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Twig(3pm)                      User Contributed Perl Documentation                      Twig(3pm)

NAME
       XML::Twig - A perl module for processing huge XML documents in tree mode.

SYNOPSIS
       Note that this documentation is intended as a reference to the module.

       Complete docs, including a tutorial, examples, an easier to use HTML version, a quick
       reference card and a FAQ are available at <http://www.xmltwig.org/xmltwig>

       Small documents (loaded in memory as a tree):

         my $twig=XML::Twig->new();    # create the twig
         $twig->parsefile( 'doc.xml'); # build it
         my_process( $twig);           # use twig methods to process it
         $twig->print;                 # output the twig

       Huge documents (processed in combined stream/tree mode):

         # at most one div will be loaded in memory
         my $twig=XML::Twig->new(
           twig_handlers =>
             { title   => sub { $_->set_tag( 'h2') }, # change title tags to h2
                                                      # $_ is the current element
               para    => sub { $_->set_tag( 'p')  }, # change para to p
               hidden  => sub { $_->delete;       },  # remove hidden elements
               list    => \&my_list_process,          # process list elements
               div     => sub { $_[0]->flush;     },  # output and free memory
             },
           pretty_print => 'indented',                # output will be nicely formatted
           empty_tags   => 'html',                    # outputs <empty_tag />
                                );
         $twig->parsefile( 'my_big.xml');

         sub my_list_process
           { my( $twig, $list)= @_;
             # ...
           }

       See XML::Twig 101 for other ways to use the module, as a filter for example.

DESCRIPTION
       This module provides a way to process XML documents. It is build on top of "XML::Parser".

       The module offers a tree interface to the document, while allowing you to output the parts
       of it that have been completely processed.

       It allows minimal resource (CPU and memory) usage by building the tree only for the parts
       of the documents that need actual processing, through the use of the "twig_roots " and
       "twig_print_outside_roots " options. The "finish " and "finish_print " methods also help
       to increase performances.

       XML::Twig tries to make simple things easy so it tries its best to takes care of a lot of
       the (usually) annoying (but sometimes necessary) features that come with XML and
       XML::Parser.

TOOLS
       XML::Twig comes with a few command-line utilities:

   xml_pp - xml pretty-printer
       XML pretty printer using XML::Twig

   xml_grep - grep XML files looking for specific elements
       "xml_grep" does a grep on XML files. Instead of using regular expressions it uses XPath
       expressions (in fact the subset of XPath supported by XML::Twig).

   xml_split - cut a big XML file into smaller chunks
       "xml_split" takes a (presumably big) XML file and split it in several smaller files, based
       on various criteria (level in the tree, size or an XPath expression)

   xml_merge - merge back XML files split with xml_split
       "xml_merge" takes several xml files that have been split using "xml_split" and recreates a
       single file.

   xml_spellcheck - spellcheck XML files
       "xml_spellcheck" lets you spell check the content of an XML file. It extracts the text
       (the content of elements and optionally of attributes), call a spell checker on it and
       then recreates the XML document.

XML::Twig 101
       XML::Twig can be used either on "small" XML documents (that fit in memory) or on huge
       ones, by processing parts of the document and outputting or discarding them once they are
       processed.

   Loading an XML document and processing it
         my $t= XML::Twig->new();
         $t->parse( '<d><title>title</title><para>p 1</para><para>p 2</para></d>');
         my $root= $t->root;
         $root->set_tag( 'html');              # change doc to html
         $title= $root->first_child( 'title'); # get the title
         $title->set_tag( 'h1');               # turn it into h1
         my @para= $root->children( 'para');   # get the para children
         foreach my $para (@para)
           { $para->set_tag( 'p'); }           # turn them into p
         $t->print;                            # output the document

       Other useful methods include:

       att: "$elt->{'att'}->{'foo'}" return the "foo" attribute for an element,

       set_att : "$elt->set_att( foo => "bar")" sets the "foo" attribute to the "bar" value,

       next_sibling: "$elt->{next_sibling}" return the next sibling in the document (in the
       example "$title->{next_sibling}" is the first "para", you can also (and actually should)
       use "$elt->next_sibling( 'para')" to get it

       The document can also be transformed through the use of the cut, copy, paste and move
       methods: "$title->cut; $title->paste( after => $p);" for example

       And much, much more, see XML::Twig::Elt.

   Processing an XML document chunk by chunk
       One of the strengths of XML::Twig is that it let you work with files that do not fit in
       memory (BTW storing an XML document in memory as a tree is quite memory-expensive, the
       expansion factor being often around 10).

       To do this you can define handlers, that will be called once a specific element has been
       completely parsed. In these handlers you can access the element and process it as you see
       fit, using the navigation and the cut-n-paste methods, plus lots of convenient ones like
       "prefix ".  Once the element is completely processed you can then "flush " it, which will
       output it and free the memory. You can also "purge " it if you don't need to output it (if
       you are just extracting some data from the document for example). The handler will be
       called again once the next relevant element has been parsed.

         my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_handlers =>
                                 { section => \&section,
                                   para   => sub { $_->set_tag( 'p'); }
                                 },
                              );
         $t->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

         # the handler is called once a section is completely parsed, ie when
         # the end tag for section is found, it receives the twig itself and
         # the element (including all its sub-elements) as arguments
         sub section
           { my( $t, $section)= @_;      # arguments for all twig_handlers
             $section->set_tag( 'div');  # change the tag name
             # let's use the attribute nb as a prefix to the title
             my $title= $section->first_child( 'title'); # find the title
             my $nb= $title->{'att'}->{'nb'}; # get the attribute
             $title->prefix( "$nb - ");  # easy isn't it?
             $section->flush;            # outputs the section and frees memory
           }

       There is of course more to it: you can trigger handlers on more elaborate conditions than
       just the name of the element, "section/title" for example.

         my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_handlers =>
                                  { 'section/title' => sub { $_->print } }
                              )
                         ->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

       Here "sub { $_->print }" simply prints the current element ($_ is aliased to the element
       in the handler).

       You can also trigger a handler on a test on an attribute:

         my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_handlers =>
                             { 'section[@level="1"]' => sub { $_->print } }
                              );
                         ->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

       You can also use "start_tag_handlers " to process an element as soon as the start tag is
       found. Besides "prefix " you can also use "suffix ",

   Processing just parts of an XML document
       The twig_roots mode builds only the required sub-trees from the document Anything outside
       of the twig roots will just be ignored:

         my $t= XML::Twig->new(
              # the twig will include just the root and selected titles
                  twig_roots   => { 'section/title' => \&print_n_purge,
                                    'annex/title'   => \&print_n_purge
                  }
                             );
         $t->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

         sub print_n_purge
           { my( $t, $elt)= @_;
             print $elt->text;    # print the text (including sub-element texts)
             $t->purge;           # frees the memory
           }

       You can use that mode when you want to process parts of a documents but are not interested
       in the rest and you don't want to pay the price, either in time or memory, to build the
       tree for the it.

