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IO::Compress::Gzip(3perl) Perl Programmers Reference Guide IO::Compress::Gzip(3perl)
NAME
IO::Compress::Gzip - Write RFC 1952 files/buffers
SYNOPSIS
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(gzip $GzipError) ;
my $status = gzip $input => $output [,OPTS]
or die "gzip failed: $GzipError\n";
my $z = IO::Compress::Gzip->new( $output [,OPTS] )
or die "gzip failed: $GzipError\n";
$z->print($string);
$z->printf($format, $string);
$z->write($string);
$z->syswrite($string [, $length, $offset]);
$z->flush();
$z->tell();
$z->eof();
$z->seek($position, $whence);
$z->binmode();
$z->fileno();
$z->opened();
$z->autoflush();
$z->input_line_number();
$z->newStream( [OPTS] );
$z->deflateParams();
$z->close() ;
$GzipError ;
# IO::File mode
print $z $string;
printf $z $format, $string;
tell $z
eof $z
seek $z, $position, $whence
binmode $z
fileno $z
close $z ;
DESCRIPTION
This module provides a Perl interface that allows writing compressed data to files or
buffer as defined in RFC 1952.
All the gzip headers defined in RFC 1952 can be created using this module.
For reading RFC 1952 files/buffers, see the companion module IO::Uncompress::Gunzip.
Functional Interface
A top-level function, "gzip", is provided to carry out "one-shot" compression between
buffers and/or files. For finer control over the compression process, see the "OO
Interface" section.
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(gzip $GzipError) ;
gzip $input_filename_or_reference => $output_filename_or_reference [,OPTS]
or die "gzip failed: $GzipError\n";
The functional interface needs Perl5.005 or better.
gzip $input_filename_or_reference => $output_filename_or_reference [, OPTS]
"gzip" expects at least two parameters, $input_filename_or_reference and
$output_filename_or_reference and zero or more optional parameters (see "Optional
Parameters")
The $input_filename_or_reference parameter
The parameter, $input_filename_or_reference, is used to define the source of the
uncompressed data.
It can take one of the following forms:
A filename
If the $input_filename_or_reference parameter is a simple scalar, it is assumed to be
a filename. This file will be opened for reading and the input data will be read from
it.
A filehandle
If the $input_filename_or_reference parameter is a filehandle, the input data will be
read from it. The string '-' can be used as an alias for standard input.
A scalar reference
If $input_filename_or_reference is a scalar reference, the input data will be read
from $$input_filename_or_reference.
An array reference
If $input_filename_or_reference is an array reference, each element in the array must
be a filename.
The input data will be read from each file in turn.
The complete array will be walked to ensure that it only contains valid filenames
before any data is compressed.
An Input FileGlob string
If $input_filename_or_reference is a string that is delimited by the characters "<"
and ">" "gzip" will assume that it is an input fileglob string. The input is the list
of files that match the fileglob.
See File::GlobMapper for more details.
If the $input_filename_or_reference parameter is any other type, "undef" will be returned.
In addition, if $input_filename_or_reference is a simple filename, the default values for
the "Name" and "Time" options will be sourced from that file.
If you do not want to use these defaults they can be overridden by explicitly setting the
"Name" and "Time" options or by setting the "Minimal" parameter.
The $output_filename_or_reference parameter
The parameter $output_filename_or_reference is used to control the destination of the
compressed data. This parameter can take one of these forms.
A filename
If the $output_filename_or_reference parameter is a simple scalar, it is assumed to
be a filename. This file will be opened for writing and the compressed data will be
written to it.
A filehandle
If the $output_filename_or_reference parameter is a filehandle, the compressed data
will be written to it. The string '-' can be used as an alias for standard output.
A scalar reference
If $output_filename_or_reference is a scalar reference, the compressed data will be
stored in $$output_filename_or_reference.
An Array Reference
If $output_filename_or_reference is an array reference, the compressed data will be
pushed onto the array.
