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RESOLV.CONF(5) Linux Programmer's Manual RESOLV.CONF(5)
NAME
resolv.conf - resolver configuration file
SYNOPSIS
/etc/resolv.conf
DESCRIPTION
The resolver is a set of routines in the C library that provide access to the Internet Do-
main Name System (DNS). The resolver configuration file contains information that is read
by the resolver routines the first time they are invoked by a process. The file is de-
signed to be human readable and contains a list of keywords with values that provide vari-
ous types of resolver information. The configuration file is considered a trusted source
of DNS information; see the trust-ad option below for details.
If this file does not exist, only the name server on the local machine will be queried,
and the search list contains the local domain name determined from the hostname.
The different configuration options are:
nameserver Name server IP address
Internet address of a name server that the resolver should query, either an IPv4
address (in dot notation), or an IPv6 address in colon (and possibly dot) notation
as per RFC 2373. Up to MAXNS (currently 3, see <resolv.h>) name servers may be
listed, one per keyword. If there are multiple servers, the resolver library
queries them in the order listed. If no nameserver entries are present, the de-
fault is to use the name server on the local machine. (The algorithm used is to
try a name server, and if the query times out, try the next, until out of name
servers, then repeat trying all the name servers until a maximum number of retries
are made.)
search Search list for host-name lookup.
By default, the search list contains one entry, the local domain name. It is de-
termined from the local hostname returned by gethostname(2); the local domain name
is taken to be everything after the first '.'. Finally, if the hostname does not
contain a '.', the root domain is assumed as the local domain name.
This may be changed by listing the desired domain search path following the search
keyword with spaces or tabs separating the names. Resolver queries having fewer
than ndots dots (default is 1) in them will be attempted using each component of
the search path in turn until a match is found. For environments with multiple
subdomains please read options ndots:n below to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks and
unnecessary traffic for the root-dns-servers. Note that this process may be slow
and will generate a lot of network traffic if the servers for the listed domains
are not local, and that queries will time out if no server is available for one of
the domains.
If there are multiple search directives, only the search list from the last in-
stance is used.
In glibc 2.25 and earlier, the search list is limited to six domains with a total
of 256 characters. Since glibc 2.26, the search list is unlimited.
The domain directive is an obsolete name for the search directive that handles one
search list entry only.
sortlist
This option allows addresses returned by gethostbyname(3) to be sorted. A sortlist
is specified by IP-address-netmask pairs. The netmask is optional and defaults to
the natural netmask of the net. The IP address and optional network pairs are sep-
arated by slashes. Up to 10 pairs may be specified. Here is an example:
sortlist 130.155.160.0/255.255.240.0 130.155.0.0
options
Options allows certain internal resolver variables to be modified. The syntax is
options option ...
where option is one of the following:
debug Sets RES_DEBUG in _res.options (effective only if glibc was built with debug
support; see resolver(3)).
ndots:n
Sets a threshold for the number of dots which must appear in a name given to
res_query(3) (see resolver(3)) before an initial absolute query will be
made. The default for n is 1, meaning that if there are any dots in a name,
the name will be tried first as an absolute name before any search list ele-
ments are appended to it. The value for this option is silently capped to
15.
timeout:n
Sets the amount of time the resolver will wait for a response from a remote
name server before retrying the query via a different name server. This may
not be the total time taken by any resolver API call and there is no guaran-
tee that a single resolver API call maps to a single timeout. Measured in
seconds, the default is RES_TIMEOUT (currently 5, see <resolv.h>). The
value for this option is silently capped to 30.
attempts:n
Sets the number of times the resolver will send a query to its name servers
before giving up and returning an error to the calling application. The de-
fault is RES_DFLRETRY (currently 2, see <resolv.h>). The value for this op-
tion is silently capped to 5.
rotate Sets RES_ROTATE in _res.options, which causes round-robin selection of name
servers from among those listed. This has the effect of spreading the query
load among all listed servers, rather than having all clients try the first
listed server first every time.
no-check-names
Sets RES_NOCHECKNAME in _res.options, which disables the modern BIND check-
ing of incoming hostnames and mail names for invalid characters such as un-
derscore (_), non-ASCII, or control characters.
inet6 Sets RES_USE_INET6 in _res.options. This has the effect of trying an AAAA
query before an A query inside the gethostbyname(3) function, and of mapping
IPv4 responses in IPv6 "tunneled form" if no AAAA records are found but an A
record set exists. Since glibc 2.25, this option is deprecated; applica-
tions should use getaddrinfo(3), rather than gethostbyname(3).
