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WWW::Mechanize(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation WWW::Mechanize(3pm)
NAME
WWW::Mechanize - Handy web browsing in a Perl object
VERSION
version 2.06
SYNOPSIS
WWW::Mechanize supports performing a sequence of page fetches including following links
and submitting forms. Each fetched page is parsed and its links and forms are extracted. A
link or a form can be selected, form fields can be filled and the next page can be
fetched. Mech also stores a history of the URLs you've visited, which can be queried and
revisited.
use WWW::Mechanize ();
my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new();
$mech->get( $url );
$mech->follow_link( n => 3 );
$mech->follow_link( text_regex => qr/download this/i );
$mech->follow_link( url => 'http://host.com/index.html' );
$mech->submit_form(
form_number => 3,
fields => {
username => 'mungo',
password => 'lost-and-alone',
}
);
$mech->submit_form(
form_name => 'search',
fields => { query => 'pot of gold', },
button => 'Search Now'
);
# Enable strict form processing to catch typos and non-existant form fields.
my $strict_mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( strict_forms => 1);
$strict_mech->get( $url );
# This method call will die, saving you lots of time looking for the bug.
$strict_mech->submit_form(
form_number => 3,
fields => {
usernaem => 'mungo', # typo in field name
password => 'lost-and-alone',
extra_field => 123, # field does not exist
}
);
DESCRIPTION
"WWW::Mechanize", or Mech for short, is a Perl module for stateful programmatic web
browsing, used for automating interaction with websites.
Features include:
o All HTTP methods
o High-level hyperlink and HTML form support, without having to parse HTML yourself
o SSL support
o Automatic cookies
o Custom HTTP headers
o Automatic handling of redirections
o Proxies
o HTTP authentication
Mech is well suited for use in testing web applications. If you use one of the Test::*,
like Test::HTML::Lint modules, you can check the fetched content and use that as input to
a test call.
use Test::More;
like( $mech->content(), qr/$expected/, "Got expected content" );
Each page fetch stores its URL in a history stack which you can traverse.
$mech->back();
If you want finer control over your page fetching, you can use these methods.
"follow_link" and "submit_form" are just high level wrappers around them.
$mech->find_link( n => $number );
$mech->form_number( $number );
$mech->form_name( $name );
$mech->field( $name, $value );
$mech->set_fields( %field_values );
$mech->set_visible( @criteria );
$mech->click( $button );
WWW::Mechanize is a proper subclass of LWP::UserAgent and you can also use any of
LWP::UserAgent's methods.
$mech->add_header($name => $value);
Please note that Mech does NOT support JavaScript, you need additional software for that.
Please check "JavaScript" in WWW::Mechanize::FAQ for more.
IMPORTANT LINKS
o <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize/issues>
The queue for bugs & enhancements in WWW::Mechanize. Please note that the queue at
<http://rt.cpan.org> is no longer maintained.
o <https://metacpan.org/pod/WWW::Mechanize>
The CPAN documentation page for Mechanize.
o <https://metacpan.org/pod/distribution/WWW-Mechanize/lib/WWW/Mechanize/FAQ.pod>
Frequently asked questions. Make sure you read here FIRST.
CONSTRUCTOR AND STARTUP
new()
Creates and returns a new WWW::Mechanize object, hereafter referred to as the "agent".
my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new()
The constructor for WWW::Mechanize overrides two of the params to the LWP::UserAgent
constructor:
agent => 'WWW-Mechanize/#.##'
cookie_jar => {} # an empty, memory-only HTTP::Cookies object
You can override these overrides by passing params to the constructor, as in:
my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( agent => 'wonderbot 1.01' );
If you want none of the overhead of a cookie jar, or don't want your bot accepting
cookies, you have to explicitly disallow it, like so:
my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( cookie_jar => undef );
Here are the params that WWW::Mechanize recognizes. These do not include params that
LWP::UserAgent recognizes.
o "autocheck => [0|1]"
Checks each request made to see if it was successful. This saves you the trouble of
manually checking yourself. Any errors found are errors, not warnings.
The default value is ON, unless it's being subclassed, in which case it is OFF. This
means that standalone WWW::Mechanize instances have autocheck turned on, which is
protective for the vast majority of Mech users who don't bother checking the return
value of get() and post() and can't figure why their code fails. However, if
WWW::Mechanize is subclassed, such as for Test::WWW::Mechanize or
Test::WWW::Mechanize::Catalyst, this may not be an appropriate default, so it's off.
o "noproxy => [0|1]"
Turn off the automatic call to the LWP::UserAgent "env_proxy" function.
This needs to be explicitly turned off if you're using Crypt::SSLeay to access a https
site via a proxy server. Note: you still need to set your HTTPS_PROXY environment
variable as appropriate.
o "onwarn => \&func"
Reference to a "warn"-compatible function, such as "Carp::carp", that is called when a
warning needs to be shown.
If this is set to "undef", no warnings will ever be shown. However, it's probably
better to use the "quiet" method to control that behavior.
If this value is not passed, Mech uses "Carp::carp" if Carp is installed, or
"CORE::warn" if not.
o "onerror => \&func"
Reference to a "die"-compatible function, such as "Carp::croak", that is called when
there's a fatal error.
If this is set to "undef", no errors will ever be shown.
If this value is not passed, Mech uses "Carp::croak" if Carp is installed, or
"CORE::die" if not.
o "quiet => [0|1]"
Don't complain on warnings. Setting "quiet => 1" is the same as calling
"$mech->quiet(1)". Default is off.
o "stack_depth => $value"
Sets the depth of the page stack that keeps track of all the downloaded pages. Default
is effectively infinite stack size. If the stack is eating up your memory, then set
this to a smaller number, say 5 or 10. Setting this to zero means Mech will keep no
history.