An Output FileGlob
If $output_filename_or_reference is a string that is delimited by the characters "<"
and ">" "gzip" will assume that it is an output fileglob string. The output is the
list of files that match the fileglob.
When $output_filename_or_reference is an fileglob string,
$input_filename_or_reference must also be a fileglob string. Anything else is an
error.
See File::GlobMapper for more details.
If the $output_filename_or_reference parameter is any other type, "undef" will be
returned.
Notes
When $input_filename_or_reference maps to multiple files/buffers and
$output_filename_or_reference is a single file/buffer the input files/buffers will be
stored in $output_filename_or_reference as a concatenated series of compressed data
streams.
Optional Parameters
The optional parameters for the one-shot function "gzip" are (for the most part) identical
to those used with the OO interface defined in the "Constructor Options" section. The
exceptions are listed below
"AutoClose => 0|1"
This option applies to any input or output data streams to "gzip" that are
filehandles.
If "AutoClose" is specified, and the value is true, it will result in all input
and/or output filehandles being closed once "gzip" has completed.
This parameter defaults to 0.
"BinModeIn => 0|1"
This option is now a no-op. All files will be read in binmode.
"Append => 0|1"
The behaviour of this option is dependent on the type of output data stream.
o A Buffer
If "Append" is enabled, all compressed data will be append to the end of the
output buffer. Otherwise the output buffer will be cleared before any compressed
data is written to it.
o A Filename
If "Append" is enabled, the file will be opened in append mode. Otherwise the
contents of the file, if any, will be truncated before any compressed data is
written to it.
o A Filehandle
If "Append" is enabled, the filehandle will be positioned to the end of the file
via a call to "seek" before any compressed data is written to it. Otherwise the
file pointer will not be moved.
When "Append" is specified, and set to true, it will append all compressed data to
the output data stream.
So when the output is a filehandle it will carry out a seek to the eof before writing
any compressed data. If the output is a filename, it will be opened for appending. If
the output is a buffer, all compressed data will be appended to the existing buffer.
Conversely when "Append" is not specified, or it is present and is set to false, it
will operate as follows.
When the output is a filename, it will truncate the contents of the file before
writing any compressed data. If the output is a filehandle its position will not be
changed. If the output is a buffer, it will be wiped before any compressed data is
output.
Defaults to 0.
Examples
Here are a few example that show the capabilities of the module.
Streaming
This very simple command line example demonstrates the streaming capabilities of the
module. The code reads data from STDIN, compresses it, and writes the compressed data to
STDOUT.
$ echo hello world | perl -MIO::Compress::Gzip=gzip -e 'gzip \*STDIN => \*STDOUT' >output.gz
The special filename "-" can be used as a standin for both "\*STDIN" and "\*STDOUT", so
the above can be rewritten as
$ echo hello world | perl -MIO::Compress::Gzip=gzip -e 'gzip "-" => "-"' >output.gz
Compressing a file from the filesystem
To read the contents of the file "file1.txt" and write the compressed data to the file
"file1.txt.gz".
use strict ;
use warnings ;
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(gzip $GzipError) ;
my $input = "file1.txt";
gzip $input => "$input.gz"
or die "gzip failed: $GzipError\n";
Reading from a Filehandle and writing to an in-memory buffer
To read from an existing Perl filehandle, $input, and write the compressed data to a
buffer, $buffer.
