space between sentences: Sentences. (line 12)
* space between sentences register (.sss): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 156)
* space between words register (.ss): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 156)
* space character: Escapes. (line 69)
* space character, zero width (\&): Requests. (line 47)
* space character, zero width (\&) <1>: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 47)
* space character, zero width (\&) <2>: Drawing Requests. (line 32)
* space characters, in expressions: Expressions. (line 85)
* space, discardable, horizontal: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 187)
* space, discarded, in traps: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 53)
* space, horizontal (\h): Page Motions. (line 106)
* space, horizontal, unformatting: Strings. (line 156)
* space, unbreakable: Page Motions. (line 117)
* space, vertical, unit (v): Measurements. (line 63)
* space, width of a digit (\0): Page Motions. (line 141)
* spaces with ds: Strings. (line 56)
* spaces, in a macro argument: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 10)
* spaces, leading and trailing: Filling and Adjusting.
(line 10)
* spacing: Basics. (line 82)
* spacing, manipulating: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 6)
* spacing, vertical: Sizes. (line 6)
* special characters: Character Translations.
(line 159)
* special characters <1>: Special Characters. (line 6)
* special characters [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 6)
* special fonts: Using Symbols. (line 14)
* special fonts <1>: Special Fonts. (line 6)
* special fonts <2>: Font File Format. (line 28)
* special fonts, emboldening: Artificial Fonts. (line 114)
* special request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* special request, and glyph search order: Using Symbols. (line 14)
* spline, drawing (\D'~ ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 135)
* springing a trap: Traps. (line 11)
* sqrtex glyph, and cflags: Using Symbols. (line 261)
* stacking glyphs (\b): Drawing Requests. (line 231)
* standard input, reading from (rd): I/O. (line 88)
* stderr, printing to (tm, tm1, tmc): Debugging. (line 27)
* stops, tabulator: Tab Stops. (line 6)
* string arguments: Strings. (line 19)
* string comparison: Operators in Conditionals.
(line 47)
* string expansion (\*): Strings. (line 19)
* string interpolation (\*): Strings. (line 19)
* string, appending (as): Strings. (line 175)
* string, creating alias (als): Strings. (line 226)
* string, length of (length): Strings. (line 208)
* string, removing (rm): Strings. (line 221)
* string, removing alias (rm): Strings. (line 260)
* string, renaming (rn): Strings. (line 218)
* strings: Strings. (line 6)
* strings specific to grohtml: grohtml specific registers and strings.
(line 6)
* strings [ms]: ms Strings and Special Characters.
(line 6)
* strings, multi-line: Strings. (line 62)
* strings, shared name space with macros and diversions: Strings.
(line 91)
* stripping final newline in diversions: Strings. (line 156)
* structuring source code of documents or macro packages: Requests.
(line 14)
* sty request, and changing fonts: Changing Fonts. (line 11)
* sty request, and font positions: Font Positions. (line 59)
* sty request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* styles, font: Font Families. (line 6)
* substring (substring): Strings. (line 191)
* suppressing output (\O): Suppressing output. (line 7)
* sv request, and no-space mode: Page Control. (line 62)
* switching environments (ev): Environments. (line 38)
* sy request, and safer mode: Groff Options. (line 213)
* symbol: Using Symbols. (line 14)
* symbol table, dumping (pm): Debugging. (line 66)
* symbol, defining (char): Using Symbols. (line 322)
* symbols, using: Using Symbols. (line 6)
* system() return value register (systat): I/O. (line 194)
* tab character: Tab Stops. (line 6)
* tab character <1>: Escapes. (line 69)
* tab character, and translations: Character Translations.
(line 168)
* tab character, non-interpreted (\t): Tabs and Fields. (line 10)
* tab repetition character (tc): Tabs and Fields. (line 129)
* tab settings register (.tabs): Tabs and Fields. (line 117)
* tab stops: Tab Stops. (line 6)
* tab stops [man]: Miscellaneous man macros.
(line 10)
* tab stops, for TTY output devices: Tabs and Fields. (line 115)
* tab, line-tabs mode: Tabs and Fields. (line 138)
* table of contents: Table of Contents. (line 6)
* table of contents <1>: Leaders. (line 29)
* table of contents, creating [ms]: ms TOC. (line 6)
* tables [ms]: ms Insertions. (line 6)
* tabs, and fields: Tabs and Fields. (line 6)
* tabs, and macro arguments: Request and Macro Arguments.
(line 6)
* tabs, before comments: Comments. (line 21)
* tbl, the program: gtbl. (line 6)
* Teletype: Invoking grotty. (line 50)
* terminal control sequences: Invoking grotty. (line 50)
* terminal, conditional output for: Operators in Conditionals.