In addition, WWW::Mechanize also allows you to globally enable strict and verbose mode for
form handling, which is done with HTML::Form.
o "strict_forms => [0|1]"
Globally sets the HTML::Form strict flag which causes form submission to croak if any
of the passed fields don't exist in the form, and/or a value doesn't exist in a select
element. This can still be disabled in individual calls to "submit_form()".
Default is off.
o "verbose_forms => [0|1]"
Globally sets the HTML::Form verbose flag which causes form submission to warn about
any bad HTML form constructs found. This cannot be disabled later.
Default is off.
o "marked_sections => [0|1]"
Globally sets the HTML::Parser marked sections flag which causes HTML "CDATA[["
sections to be honoured. This cannot be disabled later.
Default is on.
To support forms, WWW::Mechanize's constructor pushes POST on to the agent's
"requests_redirectable" list (see also LWP::UserAgent.)
$mech->agent_alias( $alias )
Sets the user agent string to the expanded version from a table of actual user strings.
$alias can be one of the following:
o Windows IE 6
o Windows Mozilla
o Mac Safari
o Mac Mozilla
o Linux Mozilla
o Linux Konqueror
then it will be replaced with a more interesting one. For instance,
$mech->agent_alias( 'Windows IE 6' );
sets your User-Agent to
Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
The list of valid aliases can be returned from "known_agent_aliases()". The current list
is:
o Windows IE 6
o Windows Mozilla
o Mac Safari
o Mac Mozilla
o Linux Mozilla
o Linux Konqueror
known_agent_aliases()
Returns a list of all the agent aliases that Mech knows about.
PAGE-FETCHING METHODS
$mech->get( $uri )
Given a URL/URI, fetches it. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be a well-formed
URL string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
The results are stored internally in the agent object, but you don't know that. Just use
the accessors listed below. Poking at the internals is deprecated and subject to change
in the future.
"get()" is a well-behaved overloaded version of the method in LWP::UserAgent. This lets
you do things like
$mech->get( $uri, ':content_file' => $filename );
and you can rest assured that the params will get filtered down appropriately. See "get"
in LWP::UserAgent for more details.
NOTE: Because ":content_file" causes the page contents to be stored in a file instead of
the response object, some Mech functions that expect it to be there won't work as
expected. Use with caution.
Here is a non-complete list of methods that do not work as expected with ":content_file":
" forms() ", " current_form() ", " links() ", " title() ", " content(...) ", " text() ",
all content-handling methods, all link methods, all image methods, all form methods, all
field methods, " save_content(...) ", " dump_links(...) ", " dump_images(...) ", "
dump_forms(...) ", " dump_text(...) "
$mech->post( $uri, content => $content )
POSTs $content to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be a well-formed URI
string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
$mech->put( $uri, content => $content )
PUTs $content to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be a well-formed URI
string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
my $res = $mech->head( $uri );
my $res = $mech->head( $uri , $field_name => $value, ... );
$mech->head ($uri )
Performs a HEAD request to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be a well-
formed URI string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
$mech->reload()
Acts like the reload button in a browser: repeats the current request. The history (as per
the back() method) is not altered.
Returns the HTTP::Response object from the reload, or "undef" if there's no current
request.
$mech->back()
The equivalent of hitting the "back" button in a browser. Returns to the previous page.
Won't go back past the first page. (Really, what would it do if it could?)
Returns true if it could go back, or false if not.
$mech->clear_history()
This deletes all the history entries and returns true.
$mech->history_count()
This returns the number of items in the browser history. This number does include the
most recently made request.
$mech->history($n)
This returns the nth item in history. The 0th item is the most recent request and
response, which would be acted on by methods like "find_link()". The 1st item is the
state you'd return to if you called "back()".
The maximum useful value for $n is "$mech->history_count - 1". Requests beyond that bound
will return "undef".
History items are returned as hash references, in the form:
{ req => $http_request, res => $http_response }
STATUS METHODS
$mech->success()
Returns a boolean telling whether the last request was successful. If there hasn't been
an operation yet, returns false.
This is a convenience function that wraps "$mech->res->is_success".
$mech->uri()
Returns the current URI as a URI object. This object stringifies to the URI itself.
$mech->response() / $mech->res()
Return the current response as an HTTP::Response object.
Synonym for "$mech->response()"
$mech->status()
Returns the HTTP status code of the response. This is a 3-digit number like 200 for OK,
404 for not found, and so on.
$mech->ct() / $mech->content_type()
Returns the content type of the response.
$mech->base()
Returns the base URI for the current response
$mech->forms()
When called in a list context, returns a list of the forms found in the last fetched page.
In a scalar context, returns a reference to an array with those forms. The forms returned
are all HTML::Form objects.
$mech->current_form()
Returns the current form as an HTML::Form object.
$mech->links()
When called in a list context, returns a list of the links found in the last fetched page.
In a scalar context it returns a reference to an array with those links. Each link is a
WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
$mech->is_html()
Returns true/false on whether our content is HTML, according to the HTTP headers.
$mech->title()
Returns the contents of the "<TITLE>" tag, as parsed by HTML::HeadParser. Returns undef
if the content is not HTML.
$mech->redirects()
Convenience method to get the redirects from the most recent HTTP::Response.
Note that you can also use is_redirect to see if the most recent response was a redirect
like this.
$mech->get($url);
do_stuff() if $mech->res->is_redirect;
CONTENT-HANDLING METHODS
$mech->content(...)