use strict ;
use warnings ;
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(gzip $GzipError) ;
use IO::File ;
my $input = IO::File->new( "<file1.txt" )
or die "Cannot open 'file1.txt': $!\n" ;
my $buffer ;
gzip $input => \$buffer
or die "gzip failed: $GzipError\n";
Compressing multiple files
To compress all files in the directory "/my/home" that match "*.txt" and store the
compressed data in the same directory
use strict ;
use warnings ;
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(gzip $GzipError) ;
gzip '</my/home/*.txt>' => '<*.gz>'
or die "gzip failed: $GzipError\n";
and if you want to compress each file one at a time, this will do the trick
use strict ;
use warnings ;
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(gzip $GzipError) ;
for my $input ( glob "/my/home/*.txt" )
{
my $output = "$input.gz" ;
gzip $input => $output
or die "Error compressing '$input': $GzipError\n";
}
OO Interface
Constructor
The format of the constructor for "IO::Compress::Gzip" is shown below
my $z = IO::Compress::Gzip->new( $output [,OPTS] )
or die "IO::Compress::Gzip failed: $GzipError\n";
It returns an "IO::Compress::Gzip" object on success and undef on failure. The variable
$GzipError will contain an error message on failure.
If you are running Perl 5.005 or better the object, $z, returned from IO::Compress::Gzip
can be used exactly like an IO::File filehandle. This means that all normal output file
operations can be carried out with $z. For example, to write to a compressed file/buffer
you can use either of these forms
$z->print("hello world\n");
print $z "hello world\n";
The mandatory parameter $output is used to control the destination of the compressed data.
This parameter can take one of these forms.
A filename
If the $output parameter is a simple scalar, it is assumed to be a filename. This
file will be opened for writing and the compressed data will be written to it.
A filehandle
If the $output parameter is a filehandle, the compressed data will be written to it.
The string '-' can be used as an alias for standard output.
A scalar reference
If $output is a scalar reference, the compressed data will be stored in $$output.
If the $output parameter is any other type, "IO::Compress::Gzip"::new will return undef.
Constructor Options
"OPTS" is any combination of zero or more the following options:
"AutoClose => 0|1"
This option is only valid when the $output parameter is a filehandle. If specified,
and the value is true, it will result in the $output being closed once either the
"close" method is called or the "IO::Compress::Gzip" object is destroyed.
This parameter defaults to 0.
"Append => 0|1"
Opens $output in append mode.
The behaviour of this option is dependent on the type of $output.
o A Buffer
If $output is a buffer and "Append" is enabled, all compressed data will be
append to the end of $output. Otherwise $output will be cleared before any data
is written to it.
o A Filename
If $output is a filename and "Append" is enabled, the file will be opened in
append mode. Otherwise the contents of the file, if any, will be truncated
before any compressed data is written to it.
o A Filehandle
If $output is a filehandle, the file pointer will be positioned to the end of
the file via a call to "seek" before any compressed data is written to it.
Otherwise the file pointer will not be moved.
This parameter defaults to 0.
"Merge => 0|1"
This option is used to compress input data and append it to an existing compressed
data stream in $output. The end result is a single compressed data stream stored in
$output.
It is a fatal error to attempt to use this option when $output is not an RFC 1952
data stream.
There are a number of other limitations with the "Merge" option:
1. This module needs to have been built with zlib 1.2.1 or better to work. A fatal
error will be thrown if "Merge" is used with an older version of zlib.
2. If $output is a file or a filehandle, it must be seekable.
This parameter defaults to 0.
-Level
Defines the compression level used by zlib. The value should either be a number
between 0 and 9 (0 means no compression and 9 is maximum compression), or one of the
symbolic constants defined below.
Z_NO_COMPRESSION
Z_BEST_SPEED
Z_BEST_COMPRESSION
Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION
The default is Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION.
Note, these constants are not imported by "IO::Compress::Gzip" by default.
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(:strategy);
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(:constants);
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(:all);
-Strategy
Defines the strategy used to tune the compression. Use one of the symbolic constants
defined below.
Z_FILTERED
Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY
Z_RLE
Z_FIXED
Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY
The default is Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY.
"Minimal => 0|1"
If specified, this option will force the creation of the smallest possible compliant
gzip header (which is exactly 10 bytes long) as defined in RFC 1952.