(line 14)
* text line, position of lowest (.h): Diversions. (line 76)
* text, gtroff processing: Text. (line 6)
* text, justifying: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* text, justifying (rj): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 254)
* thickness of lines (\D't ...'): Drawing Requests. (line 205)
* three-part title (tl): Page Layout. (line 35)
* ti request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* ti request, using + and -: Expressions. (line 74)
* time, current: I/O. (line 174)
* time, current, hours (hours): Built-in Registers. (line 41)
* time, current, minutes (minutes): Built-in Registers. (line 37)
* time, current, seconds (seconds): Built-in Registers. (line 32)
* title line (tl): Page Layout. (line 35)
* title line length register (.lt): Page Layout. (line 67)
* title line, length (lt): Page Layout. (line 67)
* title page, example markup: ms Cover Page Macros.
(line 65)
* titles: Page Layout. (line 31)
* tkf request, and font styles: Font Families. (line 59)
* tkf request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* tkf request, with fractional type sizes: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* tl request, and mc: Miscellaneous. (line 100)
* tm request, and copy-in mode: Debugging. (line 30)
* tm1 request, and copy-in mode: Debugging. (line 30)
* tmac, directory: Macro Directories. (line 11)
* tmac, path: Macro Directories. (line 11)
* tmc request, and copy-in mode: Debugging. (line 30)
* TMPDIR, environment variable: Environment. (line 44)
* token, input: Gtroff Internals. (line 6)
* top margin: Page Layout. (line 20)
* top-level diversion: Diversions. (line 12)
* top-level diversion, and bp: Page Control. (line 24)
* top-level diversion, and \!: Diversions. (line 170)
* top-level diversion, and \?: Diversions. (line 175)
* tr request, and glyph definitions: Using Symbols. (line 322)
* tr request, and soft hyphen character: Manipulating Hyphenation.
(line 296)
* tr request, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 84)
* track kerning: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 53)
* track kerning, activating (tkf): Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 60)
* trailing quotes: Strings. (line 56)
* trailing spaces: Filling and Adjusting.
(line 10)
* translations of characters: Character Translations.
(line 6)
* transparent characters: Sentences. (line 18)
* transparent characters <1>: Using Symbols. (line 271)
* transparent output (cf, trf): I/O. (line 50)
* transparent output (\!, \?): Diversions. (line 135)
* transparent output, incompatibilities with AT&T troff: Implementation Differences.
(line 104)
* trap, changing location (ch): Page Location Traps. (line 111)
* trap, distance, register (.t): Page Location Traps. (line 102)
* trap, diversion, setting (dt): Diversion Traps. (line 7)
* trap, end-of-input, setting (em): End-of-input Traps. (line 7)
* trap, input line, setting (it): Input Line Traps. (line 8)
* trap, planting: Traps. (line 11)
* trap, springing: Traps. (line 11)
* traps: Traps. (line 6)
* traps, and discarded space: Manipulating Spacing.
(line 53)
* traps, and diversions: Page Location Traps. (line 165)
* traps, blank line: Blank Line Traps. (line 6)
* traps, diversion: Diversion Traps. (line 6)
* traps, dumping (ptr): Debugging. (line 81)
* traps, end-of-input: End-of-input Traps. (line 6)
* traps, input line: Input Line Traps. (line 6)
* traps, input line, and interrupted lines (itc): Input Line Traps.
(line 24)
* traps, leading spaces: Leading Spaces Traps.
(line 6)
* traps, page location: Page Location Traps. (line 6)
* traps, sprung by bp request (.pe): Page Location Traps. (line 143)
* trf request, and copy-in mode: I/O. (line 50)
* trf request, and invalid characters: I/O. (line 72)
* trf request, causing implicit linebreak: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 6)
* trin request, and asciify: Diversions. (line 194)
* troff mode: Troff and Nroff Mode.
(line 6)
* troff output: gtroff Output. (line 16)
* truncated vertical space register (.trunc): Page Location Traps.
(line 131)
* TTY, conditional output for: Operators in Conditionals.
(line 14)
* tutorial for macro users: Tutorial for Macro Users.
(line 6)
* type size: Sizes. (line 6)
* type size registers (.s, .ps): Changing Type Sizes. (line 20)
* type sizes, changing (ps, \s): Changing Type Sizes. (line 11)
* type sizes, fractional: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* type sizes, fractional <1>: Implementation Differences.
(line 75)
* u unit: Measurements. (line 6)
* uf request, and font styles: Font Families. (line 59)
* ul glyph, and cflags: Using Symbols. (line 261)
* ul request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* Ultrix-specific man macros: Optional man extensions.
