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HTTP::Tiny(3perl) Perl Programmers Reference Guide HTTP::Tiny(3perl)
NAME
HTTP::Tiny - A small, simple, correct HTTP/1.1 client
VERSION
version 0.076
SYNOPSIS
use HTTP::Tiny;
my $response = HTTP::Tiny->new->get('http://example.com/');
die "Failed!\n" unless $response->{success};
print "$response->{status} $response->{reason}\n";
while (my ($k, $v) = each %{$response->{headers}}) {
for (ref $v eq 'ARRAY' ? @$v : $v) {
print "$k: $_\n";
}
}
print $response->{content} if length $response->{content};
DESCRIPTION
This is a very simple HTTP/1.1 client, designed for doing simple requests without the
overhead of a large framework like LWP::UserAgent.
It is more correct and more complete than HTTP::Lite. It supports proxies and
redirection. It also correctly resumes after EINTR.
If IO::Socket::IP 0.25 or later is installed, HTTP::Tiny will use it instead of
IO::Socket::INET for transparent support for both IPv4 and IPv6.
Cookie support requires HTTP::CookieJar or an equivalent class.
METHODS
new
$http = HTTP::Tiny->new( %attributes );
This constructor returns a new HTTP::Tiny object. Valid attributes include:
o "agent" -- A user-agent string (defaults to 'HTTP-Tiny/$VERSION'). If "agent" -- ends
in a space character, the default user-agent string is appended.
o "cookie_jar" -- An instance of HTTP::CookieJar -- or equivalent class that supports
the "add" and "cookie_header" methods
o "default_headers" -- A hashref of default headers to apply to requests
o "local_address" -- The local IP address to bind to
o "keep_alive" -- Whether to reuse the last connection (if for the same scheme, host and
port) (defaults to 1)
o "max_redirect" -- Maximum number of redirects allowed (defaults to 5)
o "max_size" -- Maximum response size in bytes (only when not using a data callback).
If defined, responses larger than this will return an exception.
o "http_proxy" -- URL of a proxy server to use for HTTP connections (default is
$ENV{http_proxy} -- if set)
o "https_proxy" -- URL of a proxy server to use for HTTPS connections (default is
$ENV{https_proxy} -- if set)
o "proxy" -- URL of a generic proxy server for both HTTP and HTTPS connections (default
is $ENV{all_proxy} -- if set)
o "no_proxy" -- List of domain suffixes that should not be proxied. Must be a comma-
separated string or an array reference. (default is $ENV{no_proxy} --)
o "timeout" -- Request timeout in seconds (default is 60) If a socket open, read or
write takes longer than the timeout, an exception is thrown.
o "verify_SSL" -- A boolean that indicates whether to validate the SSL certificate of an
"https" -- connection (default is false)
o "SSL_options" -- A hashref of "SSL_*" -- options to pass through to IO::Socket::SSL
Passing an explicit "undef" for "proxy", "http_proxy" or "https_proxy" will prevent
getting the corresponding proxies from the environment.
Exceptions from "max_size", "timeout" or other errors will result in a pseudo-HTTP status
code of 599 and a reason of "Internal Exception". The content field in the response will
contain the text of the exception.
The "keep_alive" parameter enables a persistent connection, but only to a single
destination scheme, host and port. Also, if any connection-relevant attributes are
modified, or if the process ID or thread ID change, the persistent connection will be
dropped. If you want persistent connections across multiple destinations, use multiple
HTTP::Tiny objects.
See "SSL SUPPORT" for more on the "verify_SSL" and "SSL_options" attributes.
get|head|put|post|delete
$response = $http->get($url);
$response = $http->get($url, \%options);
$response = $http->head($url);
These methods are shorthand for calling "request()" for the given method. The URL must
have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names encoded. See "request()"
for valid options and a description of the response.
The "success" field of the response will be true if the status code is 2XX.
post_form
$response = $http->post_form($url, $form_data);
$response = $http->post_form($url, $form_data, \%options);
This method executes a "POST" request and sends the key/value pairs from a form data hash
or array reference to the given URL with a "content-type" of
"application/x-www-form-urlencoded". If data is provided as an array reference, the order
is preserved; if provided as a hash reference, the terms are sorted on key and value for
consistency. See documentation for the "www_form_urlencode" method for details on the
encoding.
The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names encoded. See
"request()" for valid options and a description of the response. Any "content-type"
header or content in the options hashref will be ignored.
The "success" field of the response will be true if the status code is 2XX.
mirror
$response = $http->mirror($url, $file, \%options)
if ( $response->{success} ) {
print "$file is up to date\n";
}
Executes a "GET" request for the URL and saves the response body to the file name
provided. The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names
encoded. If the file already exists, the request will include an "If-Modified-Since"
header with the modification timestamp of the file. You may specify a different
"If-Modified-Since" header yourself in the "$options->{headers}" hash.