Returns the content that the mech uses internally for the last page fetched. Ordinarily
this is the same as "$mech->response()->decoded_content()", but this may differ for HTML
documents if update_html is overloaded (in which case the value passed to the base-class
implementation of same will be returned), and/or extra named arguments are passed to
content():
$mech->content( format => 'text' )
Returns a text-only version of the page, with all HTML markup stripped. This feature
requires HTML::TreeBuilder version 5 or higher to be installed, or a fatal error will be
thrown. This works only if the contents are HTML.
$mech->content( base_href => [$base_href|undef] )
Returns the HTML document, modified to contain a "<base href="$base_href">" mark-up in
the header. $base_href is "$mech->base()" if not specified. This is handy to pass the
HTML to e.g. HTML::Display. This works only if the contents are HTML.
$mech->content( raw => 1 )
Returns "$self->response()->content()", i.e. the raw contents from the response.
$mech->content( decoded_by_headers => 1 )
Returns the content after applying all "Content-Encoding" headers but with not
additional mangling.
$mech->content( charset => $charset )
Returns "$self->response()->decoded_content(charset => $charset)" (see HTTP::Response
for details).
To preserve backwards compatibility, additional parameters will be ignored unless none of
"raw | decoded_by_headers | charset" is specified and the text is HTML, in which case an
error will be triggered.
A fresh instance of WWW::Mechanize will return "undef" when "$mech->content()" is called,
because no content is present before a request has been made.
$mech->text()
Returns the text of the current HTML content. If the content isn't HTML, $mech will die.
The text is extracted by parsing the content, and then the extracted text is cached, so
don't worry about performance of calling this repeatedly.
LINK METHODS
$mech->links()
Lists all the links on the current page. Each link is a WWW::Mechanize::Link object. In
list context, returns a list of all links. In scalar context, returns an array reference
of all links.
$mech->follow_link(...)
Follows a specified link on the page. You specify the match to be found using the same
params that "find_link()" uses.
Here some examples:
o 3rd link called "download"
$mech->follow_link( text => 'download', n => 3 );
o first link where the URL has "download" in it, regardless of case:
$mech->follow_link( url_regex => qr/download/i );
or
$mech->follow_link( url_regex => qr/(?i:download)/ );
o 3rd link on the page
$mech->follow_link( n => 3 );
o the link with the url
$mech->follow_link( url => '/other/page' );
or
$mech->follow_link( url => 'http://example.com/page' );
Returns the result of the "GET" method (an HTTP::Response object) if a link was found.
If the page has no links, or the specified link couldn't be found, returns "undef". If
"autocheck" is enabled an exception will be thrown instead.
$mech->find_link( ... )
Finds a link in the currently fetched page. It returns a WWW::Mechanize::Link object which
describes the link. (You'll probably be most interested in the "url()" property.) If it
fails to find a link it returns undef.
You can take the URL part and pass it to the "get()" method. If that's your plan, you
might as well use the "follow_link()" method directly, since it does the "get()" for you
automatically.
Note that "<FRAME SRC="...">" tags are parsed out of the HTML and treated as links so this
method works with them.
You can select which link to find by passing in one or more of these key/value pairs:
o "text => 'string'," and "text_regex => qr/regex/,"
"text" matches the text of the link against string, which must be an exact match. To
select a link with text that is exactly "download", use
$mech->find_link( text => 'download' );
"text_regex" matches the text of the link against regex. To select a link with text
that has "download" anywhere in it, regardless of case, use
$mech->find_link( text_regex => qr/download/i );
Note that the text extracted from the page's links are trimmed. For example, "<a> foo
</a>" is stored as 'foo', and searching for leading or trailing spaces will fail.
o "url => 'string'," and "url_regex => qr/regex/,"
Matches the URL of the link against string or regex, as appropriate. The URL may be a
relative URL, like foo/bar.html, depending on how it's coded on the page.
o "url_abs => string" and "url_abs_regex => regex"
Matches the absolute URL of the link against string or regex, as appropriate. The URL
will be an absolute URL, even if it's relative in the page.
o "name => string" and "name_regex => regex"
Matches the name of the link against string or regex, as appropriate.
o "rel => string" and "rel_regex => regex"
Matches the rel of the link against string or regex, as appropriate. This can be used
to find stylesheets, favicons, or links the author of the page does not want bots to
follow.
o "id => string" and "id_regex => regex"
Matches the attribute 'id' of the link against string or regex, as appropriate.
o "class => string" and "class_regex => regex"
Matches the attribute 'class' of the link against string or regex, as appropriate.
o "tag => string" and "tag_regex => regex"
Matches the tag that the link came from against string or regex, as appropriate. The
"tag_regex" is probably most useful to check for more than one tag, as in:
$mech->find_link( tag_regex => qr/^(a|frame)$/ );
The tags and attributes looked at are defined below.
If "n" is not specified, it defaults to 1. Therefore, if you don't specify any params,
this method defaults to finding the first link on the page.
Note that you can specify multiple text or URL parameters, which will be ANDed together.
For example, to find the first link with text of "News" and with "cnn.com" in the URL,
use:
$mech->find_link( text => 'News', url_regex => qr/cnn\.com/ );
The return value is a reference to an array containing a WWW::Mechanize::Link object for
every link in "$self->content".
The links come from the following:
"<a href=...>"
"<area href=...>"
"<frame src=...>"
"<iframe src=...>"
"<link href=...>"
"<meta content=...>"
$mech->find_all_links( ... )
Returns all the links on the current page that match the criteria. The method for
specifying link criteria is the same as in "find_link()". Each of the links returned is a
WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
In list context, "find_all_links()" returns a list of the links. Otherwise, it returns a
reference to the list of links.