   Building an XML filter
       You can combine the "twig_roots" and the "twig_print_outside_roots" options to build
       filters, which let you modify selected elements and will output the rest of the document
       as is.

       This would convert prices in $ to prices in Euro in a document:

         my $t= XML::Twig->new(
                  twig_roots   => { 'price' => \&convert, },   # process prices
                  twig_print_outside_roots => 1,               # print the rest
                             );
         $t->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

         sub convert
           { my( $t, $price)= @_;
             my $currency=  $price->{'att'}->{'currency'};          # get the currency
             if( $currency eq 'USD')
               { $usd_price= $price->text;                     # get the price
                 # %rate is just a conversion table
                 my $euro_price= $usd_price * $rate{usd2euro};
                 $price->set_text( $euro_price);               # set the new price
                 $price->set_att( currency => 'EUR');          # don't forget this!
               }
             $price->print;                                    # output the price
           }

   XML::Twig and various versions of Perl, XML::Parser and expat:
       XML::Twig is a lot more sensitive to variations in versions of perl, XML::Parser and expat
       than to the OS, so this should cover some reasonable configurations.

       The "recommended configuration" is perl 5.8.3+ (for good Unicode support), XML::Parser
       2.31+ and expat 1.95.5+

       See <http://testers.cpan.org/search?request=dist&dist=XML-Twig> for the CPAN testers
       reports on XML::Twig, which list all tested configurations.

       An Atom feed of the CPAN Testers results is available at
       <http://xmltwig.org/rss/twig_testers.rss>

       Finally:

       XML::Twig does NOT work with expat 1.95.4
       XML::Twig only works with XML::Parser 2.27 in perl 5.6.*
           Note that I can't compile XML::Parser 2.27 anymore, so I can't guarantee that it still
           works

       XML::Parser 2.28 does not really work

       When in doubt, upgrade expat, XML::Parser and Scalar::Util

       Finally, for some optional features, XML::Twig depends on some additional modules. The
       complete list, which depends somewhat on the version of Perl that you are running, is
       given by running "t/zz_dump_config.t"

Simplifying XML processing
       Whitespaces
           Whitespaces that look non-significant are discarded, this behaviour can be controlled
           using the "keep_spaces ", "keep_spaces_in " and "discard_spaces_in " options.

       Encoding
           You can specify that you want the output in the same encoding as the input (provided
           you have valid XML, which means you have to specify the encoding either in the
           document or when you create the Twig object) using the "keep_encoding " option

           You can also use "output_encoding" to convert the internal UTF-8 format to the
           required encoding.

       Comments and Processing Instructions (PI)
           Comments and PI's can be hidden from the processing, but still appear in the output
           (they are carried by the "real" element closer to them)

       Pretty Printing
           XML::Twig can output the document pretty printed so it is easier to read for us
           humans.

       Surviving an untimely death
           XML parsers are supposed to react violently when fed improper XML.  XML::Parser just
           dies.

           XML::Twig provides the "safe_parse " and the "safe_parsefile " methods which wrap the
           parse in an eval and return either the parsed twig or 0 in case of failure.

       Private attributes
           Attributes with a name starting with # (illegal in XML) will not be output, so you can
           safely use them to store temporary values during processing. Note that you can store
           anything in a private attribute, not just text, it's just a regular Perl variable, so
           a reference to an object or a huge data structure is perfectly fine.

CLASSES
       XML::Twig uses a very limited number of classes. The ones you are most likely to use are
       "XML::Twig" of course, which represents a complete XML document, including the document
       itself (the root of the document itself is "root"), its handlers, its input or output
       filters... The other main class is "XML::Twig::Elt", which models an XML element. Element
       here has a very wide definition: it can be a regular element, or but also text, with an
       element "tag" of "#PCDATA" (or "#CDATA"), an entity (tag is "#ENT"), a Processing
       Instruction ("#PI"), a comment ("#COMMENT").

       Those are the 2 commonly used classes.

       You might want to look the "elt_class" option if you want to subclass "XML::Twig::Elt".

       Attributes are just attached to their parent element, they are not objects per se. (Please
       use the provided methods "att" and "set_att" to access them, if you access them as a hash,
       then your code becomes implementation dependent and might break in the future).

       Other classes that are seldom used are "XML::Twig::Entity_list" and "XML::Twig::Entity".

       If you use "XML::Twig::XPath" instead of "XML::Twig", elements are then created as
       "XML::Twig::XPath::Elt"

METHODS
   XML::Twig
       A twig is a subclass of XML::Parser, so all XML::Parser methods can be called on a twig
       object, including parse and parsefile.  "setHandlers" on the other hand cannot be used,
       see "BUGS "

       new This is a class method, the constructor for XML::Twig. Options are passed as keyword
           value pairs. Recognized options are the same as XML::Parser, plus some (in fact a
           lot!) XML::Twig specifics.

           New Options:

           twig_handlers
               This argument consists of a hash "{ expression =" \&handler}> where expression is
               a an XPath-like expression (+ some others).

               XPath expressions are limited to using the child and descendant axis (indeed you
               can't specify an axis), and predicates cannot be nested.  You can use the
               "string", or "string(<tag>)" function (except in "twig_roots" triggers).

               Additionally you can use regexps (/ delimited) to match attribute and string
               values.

               Examples:

                 foo
                 foo/bar
                 foo//bar
                 /foo/bar
                 /foo//bar
                 /foo/bar[@att1 = "val1" and @att2 = "val2"]/baz[@a >= 1]
                 foo[string()=~ /^duh!+/]
                 /foo[string(bar)=~ /\d+/]/baz[@att != 3]

               #CDATA can be used to call a handler for a CDATA section.  #COMMENT can be used to
               call a handler for comments

               Some additional (non-XPath) expressions are also provided for convenience:

               processing instructions
                   '?' or '#PI' triggers the handler for any processing instruction, and
                   '?<target>' or '#PI <target>' triggers a handler for processing instruction
                   with the given target( ex: '#PI xml-stylesheet').

               level(<level>)
                   Triggers the handler on any element at that level in the tree (root is level
                   1)

               _all_
                   Triggers the handler for all elements in the tree

               _default_
                   Triggers the handler for each element that does NOT have any other handler.

