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File::Glob(3perl) Perl Programmers Reference Guide File::Glob(3perl)
NAME
File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
SYNOPSIS
use File::Glob ':bsd_glob';
@list = bsd_glob('*.[ch]');
$homedir = bsd_glob('~gnat', GLOB_TILDE | GLOB_ERR);
if (GLOB_ERROR) {
# an error occurred reading $homedir
}
## override the core glob (CORE::glob() does this automatically
## by default anyway, since v5.6.0)
use File::Glob ':globally';
my @sources = <*.{c,h,y}>;
## override the core glob, forcing case sensitivity
use File::Glob qw(:globally :case);
my @sources = <*.{c,h,y}>;
## override the core glob forcing case insensitivity
use File::Glob qw(:globally :nocase);
my @sources = <*.{c,h,y}>;
## glob on all files in home directory
use File::Glob ':globally';
my @sources = <~gnat/*>;
DESCRIPTION
The glob angle-bracket operator "<>" is a pathname generator that implements the rules for
file name pattern matching used by Unix-like shells such as the Bourne shell or C shell.
File::Glob::bsd_glob() implements the FreeBSD glob(3) routine, which is a superset of the
POSIX glob() (described in IEEE Std 1003.2 "POSIX.2"). bsd_glob() takes a mandatory
"pattern" argument, and an optional "flags" argument, and returns a list of filenames
matching the pattern, with interpretation of the pattern modified by the "flags" variable.
Since v5.6.0, Perl's CORE::glob() is implemented in terms of bsd_glob(). Note that they
don't share the same prototype--CORE::glob() only accepts a single argument. Due to
historical reasons, CORE::glob() will also split its argument on whitespace, treating it
as multiple patterns, whereas bsd_glob() considers them as one pattern. But see
":bsd_glob" under "EXPORTS", below.
META CHARACTERS
\ Quote the next metacharacter
[] Character class
{} Multiple pattern
* Match any string of characters
? Match any single character
~ User name home directory
The metanotation "a{b,c,d}e" is a shorthand for "abe ace ade". Left to right order is
preserved, with results of matches being sorted separately at a low level to preserve this
order. As a special case "{", "}", and "{}" are passed undisturbed.
EXPORTS
See also the "POSIX FLAGS" below, which can be exported individually.
":bsd_glob"
The ":bsd_glob" export tag exports bsd_glob() and the constants listed below. It also
overrides glob() in the calling package with one that behaves like bsd_glob() with regard
to spaces (the space is treated as part of a file name), but supports iteration in scalar
context; i.e., it preserves the core function's feature of returning the next item each
time it is called.
":glob"
The ":glob" tag, now discouraged, is the old version of ":bsd_glob". It exports the same
constants and functions, but its glob() override does not support iteration; it returns
the last file name in scalar context. That means this will loop forever:
use File::Glob ':glob';
while (my $file = <* copy.txt>) {
...
}
"bsd_glob"
This function, which is included in the two export tags listed above, takes one or two
arguments. The first is the glob pattern. The second, if given, is a set of flags ORed
together. The available flags and the default set of flags are listed below under "POSIX
FLAGS".
Remember that to use the named constants for flags you must import them, for example with
":bsd_glob" described above. If not imported, and "use strict" is not in effect, then the
constants will be treated as bareword strings, which won't do what you what.
":nocase" and ":case"
These two export tags globally modify the default flags that bsd_glob() and, except on
VMS, Perl's built-in "glob" operator use. "GLOB_NOCASE" is turned on or off,
respectively.
"csh_glob"
The csh_glob() function can also be exported, but you should not use it directly unless
you really know what you are doing. It splits the pattern into words and feeds each one
to bsd_glob(). Perl's own glob() function uses this internally.
POSIX FLAGS
If no flags argument is give then "GLOB_CSH" is set, and on VMS and Windows systems,
"GLOB_NOCASE" too. Otherwise the flags to use are determined solely by the flags
argument. The POSIX defined flags are:
"GLOB_ERR"
Force bsd_glob() to return an error when it encounters a directory it cannot open or
read. Ordinarily bsd_glob() continues to find matches.
"GLOB_LIMIT"
Make bsd_glob() return an error (GLOB_NOSPACE) when the pattern expands to a size
bigger than the system constant "ARG_MAX" (usually found in limits.h). If your system
does not define this constant, bsd_glob() uses "sysconf(_SC_ARG_MAX)" or
"_POSIX_ARG_MAX" where available (in that order). You can inspect these values using
the standard "POSIX" extension.
"GLOB_MARK"
Each pathname that is a directory that matches the pattern has a slash appended.