(line 30)
* unary operators: Expressions. (line 21)
* unbreakable space: Page Motions. (line 117)
* undefined identifiers: Identifiers. (line 77)
* undefined request: Comments. (line 25)
* underline font (uf): Artificial Fonts. (line 90)
* underlining (ul): Artificial Fonts. (line 64)
* underlining, continuous (cu): Artificial Fonts. (line 86)
* underscore glyph (\[ru]): Drawing Requests. (line 28)
* unformatting diversions (asciify): Diversions. (line 194)
* unformatting horizontal space: Strings. (line 156)
* Unicode: Identifiers. (line 15)
* Unicode <1>: Using Symbols. (line 198)
* unit, c: Measurements. (line 33)
* unit, f: Measurements. (line 48)
* unit, f, and colors: Colors. (line 35)
* unit, i: Measurements. (line 28)
* unit, m: Measurements. (line 55)
* unit, M: Measurements. (line 67)
* unit, n: Measurements. (line 60)
* unit, p: Measurements. (line 36)
* unit, P: Measurements. (line 40)
* unit, s: Measurements. (line 45)
* unit, s <1>: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* unit, u: Measurements. (line 6)
* unit, v: Measurements. (line 63)
* unit, z: Measurements. (line 45)
* unit, z <1>: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* units of measurement: Measurements. (line 6)
* units, default: Default Units. (line 6)
* unnamed fill colors (\D'F...'): Drawing Requests. (line 215)
* unnamed glyphs: Using Symbols. (line 208)
* unnamed glyphs, accessing with \N: Font File Format. (line 51)
* unsafe mode: Groff Options. (line 289)
* unsafe mode <1>: Macro Directories. (line 21)
* unsafe mode <2>: Built-in Registers. (line 23)
* unsafe mode <3>: I/O. (line 32)
* unsafe mode <4>: I/O. (line 146)
* unsafe mode <5>: I/O. (line 167)
* unsafe mode <6>: I/O. (line 205)
* user's macro tutorial: Tutorial for Macro Users.
(line 6)
* user's tutorial for macros: Tutorial for Macro Users.
(line 6)
* using symbols: Using Symbols. (line 6)
* utf-8, output encoding: Groff Options. (line 257)
* v unit: Measurements. (line 63)
* valid numeric expression: Expressions. (line 82)
* value, incrementing without changing the register: Auto-increment.
(line 47)
* variables in environment: Environment. (line 6)
* version number, major, register (.x): Built-in Registers. (line 88)
* version number, minor, register (.y): Built-in Registers. (line 92)
* vertical line drawing (\L): Drawing Requests. (line 50)
* vertical line spacing register (.v): Changing Type Sizes. (line 86)
* vertical line spacing, changing (vs): Changing Type Sizes. (line 86)
* vertical line spacing, effective value: Changing Type Sizes.
(line 104)
* vertical motion (\v): Page Motions. (line 81)
* vertical page location, marking (mk): Page Motions. (line 11)
* vertical page location, returning to marked (rt): Page Motions.
(line 11)
* vertical position in diversion register (.d): Diversions. (line 69)
* vertical position trap enable register (.vpt): Page Location Traps.
(line 18)
* vertical position traps, enabling (vpt): Page Location Traps.
(line 18)
* vertical position, current (nl): Page Control. (line 66)
* vertical resolution: DESC File Format. (line 134)
* vertical resolution register (.V): Built-in Registers. (line 28)
* vertical space unit (v): Measurements. (line 63)
* vertical spacing: Sizes. (line 6)
* warnings: Debugging. (line 148)
* warnings <1>: Warnings. (line 6)
* warnings, level (warn): Debugging. (line 154)
* what is groff?: What Is groff?. (line 6)
* while: while. (line 6)
* while request, and font translations: Changing Fonts. (line 55)
* while request, and the ! operator: Expressions. (line 21)
* while request, confusing with br: while. (line 68)
* while request, operators to use with: Operators in Conditionals.
(line 6)
* whitespace characters: Identifiers. (line 10)
* width escape (\w): Page Motions. (line 155)
* width, of last glyph (.w): Environments. (line 94)
* word space size register (.ss): Manipulating Filling and Adjusting.
(line 156)
* write request, and copy-in mode: I/O. (line 211)
* writec request, and copy-in mode: I/O. (line 211)
* writem request, and copy-in mode: I/O. (line 224)
* writing macros: Writing Macros. (line 6)
* writing to file (write, writec): I/O. (line 211)
* year, current, register (year, yr): Built-in Registers. (line 54)
* z unit: Measurements. (line 45)
* z unit <1>: Fractional Type Sizes.
(line 6)
* zero width space character (\&): Requests. (line 47)
* zero width space character (\&) <1>: Ligatures and Kerning.
(line 47)
* zero width space character (\&) <2>: Drawing Requests. (line 32)
* zero-width printing (\z, \Z): Page Motions. (line 223)
* zero-width printing (\z, \Z) <1>: Page Motions. (line 227)
* zoom factor of a font (fzoom): Changing Fonts. (line 70)
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