The "success" field of the response will be true if the status code is 2XX or if the
status code is 304 (unmodified).
If the file was modified and the server response includes a properly formatted
"Last-Modified" header, the file modification time will be updated accordingly.
request
$response = $http->request($method, $url);
$response = $http->request($method, $url, \%options);
Executes an HTTP request of the given method type ('GET', 'HEAD', 'POST', 'PUT', etc.) on
the given URL. The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names
encoded.
NOTE: Method names are case-sensitive per the HTTP/1.1 specification. Don't use "get"
when you really want "GET". See LIMITATIONS for how this applies to redirection.
If the URL includes a "user:password" stanza, they will be used for Basic-style
authorization headers. (Authorization headers will not be included in a redirected
request.) For example:
$http->request('GET', 'http://Aladdin:open sesame AT example.com/');
If the "user:password" stanza contains reserved characters, they must be percent-escaped:
$http->request('GET', 'http://john%40example.com:password AT example.com/');
A hashref of options may be appended to modify the request.
Valid options are:
o "headers" -- A hashref containing headers to include with the request. If the value
for a header is an array reference, the header will be output multiple times with each
value in the array. These headers over-write any default headers.
o "content" -- A scalar to include as the body of the request OR a code reference that
will be called iteratively to produce the body of the request
o "trailer_callback" -- A code reference that will be called if it exists to provide a
hashref of trailing headers (only used with chunked transfer-encoding)
o "data_callback" -- A code reference that will be called for each chunks of the
response body received.
o "peer" -- Override host resolution and force all connections to go only to a specific
peer address, regardless of the URL of the request. This will include any
redirections! This options should be used with extreme caution (e.g. debugging or
very special circumstances). It can be given as either a scalar or a code reference
that will receive the hostname and whose response will be taken as the address.
The "Host" header is generated from the URL in accordance with RFC 2616. It is a fatal
error to specify "Host" in the "headers" option. Other headers may be ignored or
overwritten if necessary for transport compliance.
If the "content" option is a code reference, it will be called iteratively to provide the
content body of the request. It should return the empty string or undef when the iterator
is exhausted.
If the "content" option is the empty string, no "content-type" or "content-length" headers
will be generated.
If the "data_callback" option is provided, it will be called iteratively until the entire
response body is received. The first argument will be a string containing a chunk of the
response body, the second argument will be the in-progress response hash reference, as
described below. (This allows customizing the action of the callback based on the
"status" or "headers" received prior to the content body.)
The "request" method returns a hashref containing the response. The hashref will have the
following keys:
o "success" -- Boolean indicating whether the operation returned a 2XX status code
o "url" -- URL that provided the response. This is the URL of the request unless there
were redirections, in which case it is the last URL queried in a redirection chain
o "status" -- The HTTP status code of the response
o "reason" -- The response phrase returned by the server
o "content" -- The body of the response. If the response does not have any content or
if a data callback is provided to consume the response body, this will be the empty
string
o "headers" -- A hashref of header fields. All header field names will be normalized to
be lower case. If a header is repeated, the value will be an arrayref; it will
otherwise be a scalar string containing the value
o "protocol" - If this field exists, it is the protocol of the response such as HTTP/1.0
or HTTP/1.1
o "redirects" If this field exists, it is an arrayref of response hash references from
redirects in the same order that redirections occurred. If it does not exist, then no
redirections occurred.
On an exception during the execution of the request, the "status" field will contain 599,
and the "content" field will contain the text of the exception.
www_form_urlencode
$params = $http->www_form_urlencode( $data );
$response = $http->get("http://example.com/query?$params");
This method converts the key/value pairs from a data hash or array reference into a
"x-www-form-urlencoded" string. The keys and values from the data reference will be UTF-8
encoded and escaped per RFC 3986. If a value is an array reference, the key will be
repeated with each of the values of the array reference. If data is provided as a hash
reference, the key/value pairs in the resulting string will be sorted by key and value for
consistent ordering.
can_ssl
$ok = HTTP::Tiny->can_ssl;
($ok, $why) = HTTP::Tiny->can_ssl;
($ok, $why) = $http->can_ssl;
Indicates if SSL support is available. When called as a class object, it checks for the
correct version of Net::SSLeay and IO::Socket::SSL. When called as an object methods, if
"SSL_verify" is true or if "SSL_verify_mode" is set in "SSL_options", it checks that a CA
file is available.
In scalar context, returns a boolean indicating if SSL is available. In list context,
returns the boolean and a (possibly multi-line) string of errors indicating why SSL isn't
available.
connected
$host = $http->connected;
($host, $port) = $http->connected;
Indicates if a connection to a peer is being kept alive, per the "keep_alive" option.