               Expressions are evaluated against the input document.  Which means that even if
               you have changed the tag of an element (changing the tag of a parent element from
               a handler for example) the change will not impact the expression evaluation. There
               is an exception to this: "private" attributes (which name start with a '#', and
               can only be created during the parsing, as they are not valid XML) are checked
               against the current twig.

               Handlers are triggered in fixed order, sorted by their type (xpath expressions
               first, then regexps, then level), then by whether they specify a full path
               (starting at the root element) or not, then by number of steps in the expression,
               then number of predicates, then number of tests in predicates. Handlers where the
               last step does not specify a step ("foo/bar/*") are triggered after other XPath
               handlers. Finally "_all_" handlers are triggered last.

               Important: once a handler has been triggered if it returns 0 then no other handler
               is called, except a "_all_" handler which will be called anyway.

               If a handler returns a true value and other handlers apply, then the next
               applicable handler will be called. Repeat, rinse, lather..; The exception to that
               rule is when the "do_not_chain_handlers" option is set, in which case only the
               first handler will be called.

               Note that it might be a good idea to explicitly return a short true value (like 1)
               from handlers: this ensures that other applicable handlers are called even if the
               last statement for the handler happens to evaluate to false. This might also
               speedup the code by avoiding the result of the last statement of the code to be
               copied and passed to the code managing handlers.  It can really pay to have 1
               instead of a long string returned.

               When the closing tag for an element is parsed the corresponding handler is called,
               with 2 arguments: the twig and the "Element ". The twig includes the document tree
               that has been built so far, the element is the complete sub-tree for the element.
               The fact that the handler is called only when the closing tag for the element is
               found means that handlers for inner elements are called before handlers for outer
               elements.

               $_ is also set to the element, so it is easy to write inline handlers like

                 para => sub { $_->set_tag( 'p'); }

               Text is stored in elements whose tag name is #PCDATA (due to mixed content, text
               and sub-element in an element there is no way to store the text as just an
               attribute of the enclosing element, this is similar to the DOM model).

               Warning: if you have used purge or flush on the twig the element might not be
               complete, some of its children might have been entirely flushed or purged, and the
               start tag might even have been printed (by "flush") already, so changing its tag
               might not give the expected result.

           twig_roots
               This argument lets you build the tree only for those elements you are interested
               in.

                 Example: my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_roots => { title => 1, subtitle => 1});
                          $t->parsefile( file);
                          my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_roots => { 'section/title' => 1});
                          $t->parsefile( file);

               return a twig containing a document including only "title" and "subtitle"
               elements, as children of the root element.

               You can use generic_attribute_condition, attribute_condition, full_path,
               partial_path, tag, tag_regexp, _default_ and _all_ to trigger the building of the
               twig.  string_condition and regexp_condition cannot be used as the content of the
               element, and the string, have not yet been parsed when the condition is checked.

               WARNING: path are checked for the document. Even if the "twig_roots" option is
               used they will be checked against the full document tree, not the virtual tree
               created by XML::Twig

               WARNING: twig_roots elements should NOT be nested, that would hopelessly confuse
               XML::Twig ;--(

               Note: you can set handlers (twig_handlers) using twig_roots
                 Example: my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_roots =>
                                                  { title    => sub { $_[1]->print;},
                                                    subtitle => \&process_subtitle
                                                  }
                                              );
                          $t->parsefile( file);

           twig_print_outside_roots
               To be used in conjunction with the "twig_roots" argument. When set to a true value
               this will print the document outside of the "twig_roots" elements.

                Example: my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_roots => { title => \&number_title },
                                               twig_print_outside_roots => 1,
                                              );
                          $t->parsefile( file);
                          { my $nb;
                          sub number_title
                            { my( $twig, $title);
                              $nb++;
                              $title->prefix( "$nb ");
                              $title->print;
                            }
                          }

               This example prints the document outside of the title element, calls
               "number_title" for each "title" element, prints it, and then resumes printing the
               document. The twig is built only for the "title" elements.

               If the value is a reference to a file handle then the document outside the
               "twig_roots" elements will be output to this file handle:

                 open( my $out, '>', 'out_file.xml') or die "cannot open out file.xml out_file:$!";
                 my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_roots => { title => \&number_title },
                                        # default output to $out
                                        twig_print_outside_roots => $out,
                                      );

                        { my $nb;
                          sub number_title
                            { my( $twig, $title);
                              $nb++;
                              $title->prefix( "$nb ");
                              $title->print( $out);    # you have to print to \*OUT here
                            }
                          }

           start_tag_handlers
               A hash "{ expression =" \&handler}>. Sets element handlers that are called when
               the element is open (at the end of the XML::Parser "Start" handler). The handlers
               are called with 2 params: the twig and the element. The element is empty at that
               point, its attributes are created though.

               You can use generic_attribute_condition, attribute_condition, full_path,
               partial_path, tag, tag_regexp, _default_  and _all_ to trigger the handler.

               string_condition and regexp_condition cannot be used as the content of the
               element, and the string, have not yet been parsed when the condition is checked.

               The main uses for those handlers are to change the tag name (you might have to do
               it as soon as you find the open tag if you plan to "flush" the twig at some point
               in the element, and to create temporary attributes that will be used when
               processing sub-element with "twig_hanlders".

               Note: "start_tag" handlers can be called outside of "twig_roots" if this argument
               is used. Since the element object is not built, in this case handlers are called
               with the following arguments: $t (the twig), $tag (the tag of the element) and
               %att (a hash of the attributes of the element).

               If the "twig_print_outside_roots" argument is also used, if the last handler
               called returns  a "true" value, then the start tag will be output as it appeared
               in the original document, if the handler returns a "false" value then the start
               tag will not be printed (so you can print a modified string yourself for example).

               Note that you can use the ignore method in "start_tag_handlers" (and only there).

           end_tag_handlers
               A hash "{ expression =" \&handler}>. Sets element handlers that are called when
               the element is closed (at the end of the XML::Parser "End" handler). The handlers
               are called with 2 params: the twig and the tag of the element.

               twig_handlers are called when an element is completely parsed, so why have this
               redundant option? There is only one use for "end_tag_handlers": when using the
               "twig_roots" option, to trigger a handler for an element outside the roots.  It is
               for example very useful to number titles in a document using nested sections:

                 my @no= (0);
                 my $no;
                 my $t= XML::Twig->new(
                         start_tag_handlers =>
                          { section => sub { $no[$#no]++; $no= join '.', @no; push @no, 0; } },
                         twig_roots         =>
                          { title   => sub { $_->prefix( $no); $_->print; } },
                         end_tag_handlers   => { section => sub { pop @no;  } },
                         twig_print_outside_roots => 1
                                     );
                  $t->parsefile( $file);

               Using the "end_tag_handlers" argument without "twig_roots" will result in an
               error.

           do_not_chain_handlers
               If this option is set to a true value, then only one handler will be called for
               each element, even if several satisfy the condition

               Note that the "_all_" handler will still be called regardless

           ignore_elts
               This option lets you ignore elements when building the twig. This is useful in
               cases where you cannot use "twig_roots" to ignore elements, for example if the
               element to ignore is a sibling of elements you are interested in.