"find_all_links()" with no parameters returns all links in the page.
$mech->find_all_inputs( ... criteria ... )
find_all_inputs() returns an array of all the input controls in the current form whose
properties match all of the regexes passed in. The controls returned are all descended
from HTML::Form::Input. See "INPUTS" in HTML::Form for details.
If no criteria are passed, all inputs will be returned.
If there is no current page, there is no form on the current page, or there are no submit
controls in the current form then the return will be an empty array.
You may use a regex or a literal string:
# get all textarea controls whose names begin with "customer"
my @customer_text_inputs = $mech->find_all_inputs(
type => 'textarea',
name_regex => qr/^customer/,
);
# get all text or textarea controls called "customer"
my @customer_text_inputs = $mech->find_all_inputs(
type_regex => qr/^(text|textarea)$/,
name => 'customer',
);
$mech->find_all_submits( ... criteria ... )
"find_all_submits()" does the same thing as "find_all_inputs()" except that it only
returns controls that are submit controls, ignoring other types of input controls like
text and checkboxes.
IMAGE METHODS
$mech->images
Lists all the images on the current page. Each image is a WWW::Mechanize::Image object.
In list context, returns a list of all images. In scalar context, returns an array
reference of all images.
$mech->find_image()
Finds an image in the current page. It returns a WWW::Mechanize::Image object which
describes the image. If it fails to find an image it returns undef.
You can select which image to find by passing in one or more of these key/value pairs:
o "alt => 'string'" and "alt_regex => qr/regex/"
"alt" matches the ALT attribute of the image against string, which must be an exact
match. To select a image with an ALT tag that is exactly "download", use
$mech->find_image( alt => 'download' );
"alt_regex" matches the ALT attribute of the image against a regular expression. To
select an image with an ALT attribute that has "download" anywhere in it, regardless
of case, use
$mech->find_image( alt_regex => qr/download/i );
o "url => 'string'" and "url_regex => qr/regex/"
Matches the URL of the image against string or regex, as appropriate. The URL may be
a relative URL, like foo/bar.html, depending on how it's coded on the page.
o "url_abs => string" and "url_abs_regex => regex"
Matches the absolute URL of the image against string or regex, as appropriate. The
URL will be an absolute URL, even if it's relative in the page.
o "tag => string" and "tag_regex => regex"
Matches the tag that the image came from against string or regex, as appropriate. The
"tag_regex" is probably most useful to check for more than one tag, as in:
$mech->find_image( tag_regex => qr/^(img|input)$/ );
The tags supported are "<img>" and "<input>".
o "id => string" and "id_regex => regex"
"id" matches the id attribute of the image against string, which must be an exact
match. To select an image with the exact id "download-image", use
$mech->find_image( id => 'download-image' );
"id_regex" matches the id attribute of the image against a regular expression. To
select the first image with an id that contains "download" anywhere in it, use
$mech->find_image( id_regex => qr/download/ );
o "classs => string" and "class_regex => regex"
"class" matches the class attribute of the image against string, which must be an
exact match. To select an image with the exact class "img-fuid", use
$mech->find_image( class => 'img-fluid' );
To select an image with the class attribute "rounded float-left", use
$mech->find_image( class => 'rounded float-left' );
Note that the classes have to be matched as a complete string, in the exact order they
appear in the website's source code.
"class_regex" matches the class attribute of the image against a regular expression.
Use this if you want a partial class name, or if an image has several classes, but you
only care about one.
To select the first image with the class "rounded", where there are multiple images
that might also have either class "float-left" or "float-right", use
$mech->find_image( class_regex => qr/\brounded\b/ );
Selecting an image with multiple classes where you do not care about the order they
appear in the website's source code is not currently supported.
If "n" is not specified, it defaults to 1. Therefore, if you don't specify any params,
this method defaults to finding the first image on the page.
Note that you can specify multiple ALT or URL parameters, which will be ANDed together.
For example, to find the first image with ALT text of "News" and with "cnn.com" in the
URL, use:
$mech->find_image( image => 'News', url_regex => qr/cnn\.com/ );
The return value is a reference to an array containing a WWW::Mechanize::Image object for
every image in "$self->content".
$mech->find_all_images( ... )
Returns all the images on the current page that match the criteria. The method for
specifying image criteria is the same as in "find_image()". Each of the images returned
is a WWW::Mechanize::Image object.
In list context, "find_all_images()" returns a list of the images. Otherwise, it returns
a reference to the list of images.
"find_all_images()" with no parameters returns all images in the page.
FORM METHODS
These methods let you work with the forms on a page. The idea is to choose a form that
you'll later work with using the field methods below.
$mech->forms
Lists all the forms on the current page. Each form is an HTML::Form object. In list
context, returns a list of all forms. In scalar context, returns an array reference of
all forms.
$mech->form_number($number)
Selects the numberth form on the page as the target for subsequent calls to "field()" and
"click()". Also returns the form that was selected.
If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set internally for later
use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and "click()". When called in a list
context, the number of the found form is also returned as a second value.
Emits a warning and returns undef if no form is found.
The first form is number 1, not zero.
$mech->form_name( $name )
Selects a form by name. If there is more than one form on the page with that name, then
the first one is used, and a warning is generated.
If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set internally for later
use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and "click()".
Returns undef if no form is found.
$mech->form_id( $id )
Selects a form by ID. If there is more than one form on the page with that ID, then the
first one is used, and a warning is generated.
If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set internally for later
use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and "click()".
If no form is found it returns "undef". This will also trigger a warning, unless "quiet"
is enabled.