In scalar context, returns the peer host and port, joined with a colon, or "undef" (if no
peer is connected). In list context, returns the peer host and port or an empty list (if
no peer is connected).
Note: This method cannot reliably be used to discover whether the remote host has closed
its end of the socket.
SSL SUPPORT
Direct "https" connections are supported only if IO::Socket::SSL 1.56 or greater and
Net::SSLeay 1.49 or greater are installed. An exception will be thrown if new enough
versions of these modules are not installed or if the SSL encryption fails. You can also
use "HTTP::Tiny::can_ssl()" utility function that returns boolean to see if the required
modules are installed.
An "https" connection may be made via an "http" proxy that supports the CONNECT command
(i.e. RFC 2817). You may not proxy "https" via a proxy that itself requires "https" to
communicate.
SSL provides two distinct capabilities:
o Encrypted communication channel
o Verification of server identity
By default, HTTP::Tiny does not verify server identity.
Server identity verification is controversial and potentially tricky because it depends on
a (usually paid) third-party Certificate Authority (CA) trust model to validate a
certificate as legitimate. This discriminates against servers with self-signed
certificates or certificates signed by free, community-driven CA's such as CAcert.org
<http://cacert.org>.
By default, HTTP::Tiny does not make any assumptions about your trust model, threat level
or risk tolerance. It just aims to give you an encrypted channel when you need one.
Setting the "verify_SSL" attribute to a true value will make HTTP::Tiny verify that an SSL
connection has a valid SSL certificate corresponding to the host name of the connection
and that the SSL certificate has been verified by a CA. Assuming you trust the CA, this
will protect against a man-in-the-middle attack <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-
middle_attack>. If you are concerned about security, you should enable this option.
Certificate verification requires a file containing trusted CA certificates.
If the environment variable "SSL_CERT_FILE" is present, HTTP::Tiny will try to find a CA
certificate file in that location.
If the Mozilla::CA module is installed, HTTP::Tiny will use the CA file included with it
as a source of trusted CA's. (This means you trust Mozilla, the author of Mozilla::CA,
the CPAN mirror where you got Mozilla::CA, the toolchain used to install it, and your
operating system security, right?)
If that module is not available, then HTTP::Tiny will search several system-specific
default locations for a CA certificate file:
o /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
o /etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt
o /etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem
An exception will be raised if "verify_SSL" is true and no CA certificate file is
available.
If you desire complete control over SSL connections, the "SSL_options" attribute lets you
provide a hash reference that will be passed through to "IO::Socket::SSL::start_SSL()",
overriding any options set by HTTP::Tiny. For example, to provide your own trusted CA
file:
SSL_options => {
SSL_ca_file => $file_path,
}
The "SSL_options" attribute could also be used for such things as providing a client
certificate for authentication to a server or controlling the choice of cipher used for
the SSL connection. See IO::Socket::SSL documentation for details.
PROXY SUPPORT
HTTP::Tiny can proxy both "http" and "https" requests. Only Basic proxy authorization is
supported and it must be provided as part of the proxy URL:
"http://user:pass AT proxy.com/".
HTTP::Tiny supports the following proxy environment variables:
o http_proxy or HTTP_PROXY
o https_proxy or HTTPS_PROXY
o all_proxy or ALL_PROXY
If the "REQUEST_METHOD" environment variable is set, then this might be a CGI process and
"HTTP_PROXY" would be set from the "Proxy:" header, which is a security risk. If
"REQUEST_METHOD" is set, "HTTP_PROXY" (the upper case variant only) is ignored.
Tunnelling "https" over an "http" proxy using the CONNECT method is supported. If your
proxy uses "https" itself, you can not tunnel "https" over it.
Be warned that proxying an "https" connection opens you to the risk of a man-in-the-middle
attack by the proxy server.
The "no_proxy" environment variable is supported in the format of a comma-separated list
of domain extensions proxy should not be used for.
Proxy arguments passed to "new" will override their corresponding environment variables.
LIMITATIONS
HTTP::Tiny is conditionally compliant with the HTTP/1.1 specifications
<http://www.w3.org/Protocols/>:
o "Message Syntax and Routing" [RFC7230]
o "Semantics and Content" [RFC7231]
o "Conditional Requests" [RFC7232]
o "Range Requests" [RFC7233]
o "Caching" [RFC7234]
o "Authentication" [RFC7235]
It attempts to meet all "MUST" requirements of the specification, but does not implement
all "SHOULD" requirements. (Note: it was developed against the earlier RFC 2616
specification and may not yet meet the revised RFC 7230-7235 spec.)