See the section titled "Compliance" in RFC 1952 for a definition of the values used
for the fields in the gzip header.
All other parameters that control the content of the gzip header will be ignored if
this parameter is set to 1.
This parameter defaults to 0.
"Comment => $comment"
Stores the contents of $comment in the COMMENT field in the gzip header. By default,
no comment field is written to the gzip file.
If the "-Strict" option is enabled, the comment can only consist of ISO 8859-1
characters plus line feed.
If the "-Strict" option is disabled, the comment field can contain any character
except NULL. If any null characters are present, the field will be truncated at the
first NULL.
"Name => $string"
Stores the contents of $string in the gzip NAME header field. If "Name" is not
specified, no gzip NAME field will be created.
If the "-Strict" option is enabled, $string can only consist of ISO 8859-1
characters.
If "-Strict" is disabled, then $string can contain any character except NULL. If any
null characters are present, the field will be truncated at the first NULL.
"Time => $number"
Sets the MTIME field in the gzip header to $number.
This field defaults to the time the "IO::Compress::Gzip" object was created if this
option is not specified.
"TextFlag => 0|1"
This parameter controls the setting of the FLG.FTEXT bit in the gzip header. It is
used to signal that the data stored in the gzip file/buffer is probably text.
The default is 0.
"HeaderCRC => 0|1"
When true this parameter will set the FLG.FHCRC bit to 1 in the gzip header and set
the CRC16 header field to the CRC of the complete gzip header except the CRC16 field
itself.
Note that gzip files created with the "HeaderCRC" flag set to 1 cannot be read by
most, if not all, of the standard gunzip utilities, most notably gzip version 1.2.4.
You should therefore avoid using this option if you want to maximize the portability
of your gzip files.
This parameter defaults to 0.
"OS_Code => $value"
Stores $value in the gzip OS header field. A number between 0 and 255 is valid.
If not specified, this parameter defaults to the OS code of the Operating System this
module was built on. The value 3 is used as a catch-all for all Unix variants and
unknown Operating Systems.
"ExtraField => $data"
This parameter allows additional metadata to be stored in the ExtraField in the gzip
header. An RFC 1952 compliant ExtraField consists of zero or more subfields. Each
subfield consists of a two byte header followed by the subfield data.
The list of subfields can be supplied in any of the following formats
-ExtraField => [$id1, $data1,
$id2, $data2,
...
]
-ExtraField => [ [$id1 => $data1],
[$id2 => $data2],
...
]
-ExtraField => { $id1 => $data1,
$id2 => $data2,
...
}
Where $id1, $id2 are two byte subfield ID's. The second byte of the ID cannot be 0,
unless the "Strict" option has been disabled.
If you use the hash syntax, you have no control over the order in which the
ExtraSubFields are stored, plus you cannot have SubFields with duplicate ID.
Alternatively the list of subfields can by supplied as a scalar, thus
-ExtraField => $rawdata
If you use the raw format, and the "Strict" option is enabled, "IO::Compress::Gzip"
will check that $rawdata consists of zero or more conformant sub-fields. When
"Strict" is disabled, $rawdata can consist of any arbitrary byte stream.
The maximum size of the Extra Field 65535 bytes.
"ExtraFlags => $value"
Sets the XFL byte in the gzip header to $value.
If this option is not present, the value stored in XFL field will be determined by
the setting of the "Level" option.
If "Level => Z_BEST_SPEED" has been specified then XFL is set to 2. If "Level =>
Z_BEST_COMPRESSION" has been specified then XFL is set to 4. Otherwise XFL is set to
0.
"Strict => 0|1"
"Strict" will optionally police the values supplied with other options to ensure they
are compliant with RFC1952.
This option is enabled by default.