               Example:

                 my $twig= XML::Twig->new( ignore_elts => { elt => 'discard' });
                 $twig->parsefile( 'doc.xml');

               This will build the complete twig for the document, except that all "elt" elements
               (and their children) will be left out.

               The keys in the hash are triggers, limited to the same subset as
               "start_tag_handlers". The values can be "discard", to discard the element,
               "print", to output the element as-is, "string" to store the text of the ignored
               element(s), including markup, in a field of the twig: "$t->{twig_buffered_string}"
               or a reference to a scalar, in which case the text of the ignored element(s),
               including markup, will be stored in the scalar. Any other value will be treated as
               "discard".

           char_handler
               A reference to a subroutine that will be called every time "PCDATA" is found.

               The subroutine receives the string as argument, and returns the modified string:

                 # WE WANT ALL STRINGS IN UPPER CASE
                 sub my_char_handler
                   { my( $text)= @_;
                     $text= uc( $text);
                     return $text;
                   }

           elt_class
               The name of a class used to store elements. this class should inherit from
               "XML::Twig::Elt" (and by default it is "XML::Twig::Elt"). This option is used to
               subclass the element class and extend it with new methods.

               This option is needed because during the parsing of the XML, elements are created
               by "XML::Twig", without any control from the user code.

           keep_atts_order
               Setting this option to a true value causes the attribute hash to be tied to a
               "Tie::IxHash" object.  This means that "Tie::IxHash" needs to be installed for
               this option to be available. It also means that the hash keeps its order, so you
               will get the attributes in order. This allows outputting the attributes in the
               same order as they were in the original document.

           keep_encoding
               This is a (slightly?) evil option: if the XML document is not UTF-8 encoded and
               you want to keep it that way, then setting keep_encoding will use the"Expat"
               original_string method for character, thus keeping the original encoding, as well
               as the original entities in the strings.

               See the "t/test6.t" test file to see what results you can expect from the various
               encoding options.

               WARNING: if the original encoding is multi-byte then attribute parsing will be
               EXTREMELY unsafe under any Perl before 5.6, as it uses regular expressions which
               do not deal properly with multi-byte characters. You can specify an alternate
               function to parse the start tags with the "parse_start_tag" option (see below)

               WARNING: this option is NOT used when parsing with XML::Parser non-blocking parser
               ("parse_start", "parse_more", "parse_done" methods) which you probably should not
               use with XML::Twig anyway as they are totally untested!

           output_encoding
               This option generates an output_filter using "Encode",  "Text::Iconv" or
               "Unicode::Map8" and "Unicode::Strings", and sets the encoding in the XML
               declaration. This is the easiest way to deal with encodings, if you need more
               sophisticated features, look at "output_filter" below

           output_filter
               This option is used to convert the character encoding of the output document.  It
               is passed either a string corresponding to a predefined filter or a subroutine
               reference. The filter will be called every time a document or element is processed
               by the "print" functions ("print", "sprint", "flush").

               Pre-defined filters:

               latin1
                   uses either "Encode", "Text::Iconv" or "Unicode::Map8" and "Unicode::String"
                   or a regexp (which works only with XML::Parser 2.27), in this order, to
                   convert all characters to ISO-8859-15 (usually latin1 is synonym to
                   ISO-8859-1, but in practice it seems that ISO-8859-15, which includes the euro
                   sign, is more useful and probably what most people want).

               html
                   does the same conversion as "latin1", plus encodes entities using
                   "HTML::Entities" (oddly enough you will need to have HTML::Entities installed
                   for it to be available). This should only be used if the tags and attribute
                   names themselves are in US-ASCII, or they will be converted and the output
                   will not be valid XML any more

               safe
                   converts the output to ASCII (US) only  plus character entities ("&#nnn;")
                   this should be used only if the tags and attribute names themselves are in US-
                   ASCII, or they will be converted and the output will not be valid XML any more

               safe_hex
                   same as "safe" except that the character entities are in hex ("&#xnnn;")

               encode_convert ($encoding)
                   Return a subref that can be used to convert utf8 strings to $encoding).  Uses
                   "Encode".

                      my $conv = XML::Twig::encode_convert( 'latin1');
                      my $t = XML::Twig->new(output_filter => $conv);

               iconv_convert ($encoding)
                   this function is used to create a filter subroutine that will be used to
                   convert the characters to the target encoding using "Text::Iconv" (which needs
                   to be installed, look at the documentation for the module and for the "iconv"
                   library to find out which encodings are available on your system, "iconv -l"
                   should give you a list of available encodings)

                      my $conv = XML::Twig::iconv_convert( 'latin1');
                      my $t = XML::Twig->new(output_filter => $conv);

               unicode_convert ($encoding)
                   this function is used to create a filter subroutine that will be used to
                   convert the characters to the target encoding using  "Unicode::Strings" and
                   "Unicode::Map8" (which need to be installed, look at the documentation for the
                   modules to find out which encodings are available on your system)

                      my $conv = XML::Twig::unicode_convert( 'latin1');
                      my $t = XML::Twig->new(output_filter => $conv);

               The "text" and "att" methods do not use the filter, so their result are always in
               unicode.

               Those predeclared filters are based on subroutines that can be used by themselves
               (as "XML::Twig::foo").

               html_encode ($string)
                   Use "HTML::Entities" to encode a utf8 string

               safe_encode ($string)
                   Use either a regexp (perl < 5.8) or "Encode" to encode non-ascii characters in
                   the string in "&#<nnnn>;" format

               safe_encode_hex ($string)
                   Use either a regexp (perl < 5.8) or "Encode" to encode non-ascii characters in
                   the string in "&#x<nnnn>;" format

               regexp2latin1 ($string)
                   Use a regexp to encode a utf8 string into latin 1 (ISO-8859-1). Does not work
                   with Perl 5.8.0!

           output_text_filter
               same as output_filter, except it doesn't apply to the brackets and quotes around
               attribute values. This is useful for all filters that could change the tagging,
               basically anything that does not just change the encoding of the output. "html",
               "safe" and "safe_hex" are better used with this option.

           input_filter
               This option is similar to "output_filter" except the filter is applied to the
               characters before they are stored in the twig, at parsing time.

           remove_cdata
               Setting this option to a true value will force the twig to output CDATA sections
               as regular (escaped) PCDATA

           parse_start_tag
               If you use the "keep_encoding" option then this option can be used to replace the
               default parsing function. You should provide a coderef (a reference to a
               subroutine) as the argument, this subroutine takes the original tag (given by
               XML::Parser::Expat "original_string()" method) and returns a tag and the
               attributes in a hash (or in a list attribute_name/attribute value).

           no_xxe
               prevents external entities to be parsed.

