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Class::ISA(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation Class::ISA(3pm)
NAME
Class::ISA - report the search path for a class's ISA tree
SYNOPSIS
# Suppose you go: use Food::Fishstick, and that uses and
# inherits from other things, which in turn use and inherit
# from other things. And suppose, for sake of brevity of
# example, that their ISA tree is the same as:
@Food::Fishstick::ISA = qw(Food::Fish Life::Fungus Chemicals);
@Food::Fish::ISA = qw(Food);
@Food::ISA = qw(Matter);
@Life::Fungus::ISA = qw(Life);
@Chemicals::ISA = qw(Matter);
@Life::ISA = qw(Matter);
@Matter::ISA = qw();
use Class::ISA;
print "Food::Fishstick path is:\n ",
join(", ", Class::ISA::super_path('Food::Fishstick')),
"\n";
That prints:
Food::Fishstick path is:
Food::Fish, Food, Matter, Life::Fungus, Life, Chemicals
DESCRIPTION
Suppose you have a class (like Food::Fish::Fishstick) that is derived, via its @ISA, from
one or more superclasses (as Food::Fish::Fishstick is from Food::Fish, Life::Fungus, and
Chemicals), and some of those superclasses may themselves each be derived, via its @ISA,
from one or more superclasses (as above).
When, then, you call a method in that class ($fishstick->calories), Perl first searches
there for that method, but if it's not there, it goes searching in its superclasses, and
so on, in a depth-first (or maybe "height-first" is the word) search. In the above
example, it'd first look in Food::Fish, then Food, then Matter, then Life::Fungus, then
Life, then Chemicals.
This library, Class::ISA, provides functions that return that list -- the list (in order)
of names of classes Perl would search to find a method, with no duplicates.
FUNCTIONS
the function Class::ISA::super_path($CLASS)
This returns the ordered list of names of classes that Perl would search thru in order
to find a method, with no duplicates in the list. $CLASS is not included in the list.
UNIVERSAL is not included -- if you need to consider it, add it to the end.
the function Class::ISA::self_and_super_path($CLASS)
Just like "super_path", except that $CLASS is included as the first element.
the function Class::ISA::self_and_super_versions($CLASS)
This returns a hash whose keys are $CLASS and its (super-)superclasses, and whose
values are the contents of each class's $VERSION (or undef, for classes with no
$VERSION).
The code for self_and_super_versions is meant to serve as an example for precisely the
kind of tasks I anticipate that self_and_super_path and super_path will be used for.
You are strongly advised to read the source for self_and_super_versions, and the
comments there.
CAUTIONARY NOTES
* Class::ISA doesn't export anything. You have to address the functions with a
"Class::ISA::" on the front.
* Contrary to its name, Class::ISA isn't a class; it's just a package. Strange, isn't it?
* Say you have a loop in the ISA tree of the class you're calling one of the Class::ISA
functions on: say that Food inherits from Matter, but Matter inherits from Food (for sake
of argument). If Perl, while searching for a method, actually discovers this cyclicity,
it will throw a fatal error. The functions in Class::ISA effectively ignore this
cyclicity; the Class::ISA algorithm is "never go down the same path twice", and
cyclicities are just a special case of that.
* The Class::ISA functions just look at @ISAs. But theoretically, I suppose, AUTOLOADs
could bypass Perl's ISA-based search mechanism and do whatever they please. That would be
bad behavior, tho; and I try not to think about that.
* If Perl can't find a method anywhere in the ISA tree, it then looks in the magical class
UNIVERSAL. This is rarely relevant to the tasks that I expect Class::ISA functions to be
put to, but if it matters to you, then instead of this:
@supers = Class::Tree::super_path($class);
do this:
@supers = (Class::Tree::super_path($class), 'UNIVERSAL');
And don't say no-one ever told ya!
* When you call them, the Class::ISA functions look at @ISAs anew -- that is, there is no
memoization, and so if ISAs change during runtime, you get the current ISA tree's path,
not anything memoized. However, changing ISAs at runtime is probably a sign that you're
out of your mind!
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright (c) 1999-2009 Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself.
AUTHOR
Sean M. Burke "sburke AT cpan.org"
MAINTAINER
Maintained by Steffen Mueller "smueller AT cpan.org".
perl v5.26.2 2018-08-25 Class::ISA(3pm)
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