If "Strict" is enabled the following behaviour will be policed:
o The value supplied with the "Name" option can only contain ISO 8859-1
characters.
o The value supplied with the "Comment" option can only contain ISO 8859-1
characters plus line-feed.
o The values supplied with the "-Name" and "-Comment" options cannot contain
multiple embedded nulls.
o If an "ExtraField" option is specified and it is a simple scalar, it must
conform to the sub-field structure as defined in RFC 1952.
o If an "ExtraField" option is specified the second byte of the ID will be checked
in each subfield to ensure that it does not contain the reserved value 0x00.
When "Strict" is disabled the following behaviour will be policed:
o The value supplied with "-Name" option can contain any character except NULL.
o The value supplied with "-Comment" option can contain any character except NULL.
o The values supplied with the "-Name" and "-Comment" options can contain multiple
embedded nulls. The string written to the gzip header will consist of the
characters up to, but not including, the first embedded NULL.
o If an "ExtraField" option is specified and it is a simple scalar, the structure
will not be checked. The only error is if the length is too big.
o The ID header in an "ExtraField" sub-field can consist of any two bytes.
Examples
TODO
Methods
print
Usage is
$z->print($data)
print $z $data
Compresses and outputs the contents of the $data parameter. This has the same behaviour as
the "print" built-in.
Returns true if successful.
printf
Usage is
$z->printf($format, $data)
printf $z $format, $data
Compresses and outputs the contents of the $data parameter.
Returns true if successful.
syswrite
Usage is
$z->syswrite $data
$z->syswrite $data, $length
$z->syswrite $data, $length, $offset
Compresses and outputs the contents of the $data parameter.
Returns the number of uncompressed bytes written, or "undef" if unsuccessful.
write
Usage is
$z->write $data
$z->write $data, $length
$z->write $data, $length, $offset
Compresses and outputs the contents of the $data parameter.
Returns the number of uncompressed bytes written, or "undef" if unsuccessful.
flush
Usage is
$z->flush;
$z->flush($flush_type);
Flushes any pending compressed data to the output file/buffer.
This method takes an optional parameter, $flush_type, that controls how the flushing will
be carried out. By default the $flush_type used is "Z_FINISH". Other valid values for
$flush_type are "Z_NO_FLUSH", "Z_SYNC_FLUSH", "Z_FULL_FLUSH" and "Z_BLOCK". It is strongly
recommended that you only set the "flush_type" parameter if you fully understand the
implications of what it does - overuse of "flush" can seriously degrade the level of
compression achieved. See the "zlib" documentation for details.
Returns true on success.
tell
Usage is
$z->tell()
tell $z
Returns the uncompressed file offset.
eof
Usage is
$z->eof();
eof($z);
Returns true if the "close" method has been called.
seek
$z->seek($position, $whence);
seek($z, $position, $whence);
Provides a sub-set of the "seek" functionality, with the restriction that it is only legal
to seek forward in the output file/buffer. It is a fatal error to attempt to seek
backward.
Empty parts of the file/buffer will have NULL (0x00) bytes written to them.
The $whence parameter takes one the usual values, namely SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR or SEEK_END.
Returns 1 on success, 0 on failure.
binmode
Usage is
$z->binmode
binmode $z ;
This is a noop provided for completeness.
opened
$z->opened()
Returns true if the object currently refers to a opened file/buffer.
autoflush
my $prev = $z->autoflush()
my $prev = $z->autoflush(EXPR)
If the $z object is associated with a file or a filehandle, this method returns the
current autoflush setting for the underlying filehandle. If "EXPR" is present, and is non-
zero, it will enable flushing after every write/print operation.
If $z is associated with a buffer, this method has no effect and always returns "undef".
Note that the special variable $| cannot be used to set or retrieve the autoflush setting.
input_line_number
$z->input_line_number()
$z->input_line_number(EXPR)
This method always returns "undef" when compressing.
fileno
$z->fileno()
fileno($z)
If the $z object is associated with a file or a filehandle, "fileno" will return the
underlying file descriptor. Once the "close" method is called "fileno" will return
"undef".