               This is a security feature, in case the input XML cannot be trusted. With this
               option set to a true value defining external entities in the document will cause
               the parse to fail.

               This prevents an entity like "<!ENTITY xxe PUBLIC "bar" "/etc/passwd">" to make
               the password fiel available in the document.

           expand_external_ents
               When this option is used external entities (that are defined) are expanded when
               the document is output using "print" functions such as "print ", "sprint ", "flush
               " and "xml_string ".  Note that in the twig the entity will be stored as an
               element with a tag '"#ENT"', the entity will not be expanded there, so you might
               want to process the entities before outputting it.

               If an external entity is not available, then the parse will fail.

               A special case is when the value of this option is -1. In that case a missing
               entity will not cause the parser to die, but its "name", "sysid" and "pubid" will
               be stored in the twig as "$twig->{twig_missing_system_entities}" (a reference to
               an array of hashes { name => <name>, sysid => <sysid>, pubid => <pubid> }). Yes,
               this is a bit of a hack, but it's useful in some cases.

               WARNING: setting expand_external_ents to 0 or -1 currently doesn't work as
               expected; cf. <https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=118097>.  To
               completelty turn off expanding external entities use "no_xxe".

           no_xxe
               If this argument is set to a true value, expanding of external entities is turned
               off.

           load_DTD
               If this argument is set to a true value, "parse" or "parsefile" on the twig will
               load  the DTD information. This information can then be accessed through the twig,
               in a "DTD_handler" for example. This will load even an external DTD.

               Default and fixed values for attributes will also be filled, based on the DTD.

               Note that to do this the module will generate a temporary file in the current
               directory. If this is a problem let me know and I will add an option to specify an
               alternate directory.

               See "DTD Handling" for more information

           DTD_base <path_to_DTD_directory>
               If the DTD is in a different directory, looks for it there, useful to make up
               somewhat for the lack of catalog support in "expat". You still need a SYSTEM
               declaration

           DTD_handler
               Set a handler that will be called once the doctype (and the DTD) have been loaded,
               with 2 arguments, the twig and the DTD.

           no_prolog
               Does not output a prolog (XML declaration and DTD)

           id  This optional argument gives the name of an attribute that can be used as an ID in
               the document. Elements whose ID is known can be accessed through the elt_id
               method. id defaults to 'id'.  See "BUGS "

           discard_spaces
               If this optional argument is set to a true value then spaces are discarded when
               they look non-significant: strings containing only spaces and at least one line
               feed are discarded. This argument is set to true by default.

               The exact algorithm to drop spaces is: strings including only spaces (perl \s) and
               at least one \n right before an open or close tag are dropped.

           discard_all_spaces
               If this argument is set to a true value, spaces are discarded more aggressively
               than with "discard_spaces": strings not including a \n are also dropped. This
               option is appropriate for data-oriented XML.

           keep_spaces
               If this optional argument is set to a true value then all spaces in the document
               are kept, and stored as "PCDATA".

               Warning: adding this option can result in changes in the twig generated: space
               that was previously discarded might end up in a new text element. see the
               difference by calling the following code with 0 and 1 as arguments:

                 perl -MXML::Twig -e'print XML::Twig->new( keep_spaces => shift)->parse( "<d> \n<e/></d>")->_dump'

               "keep_spaces" and "discard_spaces" cannot be both set.

           discard_spaces_in
               This argument sets "keep_spaces" to true but will cause the twig builder to
               discard spaces in the elements listed.

               The syntax for using this argument is:

                 XML::Twig->new( discard_spaces_in => [ 'elt1', 'elt2']);

           keep_spaces_in
               This argument sets "discard_spaces" to true but will cause the twig builder to
               keep spaces in the elements listed.

               The syntax for using this argument is:

                 XML::Twig->new( keep_spaces_in => [ 'elt1', 'elt2']);

               Warning: adding this option can result in changes in the twig generated: space
               that was previously discarded might end up in a new text element.

           pretty_print
               Set the pretty print method, amongst '"none"' (default), '"nsgmls"', '"nice"',
               '"indented"', '"indented_c"', '"indented_a"', '"indented_close_tag"', '"cvs"',
               '"wrapped"', '"record"' and '"record_c"'

               pretty_print formats:

               none
                   The document is output as one ling string, with no line breaks except those
                   found within text elements

               nsgmls
                   Line breaks are inserted in safe places: that is within tags, between a tag
                   and an attribute, between attributes and before the > at the end of a tag.

                   This is quite ugly but better than "none", and it is very safe, the document
                   will still be valid (conforming to its DTD).

                   This is how the SGML parser "sgmls" splits documents, hence the name.

               nice
                   This option inserts line breaks before any tag that does not contain text (so
                   element with textual content are not broken as the \n is the significant).

                   WARNING: this option leaves the document well-formed but might make it invalid
                   (not conformant to its DTD). If you have elements declared as

                     <!ELEMENT foo (#PCDATA|bar)>

                   then a "foo" element including a "bar" one will be printed as

                     <foo>
                     <bar>bar is just pcdata</bar>
                     </foo>

                   This is invalid, as the parser will take the line break after the "foo" tag as
                   a sign that the element contains PCDATA, it will then die when it finds the
                   "bar" tag. This may or may not be important for you, but be aware of it!

               indented
                   Same as "nice" (and with the same warning) but indents elements according to
                   their level

               indented_c
                   Same as "indented" but a little more compact: the closing tags are on the same
                   line as the preceding text

               indented_close_tag
                   Same as "indented" except that the closing tag is also indented, to line up
                   with the tags within the element

               idented_a
                   This formats XML files in a line-oriented version control friendly way.  The
                   format is described in <http://tinyurl.com/2kwscq> (that's an Oracle document
                   with an insanely long URL).