$mech->all_forms_with_fields( @fields )
Selects a form by passing in a list of field names it must contain. All matching forms
(perhaps none) are returned as a list of HTML::Form objects.
$mech->form_with_fields( @fields )
Selects a form by passing in a list of field names it must contain. If there is more than
one form on the page with that matches, then the first one is used, and a warning is
generated.
If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set internally for later
used with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and "click()".
Returns undef and emits a warning if no form is found.
Note that this functionality requires libwww-perl 5.69 or higher.
$mech->all_forms_with( $attr1 => $value1, $attr2 => $value2, ... )
Searches for forms with arbitrary attribute/value pairs within the <form> tag. (Currently
does not work for attribute "action" due to implementation details of HTML::Form.) When
given more than one pair, all criteria must match. Using "undef" as value means that the
attribute in question must not be present.
All matching forms (perhaps none) are returned as a list of HTML::Form objects.
$mech->form_with( $attr1 => $value1, $attr2 => $value2, ... )
Searches for forms with arbitrary attribute/value pairs within the <form> tag. (Currently
does not work for attribute "action" due to implementation details of HTML::Form.) When
given more than one pair, all criteria must match. Using "undef" as value means that the
attribute in question must not be present.
If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set internally for later
used with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and "click()".
Returns undef if no form is found.
FIELD METHODS
These methods allow you to set the values of fields in a given form.
$mech->field( $name, $value, $number )
$mech->field( $name, \@values, $number )
Given the name of a field, set its value to the value specified. This applies to the
current form (as set by the "form_name()" or "form_number()" method or defaulting to the
first form on the page).
The optional $number parameter is used to distinguish between two fields with the same
name. The fields are numbered from 1.
$mech->select($name, $value)
$mech->select($name, \@values)
Given the name of a "select" field, set its value to the value specified. If the field is
not "<select multiple>" and the $value is an array, only the first value will be set.
[Note: the documentation previously claimed that only the last value would be set, but
this was incorrect.] Passing $value as a hash with an "n" key selects an item by number
(e.g. "{n => 3}" or "{n => [2,4]}"). The numbering starts at 1. This applies to the
current form.
If you have a field with "<select multiple>" and you pass a single $value, then $value
will be added to the list of fields selected, without clearing the others. However, if
you pass an array reference, then all previously selected values will be cleared.
Returns true on successfully setting the value. On failure, returns false and calls
"$self->warn()" with an error message.
$mech->set_fields( $name => $value ... )
This method sets multiple fields of the current form. It takes a list of field name and
value pairs. If there is more than one field with the same name, the first one found is
set. If you want to select which of the duplicate field to set, use a value which is an
anonymous array which has the field value and its number as the 2 elements.
# set the second foo field
$mech->set_fields( $name => [ 'foo', 2 ] );
The fields are numbered from 1.
This applies to the current form.
$mech->set_visible( @criteria )
This method sets fields of the current form without having to know their names. So if you
have a login screen that wants a username and password, you do not have to fetch the form
and inspect the source (or use the mech-dump utility, installed with WWW::Mechanize) to
see what the field names are; you can just say
$mech->set_visible( $username, $password );
and the first and second fields will be set accordingly. The method is called set_visible
because it acts only on visible fields; hidden form inputs are not considered. The order
of the fields is the order in which they appear in the HTML source which is nearly always
the order anyone viewing the page would think they are in, but some creative work with
tables could change that; caveat user.
Each element in @criteria is either a field value or a field specifier. A field value is
a scalar. A field specifier allows you to specify the type of input field you want to set
and is denoted with an arrayref containing two elements. So you could specify the first
radio button with
$mech->set_visible( [ radio => 'KCRW' ] );
Field values and specifiers can be intermixed, hence
$mech->set_visible( 'fred', 'secret', [ option => 'Checking' ] );
would set the first two fields to "fred" and "secret", and the next "OPTION" menu field to
"Checking".
The possible field specifier types are: "text", "password", "hidden", "textarea", "file",
"image", "submit", "radio", "checkbox" and "option".
"set_visible" returns the number of values set.
$mech->tick( $name, $value [, $set] )
"Ticks" the first checkbox that has both the name and value associated with it on the
current form. Dies if there is no named check box for that value. Passing in a false
value as the third optional argument will cause the checkbox to be unticked.
$mech->untick($name, $value)
Causes the checkbox to be unticked. Shorthand for "tick($name,$value,undef)"
$mech->value( $name [, $number] )
Given the name of a field, return its value. This applies to the current form.
The optional $number parameter is used to distinguish between two fields with the same
name. The fields are numbered from 1.
If the field is of type file (file upload field), the value is always cleared to prevent
remote sites from downloading your local files. To upload a file, specify its file name
explicitly.
$mech->click( $button [, $x, $y] )
Has the effect of clicking a button on the current form. The first argument is the name
of the button to be clicked. The second and third arguments (optional) allow you to
specify the (x,y) coordinates of the click.
If there is only one button on the form, "$mech->click()" with no arguments simply clicks
that one button.
Returns an HTTP::Response object.
$mech->click_button( ... )
Has the effect of clicking a button on the current form by specifying its attributes. The
arguments are a list of key/value pairs. Only one of name, id, number, input or value must
be specified in the keys.
Dies if no button is found.
o "name => name"
Clicks the button named name in the current form.
o "id => id"
Clicks the button with the id id in the current form.
o "number => n"
Clicks the nth button with type submit in the current form. Numbering starts at 1.
o "value => value"
Clicks the button with the value value in the current form.
o "input => $inputobject"
Clicks on the button referenced by $inputobject, an instance of
HTML::Form::SubmitInput obtained e.g. from
$mech->current_form()->find_input( undef, 'submit' )
$inputobject must belong to the current form.
o "x => x"
o "y => y"
These arguments (optional) allow you to specify the (x,y) coordinates of the click.