"GLOB_NOCASE"
By default, file names are assumed to be case sensitive; this flag makes bsd_glob()
treat case differences as not significant.
"GLOB_NOCHECK"
If the pattern does not match any pathname, then bsd_glob() returns a list consisting
of only the pattern. If "GLOB_QUOTE" is set, its effect is present in the pattern
returned.
"GLOB_NOSORT"
By default, the pathnames are sorted in ascending ASCII order; this flag prevents that
sorting (speeding up bsd_glob()).
The FreeBSD extensions to the POSIX standard are the following flags:
"GLOB_BRACE"
Pre-process the string to expand "{pat,pat,...}" strings like csh(1). The pattern
'{}' is left unexpanded for historical reasons (and csh(1) does the same thing to ease
typing of find(1) patterns).
"GLOB_NOMAGIC"
Same as "GLOB_NOCHECK" but it only returns the pattern if it does not contain any of
the special characters "*", "?" or "[". "NOMAGIC" is provided to simplify
implementing the historic csh(1) globbing behaviour and should probably not be used
anywhere else.
"GLOB_QUOTE"
Use the backslash ('\') character for quoting: every occurrence of a backslash
followed by a character in the pattern is replaced by that character, avoiding any
special interpretation of the character. (But see below for exceptions on DOSISH
systems).
"GLOB_TILDE"
Expand patterns that start with '~' to user name home directories.
"GLOB_CSH"
For convenience, "GLOB_CSH" is a synonym for "GLOB_BRACE | GLOB_NOMAGIC | GLOB_QUOTE |
GLOB_TILDE | GLOB_ALPHASORT".
The POSIX provided "GLOB_APPEND", "GLOB_DOOFFS", and the FreeBSD extensions
"GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC", and "GLOB_MAGCHAR" flags have not been implemented in the Perl version
because they involve more complex interaction with the underlying C structures.
The following flag has been added in the Perl implementation for csh compatibility:
"GLOB_ALPHASORT"
If "GLOB_NOSORT" is not in effect, sort filenames is alphabetical order (case does not
matter) rather than in ASCII order.
DIAGNOSTICS
bsd_glob() returns a list of matching paths, possibly zero length. If an error occurred,
&File::Glob::GLOB_ERROR will be non-zero and $! will be set. &File::Glob::GLOB_ERROR is
guaranteed to be zero if no error occurred, or one of the following values otherwise:
"GLOB_NOSPACE"
An attempt to allocate memory failed.
"GLOB_ABEND"
The glob was stopped because an error was encountered.
In the case where bsd_glob() has found some matching paths, but is interrupted by an
error, it will return a list of filenames and set &File::Glob::ERROR.
Note that bsd_glob() deviates from POSIX and FreeBSD glob(3) behaviour by not considering
"ENOENT" and "ENOTDIR" as errors - bsd_glob() will continue processing despite those
errors, unless the "GLOB_ERR" flag is set.
Be aware that all filenames returned from File::Glob are tainted.
NOTES
o If you want to use multiple patterns, e.g. "bsd_glob("a* b*")", you should probably
throw them in a set as in "bsd_glob("{a*,b*}")". This is because the argument to
bsd_glob() isn't subjected to parsing by the C shell. Remember that you can use a
backslash to escape things.
o On DOSISH systems, backslash is a valid directory separator character. In this case,
use of backslash as a quoting character (via GLOB_QUOTE) interferes with the use of
backslash as a directory separator. The best (simplest, most portable) solution is to
use forward slashes for directory separators, and backslashes for quoting. However,
this does not match "normal practice" on these systems. As a concession to user
expectation, therefore, backslashes (under GLOB_QUOTE) only quote the glob
metacharacters '[', ']', '{', '}', '-', '~', and backslash itself. All other
backslashes are passed through unchanged.
o Win32 users should use the real slash. If you really want to use backslashes,
consider using Sarathy's File::DosGlob, which comes with the standard Perl
distribution.
SEE ALSO
"glob" in perlfunc, glob(3)
AUTHOR
The Perl interface was written by Nathan Torkington <gnat AT frii.com>, and is released under
the artistic license. Further modifications were made by Greg Bacon <gbacon AT cs.edu>,
Gurusamy Sarathy <gsar AT activestate.com>, and Thomas Wegner <wegner_thomas AT yahoo.com>. The
C glob code has the following copyright:
Copyright (c) 1989, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights
reserved.
This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by Guido van Rossum.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are
permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of
conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of
conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may be used to
endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written
permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR
TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
perl v5.34.0 2023-11-23 File::Glob(3perl)
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