Some programs behave strangely when this option is turned on.
ip6-bytestring (since glibc 2.3.4 to 2.24)
Sets RES_USEBSTRING in _res.options. This causes reverse IPv6 lookups to be
made using the bit-label format described in RFC 2673; if this option is not
set (which is the default), then nibble format is used. This option was re-
moved in glibc 2.25, since it relied on a backward-incompatible DNS exten-
sion that was never deployed on the Internet.
ip6-dotint/no-ip6-dotint (glibc 2.3.4 to 2.24)
Clear/set RES_NOIP6DOTINT in _res.options. When this option is clear
(ip6-dotint), reverse IPv6 lookups are made in the (deprecated) ip6.int
zone; when this option is set (no-ip6-dotint), reverse IPv6 lookups are made
in the ip6.arpa zone by default. These options are available in glibc ver-
sions up to 2.24, where no-ip6-dotint is the default. Since ip6-dotint sup-
port long ago ceased to be available on the Internet, these options were re-
moved in glibc 2.25.
edns0 (since glibc 2.6)
Sets RES_USE_EDNSO in _res.options. This enables support for the DNS exten-
sions described in RFC 2671.
single-request (since glibc 2.10)
Sets RES_SNGLKUP in _res.options. By default, glibc performs IPv4 and IPv6
lookups in parallel since version 2.9. Some appliance DNS servers cannot
handle these queries properly and make the requests time out. This option
disables the behavior and makes glibc perform the IPv6 and IPv4 requests se-
quentially (at the cost of some slowdown of the resolving process).
single-request-reopen (since glibc 2.9)
Sets RES_SNGLKUPREOP in _res.options. The resolver uses the same socket for
the A and AAAA requests. Some hardware mistakenly sends back only one re-
ply. When that happens the client system will sit and wait for the second
reply. Turning this option on changes this behavior so that if two requests
from the same port are not handled correctly it will close the socket and
open a new one before sending the second request.
no-tld-query (since glibc 2.14)
Sets RES_NOTLDQUERY in _res.options. This option causes res_nsearch() to
not attempt to resolve an unqualified name as if it were a top level domain
(TLD). This option can cause problems if the site has ``localhost'' as a
TLD rather than having localhost on one or more elements of the search list.
This option has no effect if neither RES_DEFNAMES or RES_DNSRCH is set.
use-vc (since glibc 2.14)
Sets RES_USEVC in _res.options. This option forces the use of TCP for DNS
resolutions.
no-reload (since glibc 2.26)
Sets RES_NORELOAD in _res.options. This option disables automatic reloading
of a changed configuration file.
trust-ad (since glibc 2.31)
Sets RES_TRUSTAD in _res.options. This option controls the AD bit behavior
of the stub resolver. If a validating resolver sets the AD bit in a re-
sponse, it indicates that the data in the response was verified according to
the DNSSEC protocol. In order to rely on the AD bit, the local system has
to trust both the DNSSEC-validating resolver and the network path to it,
which is why an explicit opt-in is required. If the trust-ad option is ac-
tive, the stub resolver sets the AD bit in outgoing DNS queries (to enable
AD bit support), and preserves the AD bit in responses. Without this op-
tion, the AD bit is not set in queries, and it is always removed from re-
sponses before they are returned to the application. This means that appli-
cations can trust the AD bit in responses if the trust-ad option has been
set correctly.
In glibc version 2.30 and earlier, the AD is not set automatically in
queries, and is passed through unchanged to applications in responses.
The search keyword of a system's resolv.conf file can be overridden on a per-process basis
by setting the environment variable LOCALDOMAIN to a space-separated list of search do-
mains.
The options keyword of a system's resolv.conf file can be amended on a per-process basis
by setting the environment variable RES_OPTIONS to a space-separated list of resolver op-
tions as explained above under options.
The keyword and value must appear on a single line, and the keyword (e.g., nameserver)
must start the line. The value follows the keyword, separated by white space.
Lines that contain a semicolon (;) or hash character (#) in the first column are treated
as comments.
FILES
/etc/resolv.conf, <resolv.h>
SEE ALSO
gethostbyname(3), resolver(3), host.conf(5), hosts(5), nsswitch.conf(5), hostname(7),
named(8)
Name Server Operations Guide for BIND
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 5.10 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the
project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be
found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
4th Berkeley Distribution 2020-08-13 RESOLV.CONF(5)
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