$mech->submit()
Submits the current form, without specifying a button to click. Actually, no button is
clicked at all.
Returns an HTTP::Response object.
This used to be a synonym for "$mech->click( 'submit' )", but is no longer so.
$mech->submit_form( ... )
This method lets you select a form from the previously fetched page, fill in its fields,
and submit it. It combines the "form_number"/"form_name", "set_fields" and "click" methods
into one higher level call. Its arguments are a list of key/value pairs, all of which are
optional.
o "fields => \%fields"
Specifies the fields to be filled in the current form.
o "with_fields => \%fields"
Probably all you need for the common case. It combines a smart form selector and data
setting in one operation. It selects the first form that contains all fields mentioned
in "\%fields". This is nice because you don't need to know the name or number of the
form to do this.
(calls "form_with_fields()" and
"set_fields()").
If you choose "with_fields", the "fields" option will be ignored. The "form_number",
"form_name" and "form_id" options will still be used. An exception will be thrown
unless exactly one form matches all of the provided criteria.
o "form_number => n"
Selects the nth form (calls "form_number()". If this param is not specified, the
currently-selected form is used.
o "form_name => name"
Selects the form named name (calls "form_name()")
o "form_id => ID"
Selects the form with ID ID (calls "form_id()")
o "button => button"
Clicks on button button (calls "click()")
o "x => x, y => y"
Sets the x or y values for "click()"
o "strict_forms => bool"
Sets the HTML::Form strict flag which causes form submission to croak if any of the
passed fields don't exist on the page, and/or a value doesn't exist in a select
element. By default HTML::Form sets this value to false.
This behavior can also be turned on globally by passing "strict_forms => 1" to
"WWW::Mechanize->new". If you do that, you can still disable it for individual calls
by passing "strict_forms => 0" here.
If no form is selected, the first form found is used.
If button is not passed, then the "submit()" method is used instead.
If you want to submit a file and get its content from a scalar rather than a file in the
filesystem, you can use:
$mech->submit_form(with_fields => { logfile => [ [ undef, 'whatever', Content => $content ], 1 ] } );
Returns an HTTP::Response object.
MISCELLANEOUS METHODS
$mech->add_header( name => $value [, name => $value... ] )
Sets HTTP headers for the agent to add or remove from the HTTP request.
$mech->add_header( Encoding => 'text/klingon' );
If a value is "undef", then that header will be removed from any future requests. For
example, to never send a Referer header:
$mech->add_header( Referer => undef );
If you want to delete a header, use "delete_header".
Returns the number of name/value pairs added.
NOTE: This method was very different in WWW::Mechanize before 1.00. Back then, the
headers were stored in a package hash, not as a member of the object instance. Calling
"add_header()" would modify the headers for every WWW::Mechanize object, even after your
object no longer existed.
$mech->delete_header( name [, name ... ] )
Removes HTTP headers from the agent's list of special headers. For instance, you might
need to do something like:
# Don't send a Referer for this URL
$mech->add_header( Referer => undef );
# Get the URL
$mech->get( $url );
# Back to the default behavior
$mech->delete_header( 'Referer' );
$mech->quiet(true/false)
Allows you to suppress warnings to the screen.
$mech->quiet(0); # turns on warnings (the default)
$mech->quiet(1); # turns off warnings
$mech->quiet(); # returns the current quietness status
$mech->stack_depth( $max_depth )
Get or set the page stack depth. Use this if you're doing a lot of page scraping and
running out of memory.
A value of 0 means "no history at all." By default, the max stack depth is humongously
large, effectively keeping all history.
$mech->save_content( $filename, %opts )
Dumps the contents of "$mech->content" into $filename. $filename will be overwritten.
Dies if there are any errors.
If the content type does not begin with "text/", then the content is saved in binary mode
(i.e. "binmode()" is set on the output filehandle).
Additional arguments can be passed as key/value pairs:
$mech->save_content( $filename, binary => 1 )
Filehandle is set with "binmode" to ":raw" and contents are taken calling
"$self->content(decoded_by_headers => 1)". Same as calling:
$mech->save_content( $filename, binmode => ':raw',
decoded_by_headers => 1 );
This should be the safest way to save contents verbatim.
$mech->save_content( $filename, binmode => $binmode )
Filehandle is set to binary mode. If $binmode begins with ':', it is passed as a
parameter to "binmode":
binmode $fh, $binmode;
otherwise the filehandle is set to binary mode if $binmode is true:
binmode $fh;
all other arguments
are passed as-is to "$mech->content(%opts)". In particular, "decoded_by_headers" might
come handy if you want to revert the effect of line compression performed by the web
server but without further interpreting the contents (e.g. decoding it according to
the charset).
$mech->dump_headers( [$fh] )
Prints a dump of the HTTP response headers for the most recent response. If $fh is not
specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
Unlike the rest of the dump_* methods, $fh can be a scalar. It will be used as a file
name.
$mech->dump_links( [[$fh], $absolute] )
Prints a dump of the links on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not specified or is
undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
If $absolute is true, links displayed are absolute, not relative.
$mech->dump_images( [[$fh], $absolute] )
Prints a dump of the images on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not specified or is
undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
If $absolute is true, links displayed are absolute, not relative.
The output will include empty lines for images that have no "src" attribute and therefore
no "<-"url>>.