                   Note that to be totaly conformant to the "spec", the order of attributes
                   should not be changed, so if they are not already in alphabetical order you
                   will need to use the "keep_atts_order" option.

               cvs Same as "idented_a".

               wrapped
                   Same as "indented_c" but lines are wrapped using Text::Wrap::wrap. The default
                   length for lines is the default for $Text::Wrap::columns, and can be changed
                   by changing that variable.

               record
                   This is a record-oriented pretty print, that display data in records, one
                   field per line (which looks a LOT like "indented")

               record_c
                   Stands for record compact, one record per line

           empty_tags
               Set the empty tag display style ('"normal"', '"html"' or '"expand"').

               "normal" outputs an empty tag '"<tag/>"', "html" adds a space '"<tag />"' for
               elements that can be empty in XHTML and "expand" outputs '"<tag></tag>"'

           quote
               Set the quote character for attributes ('"single"' or '"double"').

           escape_gt
               By default XML::Twig does not escape the character > in its output, as it is not
               mandated by the XML spec. With this option on, > will be replaced by "&gt;"

           comments
               Set the way comments are processed: '"drop"' (default), '"keep"' or '"process"'

               Comments processing options:

               drop
                   drops the comments, they are not read, nor printed to the output

               keep
                   comments are loaded and will appear on the output, they are not accessible
                   within the twig and will not interfere with processing though

                   Note: comments in the middle of a text element such as

                     <p>text <!-- comment --> more text --></p>

                   are kept at their original position in the text. Using "print" methods like
                   "print" or "sprint" will return the comments in the text. Using "text" or
                   "field" on the other hand will not.

                   Any use of "set_pcdata" on the "#PCDATA" element (directly or through other
                   methods like "set_content") will delete the comment(s).

               process
                   comments are loaded in the twig and will be treated as regular elements (their
                   "tag" is "#COMMENT") this can interfere with processing if you expect
                   "$elt->{first_child}" to be an element but find a comment there.  Validation
                   will not protect you from this as comments can happen anywhere.  You can use
                   "$elt->first_child( 'tag')" (which is a good habit anyway) to get where you
                   want.

                   Consider using "process" if you are outputting SAX events from XML::Twig.

           pi  Set the way processing instructions are processed: '"drop"', '"keep"' (default) or
               '"process"'

               Note that you can also set PI handlers in the "twig_handlers" option:

                 '?'       => \&handler
                 '?target' => \&handler 2

               The handlers will be called with 2 parameters, the twig and the PI element if "pi"
               is set to "process", and with 3, the twig, the target and the data if "pi" is set
               to "keep". Of course they will not be called if "pi" is set to "drop".

               If "pi" is set to "keep" the handler should return a string that will be used as-
               is as the PI text (it should look like "" <?target data?" >" or '' if you want to
               remove the PI),

               Only one handler will be called, "?target" or "?" if no specific handler for that
               target is available.

           map_xmlns
               This option is passed a hashref that maps uri's to prefixes. The prefixes in the
               document will be replaced by the ones in the map. The mapped prefixes can
               (actually have to) be used to trigger handlers, navigate or query the document.

               Here is an example:

                 my $t= XML::Twig->new( map_xmlns => {'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' => "svg"},
                                        twig_handlers =>
                                          { 'svg:circle' => sub { $_->set_att( r => 20) } },
                                        pretty_print => 'indented',
                                      )
                                 ->parse( '<doc xmlns:gr="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                                             <gr:circle cx="10" cy="90" r="10"/>
                                          </doc>'
                                        )
                                 ->print;

               This will output:

                 <doc xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                    <svg:circle cx="10" cy="90" r="20"/>
                 </doc>

           keep_original_prefix
               When used with "map_xmlns" this option will make "XML::Twig" use the original
               namespace prefixes when outputting a document. The mapped prefix will still be
               used for triggering handlers and in navigation and query methods.

                 my $t= XML::Twig->new( map_xmlns => {'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' => "svg"},
                                        twig_handlers =>
                                          { 'svg:circle' => sub { $_->set_att( r => 20) } },
                                        keep_original_prefix => 1,
                                        pretty_print => 'indented',
                                      )
                                 ->parse( '<doc xmlns:gr="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                                             <gr:circle cx="10" cy="90" r="10"/>
                                          </doc>'
                                        )
                                 ->print;

               This will output:

                 <doc xmlns:gr="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                    <gr:circle cx="10" cy="90" r="20"/>
                 </doc>

           original_uri ($prefix)
               called within a handler, this will return the uri bound to the namespace prefix in
               the original document.

           index ($arrayref or $hashref)
               This option creates lists of specific elements during the parsing of the XML.  It
               takes a reference to either a list of triggering expressions or to a hash name =>
               expression, and for each one generates the list of elements that match the
               expression. The list can be accessed through the "index" method.

               example:

                 # using an array ref
                 my $t= XML::Twig->new( index => [ 'div', 'table' ])
                                 ->parsefile( "foo.xml");
                 my $divs= $t->index( 'div');
                 my $first_div= $divs->[0];
                 my $last_table= $t->index( table => -1);

                 # using a hashref to name the indexes
                 my $t= XML::Twig->new( index => { email => 'a[@href=~/^ \s*mailto:/]'})
                                 ->parsefile( "foo.xml");
                 my $last_emails= $t->index( email => -1);

               Note that the index is not maintained after the parsing. If elements are deleted,
               renamed or otherwise hurt during processing, the index is NOT updated.  (changing
               the id element OTOH will update the index)

           att_accessors <list of attribute names>
               creates methods that give direct access to attribute:

                 my $t= XML::Twig->new( att_accessors => [ 'href', 'src'])
                                 ->parsefile( $file);
                 my $first_href= $t->first_elt( 'img')->src; # same as ->att( 'src')
                 $t->first_elt( 'img')->src( 'new_logo.png') # changes the attribute value

           elt_accessors
               creates methods that give direct access to the first child element (in scalar
               context) or the list of elements (in list context):

               the list of accessors to create can be given 1 2 different ways: in an array, or
               in a hash alias => expression
                 my $t=  XML::Twig->new( elt_accessors => [ 'head'])
                                 ->parsefile( $file);
                 my $title_text= $t->root->head->field( 'title');
                 # same as $title_text= $t->root->first_child( 'head')->field( 'title');

                 my $t=  XML::Twig->new( elt_accessors => { warnings => 'p[@class="warning"]', d2 => 'div[2]'}, )
                                 ->parsefile( $file);
                 my $body= $t->first_elt( 'body');
                 my @warnings= $body->warnings; # same as $body->children( 'p[@class="warning"]');
                 my $s2= $body->d2;             # same as $body->first_child( 'div[2]')

           field_accessors
               creates methods that give direct access to the first child element text:

                 my $t=  XML::Twig->new( field_accessors => [ 'h1'])
                                 ->parsefile( $file);
                 my $div_title_text= $t->first_elt( 'div')->title;
                 # same as $title_text= $t->first_elt( 'div')->field( 'title');

           use_tidy
               set this option to use HTML::Tidy instead of HTML::TreeBuilder to convert HTML to
               XML. HTML, especially real (real "crap") HTML found in the wild, so depending on
               the data, one module or the other does a better job at the conversion. Also,
               HTML::Tidy can be a bit difficult to install, so XML::Twig offers both option.
               TIMTOWTDI

           output_html_doctype
               when using HTML::TreeBuilder to convert HTML, this option causes the DOCTYPE
               declaration to be output, which may be important for some legacy browsers.
               Without that option the DOCTYPE definition is NOT output. Also if the definition
               is completely wrong (ie not easily parsable), it is not output either.