If the $z object is associated with a buffer, this method will return "undef".
close
$z->close() ;
close $z ;
Flushes any pending compressed data and then closes the output file/buffer.
For most versions of Perl this method will be automatically invoked if the
IO::Compress::Gzip object is destroyed (either explicitly or by the variable with the
reference to the object going out of scope). The exceptions are Perl versions 5.005
through 5.00504 and 5.8.0. In these cases, the "close" method will be called
automatically, but not until global destruction of all live objects when the program is
terminating.
Therefore, if you want your scripts to be able to run on all versions of Perl, you should
call "close" explicitly and not rely on automatic closing.
Returns true on success, otherwise 0.
If the "AutoClose" option has been enabled when the IO::Compress::Gzip object was created,
and the object is associated with a file, the underlying file will also be closed.
newStream([OPTS])
Usage is
$z->newStream( [OPTS] )
Closes the current compressed data stream and starts a new one.
OPTS consists of any of the options that are available when creating the $z object.
See the "Constructor Options" section for more details.
deflateParams
Usage is
$z->deflateParams
TODO
Importing
A number of symbolic constants are required by some methods in "IO::Compress::Gzip". None
are imported by default.
:all Imports "gzip", $GzipError and all symbolic constants that can be used by
"IO::Compress::Gzip". Same as doing this
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(gzip $GzipError :constants) ;
:constants
Import all symbolic constants. Same as doing this
use IO::Compress::Gzip qw(:flush :level :strategy) ;
:flush
These symbolic constants are used by the "flush" method.
Z_NO_FLUSH
Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH
Z_SYNC_FLUSH
Z_FULL_FLUSH
Z_FINISH
Z_BLOCK
:level
These symbolic constants are used by the "Level" option in the constructor.
Z_NO_COMPRESSION
Z_BEST_SPEED
Z_BEST_COMPRESSION
Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION
:strategy
These symbolic constants are used by the "Strategy" option in the constructor.
Z_FILTERED
Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY
Z_RLE
Z_FIXED
Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY
EXAMPLES
Apache::GZip Revisited
See IO::Compress::FAQ
Working with Net::FTP
See IO::Compress::FAQ
SUPPORT
General feedback/questions/bug reports should be sent to
<https://github.com/pmqs/IO-Copress/issues> (preferred) or
<https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=IO-Copress>.
SEE ALSO
Compress::Zlib, IO::Uncompress::Gunzip, IO::Compress::Deflate, IO::Uncompress::Inflate,
IO::Compress::RawDeflate, IO::Uncompress::RawInflate, IO::Compress::Bzip2,
IO::Uncompress::Bunzip2, IO::Compress::Lzma, IO::Uncompress::UnLzma, IO::Compress::Xz,
IO::Uncompress::UnXz, IO::Compress::Lzip, IO::Uncompress::UnLzip, IO::Compress::Lzop,
IO::Uncompress::UnLzop, IO::Compress::Lzf, IO::Uncompress::UnLzf, IO::Compress::Zstd,
IO::Uncompress::UnZstd, IO::Uncompress::AnyInflate, IO::Uncompress::AnyUncompress
IO::Compress::FAQ
File::GlobMapper, Archive::Zip, Archive::Tar, IO::Zlib
For RFC 1950, 1951 and 1952 see <http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1950.html>,
<http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1951.html> and <http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1952.html>
The zlib compression library was written by Jean-loup Gailly "gzip AT prep.edu" and
Mark Adler "madler AT alumni.edu".
The primary site for the zlib compression library is <http://www.zlib.org>.
The primary site for gzip is <http://www.gzip.org>.
AUTHOR
This module was written by Paul Marquess, "pmqs AT cpan.org".
MODIFICATION HISTORY
See the Changes file.
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright (c) 2005-2021 Paul Marquess. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.34.0 2023-11-23 IO::Compress::Gzip(3perl)
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