$mech->dump_forms( [$fh] )
Prints a dump of the forms on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not specified or is
undef, it dumps to STDOUT. Running the following:
my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new();
$mech->get("https://www.google.com/");
$mech->dump_forms;
will print:
GET https://www.google.com/search [f]
ie=ISO-8859-1 (hidden readonly)
hl=en (hidden readonly)
source=hp (hidden readonly)
biw= (hidden readonly)
bih= (hidden readonly)
q= (text)
btnG=Google Search (submit)
btnI=I'm Feeling Lucky (submit)
gbv=1 (hidden readonly)
$mech->dump_text( [$fh] )
Prints a dump of the text on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not specified or is
undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
OVERRIDDEN LWP::UserAgent METHODS
$mech->clone()
Clone the mech object. The clone will be using the same cookie jar as the original mech.
$mech->redirect_ok()
An overloaded version of "redirect_ok()" in LWP::UserAgent. This method is used to
determine whether a redirection in the request should be followed.
Note that WWW::Mechanize's constructor pushes POST on to the agent's
"requests_redirectable" list.
$mech->request( $request [, $arg [, $size]])
Overloaded version of "request()" in LWP::UserAgent. Performs the actual request.
Normally, if you're using WWW::Mechanize, it's because you don't want to deal with this
level of stuff anyway.
Note that $request will be modified.
Returns an HTTP::Response object.
$mech->update_html( $html )
Allows you to replace the HTML that the mech has found. Updates the forms and links
parse-trees that the mech uses internally.
Say you have a page that you know has malformed output, and you want to update it so the
links come out correctly:
my $html = $mech->content;
$html =~ s[</option>.{0,3}</td>][</option></select></td>]isg;
$mech->update_html( $html );
This method is also used internally by the mech itself to update its own HTML content when
loading a page. This means that if you would like to systematically perform the above HTML
substitution, you would overload update_html in a subclass thusly:
package MyMech;
use base 'WWW::Mechanize';
sub update_html {
my ($self, $html) = @_;
$html =~ s[</option>.{0,3}</td>][</option></select></td>]isg;
$self->WWW::Mechanize::update_html( $html );
}
If you do this, then the mech will use the tidied-up HTML instead of the original both
when parsing for its own needs, and for returning to you through "content()".
Overloading this method is also the recommended way of implementing extra validation steps
(e.g. link checkers) for every HTML page received. "warn" and "die" would then come in
handy to signal validation errors.
$mech->credentials( $username, $password )
Provide credentials to be used for HTTP Basic authentication for all sites and realms
until further notice.
The four argument form described in LWP::UserAgent is still supported.
$mech->get_basic_credentials( $realm, $uri, $isproxy )
Returns the credentials for the realm and URI.
$mech->clear_credentials()
Remove any credentials set up with "credentials()".
INHERITED UNCHANGED LWP::UserAgent METHODS
As a subclass of LWP::UserAgent, WWW::Mechanize inherits all of LWP::UserAgent's methods.
Many of which are overridden or extended. The following methods are inherited unchanged.
View the LWP::UserAgent documentation for their implementation descriptions.
This is not meant to be an inclusive list. LWP::UA may have added others.
$mech->head()
Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
$mech->mirror()
Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
$mech->simple_request()
Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
$mech->is_protocol_supported()
Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
$mech->prepare_request()
Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
$mech->progress()
Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
INTERNAL-ONLY METHODS
These methods are only used internally. You probably don't need to know about them.
$mech->_update_page($request, $response)
Updates all internal variables in $mech as if $request was just performed, and returns
$response. The page stack is not altered by this method, it is up to caller (e.g.
"request") to do that.
$mech->_modify_request( $req )
Modifies a HTTP::Request before the request is sent out, for both GET and POST requests.
We add a "Referer" header, as well as header to note that we can accept gzip encoded
content, if Compress::Zlib is installed.
$mech->_make_request()
Convenience method to make it easier for subclasses like WWW::Mechanize::Cached to
intercept the request.
$mech->_reset_page()
Resets the internal fields that track page parsed stuff.
$mech->_extract_links()
Extracts links from the content of a webpage, and populates the "{links}" property with
WWW::Mechanize::Link objects.
$mech->_push_page_stack()
The agent keeps a stack of visited pages, which it can pop when it needs to go BACK and so
on.
The current page needs to be pushed onto the stack before we get a new page, and the stack
needs to be popped when BACK occurs.
Neither of these take any arguments, they just operate on the $mech object.
warn( @messages )
Centralized warning method, for diagnostics and non-fatal problems. Defaults to calling
"CORE::warn", but may be overridden by setting "onwarn" in the constructor.
die( @messages )
Centralized error method. Defaults to calling "CORE::die", but may be overridden by
setting "onerror" in the constructor.
BEST PRACTICES
The default settings can get you up and running quickly, but there are settings you can
change in order to make your life easier.
autocheck
"autocheck" can save you the overhead of checking status codes for success. You may
outgrow it as your needs get more sophisticated, but it's a safe option to start with.
my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( autocheck => 1 );
cookie_jar
You are encouraged to install Mozilla::PublicSuffix and use HTTP::CookieJar::LWP as
your cookie jar. HTTP::CookieJar::LWP provides a better security model matching that
of current Web browsers when Mozilla::PublicSuffix is installed.
use HTTP::CookieJar::LWP ();
my $jar = HTTP::CookieJar::LWP->new;
my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( cookie_jar => $jar );
protocols_allowed
This option is inherited directly from LWP::UserAgent. It may be used to allow
arbitrary protocols.
my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new(
protocols_allowed => [ 'http', 'https' ]
);
This will prevent you from inadvertently following URLs like "file:///etc/passwd"
protocols_forbidden
This option is also inherited directly from LWP::UserAgent. It may be used to deny
arbitrary protocols.
my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new(
protocols_forbidden => [ 'file', 'mailto', 'ssh', ]
);
This will prevent you from inadvertently following URLs like "file:///etc/passwd"
strict_forms
Consider turning on the "strict_forms" option when you create a new Mech. This will
perform a helpful sanity check on form fields every time you are submitting a form,
which can save you a lot of debugging time.
my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( strict_forms => 1 );
If you do not want to have this option globally, you can still turn it on for
individual forms.