           Note: I _HATE_ the Java-like name of arguments used by most XML modules.  So in pure
           TIMTOWTDI fashion all arguments can be written either as "UglyJavaLikeName" or as
           "readable_perl_name": "twig_print_outside_roots" or "TwigPrintOutsideRoots" (or even
           "twigPrintOutsideRoots" {shudder}).  XML::Twig normalizes them before processing them.

       parse ( $source)
           The $source parameter should either be a string containing the whole XML document, or
           it should be an open "IO::Handle" (aka a filehandle).

           A die call is thrown if a parse error occurs. Otherwise it will return the twig built
           by the parse. Use "safe_parse" if you want the parsing to return even when an error
           occurs.

           If this method is called as a class method ("XML::Twig->parse( $some_xml_or_html)")
           then an XML::Twig object is created, using the parameters except the last one (eg
           "XML::Twig->parse( pretty_print => 'indented', $some_xml_or_html)") and "xparse" is
           called on it.

           Note that when parsing a filehandle, the handle should NOT be open with an encoding
           (ie open with "open( my $in, '<', $filename)". The file will be parsed by "expat", so
           specifying the encoding actually causes problems for the parser (as in: it can crash
           it, see https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=78877). For parsing a file it is
           actually recommended to use "parsefile" on the file name, instead of <parse> on the
           open file.

       parsestring
           This is just an alias for "parse" for backwards compatibility.

       parsefile (FILE [, OPT => OPT_VALUE [...]])
           Open "FILE" for reading, then call "parse" with the open handle. The file is closed no
           matter how "parse" returns.

           A "die" call is thrown if a parse error occurs. Otherwise it will return the twig
           built by the parse. Use "safe_parsefile" if you want the parsing to return even when
           an error occurs.

       parsefile_inplace ( $file, $optional_extension)
           Parse and update a file "in place". It does this by creating a temp file, selecting it
           as the default for print() statements (and methods), then parsing the input file. If
           the parsing is successful, then the temp file is moved to replace the input file.

           If an extension is given then the original file is backed-up (the rules for the
           extension are the same as the rule for the -i option in perl).

       parsefile_html_inplace ( $file, $optional_extension)
           Same as parsefile_inplace, except that it parses HTML instead of XML

       parseurl ($url $optional_user_agent)
           Gets the data from $url and parse it. The data is piped to the parser in chunks the
           size of the XML::Parser::Expat buffer, so memory consumption and hopefully speed are
           optimal.

           For most (read "small") XML it is probably as efficient (and easier to debug) to just
           "get" the XML file and then parse it as a string.

             use XML::Twig;
             use LWP::Simple;
             my $twig= XML::Twig->new();
             $twig->parse( LWP::Simple::get( $URL ));

           or

             use XML::Twig;
             my $twig= XML::Twig->nparse( $URL);

           If the $optional_user_agent argument is used then it is used, otherwise a new one is
           created.

       safe_parse ( SOURCE [, OPT => OPT_VALUE [...]])
           This method is similar to "parse" except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block.
           It returns the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the
           parsed twig). $@ contains the error message on failure.

           Note that the parsing still stops as soon as an error is detected, there is no way to
           keep going after an error.

       safe_parsefile (FILE [, OPT => OPT_VALUE [...]])
           This method is similar to "parsefile" except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval"
           block. It returns the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains
           the parsed twig) . $@ contains the error message on failure

           Note that the parsing still stops as soon as an error is detected, there is no way to
           keep going after an error.

       safe_parseurl ($url $optional_user_agent)
           Same as "parseurl" except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block. It returns the
           twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the parsed twig) . $@
           contains the error message on failure

       parse_html ($string_or_fh)
           parse an HTML string or file handle (by converting it to XML using HTML::TreeBuilder,
           which needs to be available).

           This works nicely, but some information gets lost in the process: newlines are
           removed, and (at least on the version I use), comments get an extra CDATA section
           inside ( <!-- foo --> becomes <!-- <![CDATA[ foo ]]> -->

       parsefile_html ($file)
           parse an HTML file (by converting it to XML using HTML::TreeBuilder, which needs to be
           available, or HTML::Tidy if the "use_tidy" option was used).  The file is loaded
           completely in memory and converted to XML before being parsed.

           this method is to be used with caution though, as it doesn't know about the file
           encoding, it is usually better to use "parse_html", which gives you a chance to open
           the file with the proper encoding layer.

       parseurl_html ($url $optional_user_agent)
           parse an URL as html the same way "parse_html" does

       safe_parseurl_html ($url $optional_user_agent)
           Same as "parseurl_html"> except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block.  It
           returns the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the parsed
           twig) . $@ contains the error message on failure

       safe_parsefile_html ($file $optional_user_agent)
           Same as "parsefile_html"> except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block.  It
           returns the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the parsed
           twig) . $@ contains the error message on failure

       safe_parse_html ($string_or_fh)
           Same as "parse_html" except that it wraps the parsing in an "eval" block.  It returns
           the twig on success and 0 on failure (the twig object also contains the parsed twig) .
           $@ contains the error message on failure

       xparse ($thing_to_parse)
           parse the $thing_to_parse, whether it is a filehandle, a string, an HTML file, an HTML
           URL, an URL or a file.

           Note that this is mostly a convenience method for one-off scripts. For example files
           that end in '.htm' or '.html' are parsed first as XML, and if this fails as HTML. This
           is certainly not the most efficient way to do this in general.

       nparse ($optional_twig_options, $thing_to_parse)
           create a twig with the $optional_options, and parse the $thing_to_parse, whether it is
           a filehandle, a string, an HTML file, an HTML URL, an URL or a file.