Some particular limitations of note include:
o HTTP::Tiny focuses on correct transport. Users are responsible for ensuring that
user-defined headers and content are compliant with the HTTP/1.1 specification.
o Users must ensure that URLs are properly escaped for unsafe characters and that
international domain names are properly encoded to ASCII. See URI::Escape,
URI::_punycode and Net::IDN::Encode.
o Redirection is very strict against the specification. Redirection is only automatic
for response codes 301, 302, 307 and 308 if the request method is 'GET' or 'HEAD'.
Response code 303 is always converted into a 'GET' redirection, as mandated by the
specification. There is no automatic support for status 305 ("Use proxy")
redirections.
o There is no provision for delaying a request body using an "Expect" header.
Unexpected "1XX" responses are silently ignored as per the specification.
o Only 'chunked' "Transfer-Encoding" is supported.
o There is no support for a Request-URI of '*' for the 'OPTIONS' request.
o Headers mentioned in the RFCs and some other, well-known headers are generated with
their canonical case. Other headers are sent in the case provided by the user.
Except for control headers (which are sent first), headers are sent in arbitrary
order.
Despite the limitations listed above, HTTP::Tiny is considered feature-complete. New
feature requests should be directed to HTTP::Tiny::UA.
SEE ALSO
o HTTP::Tiny::UA - Higher level UA features for HTTP::Tiny
o HTTP::Thin - HTTP::Tiny wrapper with HTTP::Request/HTTP::Response compatibility
o HTTP::Tiny::Mech - Wrap WWW::Mechanize instance in HTTP::Tiny compatible interface
o IO::Socket::IP - Required for IPv6 support
o IO::Socket::SSL - Required for SSL support
o LWP::UserAgent - If HTTP::Tiny isn't enough for you, this is the "standard" way to do
things
o Mozilla::CA - Required if you want to validate SSL certificates
o Net::SSLeay - Required for SSL support
SUPPORT
Bugs / Feature Requests
Please report any bugs or feature requests through the issue tracker at
<https://github.com/chansen/p5-http-tiny/issues>. You will be notified automatically of
any progress on your issue.
Source Code
This is open source software. The code repository is available for public review and
contribution under the terms of the license.
<https://github.com/chansen/p5-http-tiny>
git clone https://github.com/chansen/p5-http-tiny.git
AUTHORS
o Christian Hansen <chansen AT cpan.org>
o David Golden <dagolden AT cpan.org>
CONTRIBUTORS
o Alan Gardner <gardner AT pythian.com>
o Alessandro Ghedini <al3xbio AT gmail.com>
o A. Sinan Unur <nanis AT cpan.org>
o Brad Gilbert <bgills AT cpan.org>
o brian m. carlson <sandals AT crustytoothpaste.net>
o Chris Nehren <apeiron AT cpan.org>
o Chris Weyl <cweyl AT alumni.edu>
o Claes Jakobsson <claes AT surfar.nu>
o Clinton Gormley <clint AT traveljury.com>
o Craig A. Berry <craigberry AT mac.com>
o Craig Berry <cberry AT cpan.org>
o David Golden <xdg AT xdg.me>
o David Mitchell <davem AT iabyn.com>
o Dean Pearce <pearce AT pythian.com>
o Edward Zborowski <ed AT rubensteintech.com>
o Felipe Gasper <felipe AT felipegasper.com>
o James Raspass <jraspass AT gmail.com>
o Jeremy Mates <jmates AT cpan.org>
o Jess Robinson <castaway AT desert-island.uk>
o Karen Etheridge <ether AT cpan.org>
o Lukas Eklund <leklund AT gmail.com>
o Martin J. Evans <mjegh AT ntlworld.com>
o Martin-Louis Bright <mlbright AT gmail.com>
o Mike Doherty <doherty AT cpan.org>
o Nicolas Rochelemagne <rochelemagne AT cpanel.net>
o Olaf Alders <olaf AT wundersolutions.com>
o Olivier Mengue <dolmen AT cpan.org>
o Petr Pisa <ppisar AT redhat.com>
o Serguei Trouchelle <stro AT cpan.org>
o Shoichi Kaji <skaji AT cpan.org>
o SkyMarshal <skymarshal1729 AT gmail.com>
o Soren Kornetzki <soeren.kornetzki AT delti.com>
o Steve Grazzini <steve.grazzini AT grantstreet.com>
o Syohei YOSHIDA <syohex AT gmail.com>
o Tatsuhiko Miyagawa <miyagawa AT bulknews.net>
o Tom Hukins <tom AT eborcom.com>
o Tony Cook <tony AT develop-help.com>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 2018 by Christian Hansen.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as
the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
perl v5.34.0 2023-11-23 HTTP::Tiny(3perl)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2024-12-12 17:08 @13.59.58.61 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)