$agent->submit_form( fields => { foo => 'bar' } , strict_forms => 1 );
WWW::MECHANIZE'S GIT REPOSITORY
WWW::Mechanize is hosted at GitHub.
Repository: <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize>. Bugs:
<https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize/issues>.
OTHER DOCUMENTATION
Spidering Hacks, by Kevin Hemenway and Tara Calishain
Spidering Hacks from O'Reilly (<http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/spiderhks/>) is a great
book for anyone wanting to know more about screen-scraping and spidering.
There are six hacks that use Mech or a Mech derivative:
#21 WWW::Mechanize 101
#22 Scraping with WWW::Mechanize
#36 Downloading Images from Webshots
#44 Archiving Yahoo! Groups Messages with WWW::Yahoo::Groups
#64 Super Author Searching
#73 Scraping TV Listings
The book was also positively reviewed on Slashdot:
<http://books.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=03/12/11/2126256>
ONLINE RESOURCES AND SUPPORT
o WWW::Mechanize mailing list
The Mech mailing list is at <http://groups.google.com/group/www-mechanize-users> and
is specific to Mechanize, unlike the LWP mailing list below. Although it is a users
list, all development discussion takes place here, too.
o LWP mailing list
The LWP mailing list is at <http://lists.perl.org/showlist.cgi?name=libwww>, and is
more user-oriented and well-populated than the WWW::Mechanize list.
o Perlmonks
<http://perlmonks.org> is an excellent community of support, and many questions about
Mech have already been answered there.
o WWW::Mechanize::Examples
A random array of examples submitted by users, included with the Mechanize
distribution.
ARTICLES ABOUT WWW::MECHANIZE
o <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/wa-perlsecure/>
IBM article "Secure Web site access with Perl"
o <http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/googlehks2/chapter/hack84.pdf>
Leland Johnson's hack #84 in Google Hacks, 2nd Edition is an example of a production
script that uses WWW::Mechanize and HTML::TableContentParser. It takes in keywords and
returns the estimated price of these keywords on Google's AdWords program.
o <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2004/06/04/recorder.html>
Linda Julien writes about using HTTP::Recorder to create WWW::Mechanize scripts.
o <http://www.developer.com/lang/other/article.php/3454041>
Jason Gilmore's article on using WWW::Mechanize for scraping sales information from
Amazon and eBay.
o <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2003/01/22/mechanize.html>
Chris Ball's article about using WWW::Mechanize for scraping TV listings.
o <http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/LinuxMag/col47.html>
Randal Schwartz's article on scraping Yahoo News for images. It's already out of
date: He manually walks the list of links hunting for matches, which wouldn't have
been necessary if the "find_link()" method existed at press time.
o <http://www.perladvent.org/2002/16th/>
WWW::Mechanize on the Perl Advent Calendar, by Mark Fowler.
o <http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2004/03/datenruessel/>
Michael Schilli's article on Mech and WWW::Mechanize::Shell for the German magazine
Linux Magazin.
Other modules that use Mechanize
Here are modules that use or subclass Mechanize. Let me know of any others:
o Finance::Bank::LloydsTSB
o HTTP::Recorder
Acts as a proxy for web interaction, and then generates WWW::Mechanize scripts.
o Win32::IE::Mechanize
Just like Mech, but using Microsoft Internet Explorer to do the work.
o WWW::Bugzilla
o WWW::Google::Groups
o WWW::Hotmail
o WWW::Mechanize::Cached
o WWW::Mechanize::Cached::GZip
o WWW::Mechanize::FormFiller
o WWW::Mechanize::Shell
o WWW::Mechanize::Sleepy
o WWW::Mechanize::SpamCop
o WWW::Mechanize::Timed
o WWW::SourceForge
o WWW::Yahoo::Groups
o WWW::Scripter
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to the numerous people who have helped out on WWW::Mechanize in one way or another,
including Kirrily Robert for the original "WWW::Automate", Lyle Hopkins, Damien Clark,
Ansgar Burchardt, Gisle Aas, Jeremy Ary, Hilary Holz, Rafael Kitover, Norbert Buchmuller,
Dave Page, David Sainty, H.Merijn Brand, Matt Lawrence, Michael Schwern, Adriano Ferreira,
Miyagawa, Peteris Krumins, Rafael Kitover, David Steinbrunner, Kevin Falcone, Mike
O'Regan, Mark Stosberg, Uri Guttman, Peter Scott, Philippe Bruhat, Ian Langworth, John
Beppu, Gavin Estey, Jim Brandt, Ask Bjoern Hansen, Greg Davies, Ed Silva, Mark-Jason
Dominus, Autrijus Tang, Mark Fowler, Stuart Children, Max Maischein, Meng Wong, Prakash
Kailasa, Abigail, Jan Pazdziora, Dominique Quatravaux, Scott Lanning, Rob Casey, Leland
Johnson, Joshua Gatcomb, Julien Beasley, Abe Timmerman, Peter Stevens, Pete Krawczyk, Tad
McClellan, and the late great Iain Truskett.
AUTHOR
Andy Lester <andy at petdance.com>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 2004 by Andy Lester.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as
the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
perl v5.32.1 2021-10-30 WWW::Mechanize(3pm)
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