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SET TRANSACTION(7) PostgreSQL 14.15 Documentation SET TRANSACTION(7)
NAME
SET_TRANSACTION - set the characteristics of the current transaction
SYNOPSIS
SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT snapshot_id
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
where transaction_mode is one of:
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY
[ NOT ] DEFERRABLE
DESCRIPTION
The SET TRANSACTION command sets the characteristics of the current transaction. It has no
effect on any subsequent transactions. SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS sets the default
transaction characteristics for subsequent transactions of a session. These defaults can
be overridden by SET TRANSACTION for an individual transaction.
The available transaction characteristics are the transaction isolation level, the
transaction access mode (read/write or read-only), and the deferrable mode. In addition, a
snapshot can be selected, though only for the current transaction, not as a session
default.
The isolation level of a transaction determines what data the transaction can see when
other transactions are running concurrently:
READ COMMITTED
A statement can only see rows committed before it began. This is the default.
REPEATABLE READ
All statements of the current transaction can only see rows committed before the first
query or data-modification statement was executed in this transaction.
SERIALIZABLE
All statements of the current transaction can only see rows committed before the first
query or data-modification statement was executed in this transaction. If a pattern of
reads and writes among concurrent serializable transactions would create a situation
which could not have occurred for any serial (one-at-a-time) execution of those
transactions, one of them will be rolled back with a serialization_failure error.
The SQL standard defines one additional level, READ UNCOMMITTED. In PostgreSQL READ
UNCOMMITTED is treated as READ COMMITTED.
The transaction isolation level cannot be changed after the first query or
data-modification statement (SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, FETCH, or COPY) of a
transaction has been executed. See Chapter 13 for more information about transaction
isolation and concurrency control.
The transaction access mode determines whether the transaction is read/write or read-only.
Read/write is the default. When a transaction is read-only, the following SQL commands are
disallowed: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and COPY FROM if the table they would write to is not
a temporary table; all CREATE, ALTER, and DROP commands; COMMENT, GRANT, REVOKE, TRUNCATE;
and EXPLAIN ANALYZE and EXECUTE if the command they would execute is among those listed.
This is a high-level notion of read-only that does not prevent all writes to disk.
The DEFERRABLE transaction property has no effect unless the transaction is also
SERIALIZABLE and READ ONLY. When all three of these properties are selected for a
transaction, the transaction may block when first acquiring its snapshot, after which it
is able to run without the normal overhead of a SERIALIZABLE transaction and without any
risk of contributing to or being canceled by a serialization failure. This mode is well
suited for long-running reports or backups.
The SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT command allows a new transaction to run with the same
snapshot as an existing transaction. The pre-existing transaction must have exported its
snapshot with the pg_export_snapshot function (see Section 9.27.5). That function returns
a snapshot identifier, which must be given to SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT to specify which
snapshot is to be imported. The identifier must be written as a string literal in this
command, for example '00000003-0000001B-1'. SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT can only be executed
at the start of a transaction, before the first query or data-modification statement
(SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, FETCH, or COPY) of the transaction. Furthermore, the
transaction must already be set to SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ isolation level
(otherwise, the snapshot would be discarded immediately, since READ COMMITTED mode takes a
new snapshot for each command). If the importing transaction uses SERIALIZABLE isolation
level, then the transaction that exported the snapshot must also use that isolation level.
Also, a non-read-only serializable transaction cannot import a snapshot from a read-only
transaction.
NOTES
If SET TRANSACTION is executed without a prior START TRANSACTION or BEGIN, it emits a
warning and otherwise has no effect.
It is possible to dispense with SET TRANSACTION by instead specifying the desired
transaction_modes in BEGIN or START TRANSACTION. But that option is not available for SET
TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT.
The session default transaction modes can also be set or examined via the configuration
parameters default_transaction_isolation, default_transaction_read_only, and
default_transaction_deferrable. (In fact SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS is just a verbose
equivalent for setting these variables with SET.) This means the defaults can be set in
the configuration file, via ALTER DATABASE, etc. Consult Chapter 20 for more information.
The current transaction's modes can similarly be set or examined via the configuration
parameters transaction_isolation, transaction_read_only, and transaction_deferrable.
Setting one of these parameters acts the same as the corresponding SET TRANSACTION option,
with the same restrictions on when it can be done. However, these parameters cannot be set
in the configuration file, or from any source other than live SQL.
EXAMPLES
To begin a new transaction with the same snapshot as an already existing transaction,
first export the snapshot from the existing transaction. That will return the snapshot
identifier, for example:
BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ;
SELECT pg_export_snapshot();
pg_export_snapshot
---------------------
00000003-0000001B-1
(1 row)
Then give the snapshot identifier in a SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT command at the beginning
of the newly opened transaction:
BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ;
SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT '00000003-0000001B-1';
COMPATIBILITY
These commands are defined in the SQL standard, except for the DEFERRABLE transaction mode
and the SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT form, which are PostgreSQL extensions.
SERIALIZABLE is the default transaction isolation level in the standard. In PostgreSQL the
default is ordinarily READ COMMITTED, but you can change it as mentioned above.
In the SQL standard, there is one other transaction characteristic that can be set with
these commands: the size of the diagnostics area. This concept is specific to embedded
SQL, and therefore is not implemented in the PostgreSQL server.
The SQL standard requires commas between successive transaction_modes, but for historical
reasons PostgreSQL allows the commas to be omitted.
PostgreSQL 14.15 2024 SET TRANSACTION(7)
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