           Examples:

              XML::Twig->nparse( "file.xml");
              XML::Twig->nparse( error_context => 1, "file://file.xml");

       nparse_pp ($optional_twig_options, $thing_to_parse)
           same as "nparse" but also sets the "pretty_print" option to "indented".

       nparse_e ($optional_twig_options, $thing_to_parse)
           same as "nparse" but also sets the "error_context" option to 1.

       nparse_ppe ($optional_twig_options, $thing_to_parse)
           same as "nparse" but also sets the "pretty_print" option to "indented" and the
           "error_context" option to 1.

       parser
           This method returns the "expat" object (actually the XML::Parser::Expat object) used
           during parsing. It is useful for example to call XML::Parser::Expat methods on it. To
           get the line of a tag for example use "$t->parser->current_line".

       setTwigHandlers ($handlers)
           Set the twig_handlers. $handlers is a reference to a hash similar to the one in the
           "twig_handlers" option of new. All previous handlers are unset.  The method returns
           the reference to the previous handlers.

       setTwigHandler ($exp $handler)
           Set a single twig_handler for elements matching $exp. $handler is a reference to a
           subroutine. If the handler was previously set then the reference to the previous
           handler is returned.

       setStartTagHandlers ($handlers)
           Set the start_tag handlers. $handlers is a reference to a hash similar to the one in
           the "start_tag_handlers" option of new. All previous handlers are unset.  The method
           returns the reference to the previous handlers.

       setStartTagHandler ($exp $handler)
           Set a single start_tag handlers for elements matching $exp. $handler is a reference to
           a subroutine. If the handler was previously set then the reference to the previous
           handler is returned.

       setEndTagHandlers ($handlers)
           Set the end_tag handlers. $handlers is a reference to a hash similar to the one in the
           "end_tag_handlers" option of new. All previous handlers are unset.  The method returns
           the reference to the previous handlers.

       setEndTagHandler ($exp $handler)
           Set a single end_tag handlers for elements matching $exp. $handler is a reference to a
           subroutine. If the handler was previously set then the reference to the previous
           handler is returned.

       setTwigRoots ($handlers)
           Same as using the "twig_roots" option when creating the twig

       setCharHandler ($exp $handler)
           Set a "char_handler"

       setIgnoreEltsHandler ($exp)
           Set a "ignore_elt" handler (elements that match $exp will be ignored

       setIgnoreEltsHandlers ($exp)
           Set all "ignore_elt" handlers (previous handlers are replaced)

       dtd Return the dtd (an XML::Twig::DTD object) of a twig

       xmldecl
           Return the XML declaration for the document, or a default one if it doesn't have one

       doctype
           Return the doctype for the document

       doctype_name
           returns the doctype of the document from the doctype declaration

       system_id
           returns the system value of the DTD of the document from the doctype declaration

       public_id
           returns the public doctype of the document from the doctype declaration

       internal_subset
           returns the internal subset of the DTD

       dtd_text
           Return the DTD text

       dtd_print
           Print the DTD

       model ($tag)
           Return the model (in the DTD) for the element $tag

       root
           Return the root element of a twig

       set_root ($elt)
           Set the root of a twig

       first_elt ($optional_condition)
           Return the first element matching $optional_condition of a twig, if no condition is
           given then the root is returned

       last_elt ($optional_condition)
           Return the last element matching $optional_condition of a twig, if no condition is
           given then the last element of the twig is returned

       elt_id        ($id)
           Return the element whose "id" attribute is $id

       getEltById
           Same as "elt_id"

       index ($index_name, $optional_index)
           If the $optional_index argument is present, return the corresponding element in the
           index (created using the "index" option for "XML::Twig-"new>)

           If the argument is not present, return an arrayref to the index

       normalize
           merge together all consecutive pcdata elements in the document (if for example you
           have turned some elements into pcdata using "erase", this will give you a "clean"
           document in which there all text elements are as long as possible).

       encoding
           This method returns the encoding of the XML document, as defined by the "encoding"
           attribute in the XML declaration (ie it is "undef" if the attribute is not defined)

       set_encoding
           This method sets the value of the "encoding" attribute in the XML declaration.  Note
           that if the document did not have a declaration it is generated (with an XML version
           of 1.0)

       xml_version
           This method returns the XML version, as defined by the "version" attribute in the XML
           declaration (ie it is "undef" if the attribute is not defined)

       set_xml_version
           This method sets the value of the "version" attribute in the XML declaration.  If the
           declaration did not exist it is created.

       standalone
           This method returns the value of the "standalone" declaration for the document

       set_standalone
           This method sets the value of the "standalone" attribute in the XML declaration.  Note
           that if the document did not have a declaration it is generated (with an XML version
           of 1.0)

       set_output_encoding
           Set the "encoding" "attribute" in the XML declaration

       set_doctype ($name, $system, $public, $internal)
           Set the doctype of the element. If an argument is "undef" (or not present) then its
           former value is retained, if a false ('' or 0) value is passed then the former value
           is deleted;

       entity_list
           Return the entity list of a twig

       entity_names
           Return the list of all defined entities

       entity ($entity_name)
           Return the entity

       notation_list
           Return the notation list of a twig

       notation_names
           Return the list of all defined notations

       notation ($notation_name)
           Return the notation

       change_gi      ($old_gi, $new_gi)
           Performs a (very fast) global change. All elements $old_gi are now $new_gi. This is a
           bit dangerous though and should be avoided if < possible, as the new tag might be
           ignored in subsequent processing.

           See "BUGS "

       flush            ($optional_filehandle, %options)
           Flushes a twig up to (and including) the current element, then deletes all unnecessary
           elements from the tree that's kept in memory.  "flush" keeps track of which elements
           need to be open/closed, so if you flush from handlers you don't have to worry about
           anything. Just keep flushing the twig every time you're done with a sub-tree and it
           will come out well-formed. After the whole parsing don't forget to"flush" one more
           time to print the end of the document.  The doctype and entity declarations are also
           printed.

           flush take an optional filehandle as an argument.

           If you use "flush" at any point during parsing, the document will be flushed one last
           time at the end of the parsing, to the proper filehandle.

           options: use the "update_DTD" option if you have updated the (internal) DTD and/or the
           entity list and you want the updated DTD to be output

           The "pretty_print" option sets the pretty printing of the document.

              Example: $t->flush( Update_DTD => 1);
                       $t->flush( $filehandle, pretty_print => 'indented');
                       $t->flush( \*FILE);

       flush_up_to ($elt, $optional_filehandle, %options)
           Flushes up to the $elt element. This allows you to keep part of the tree in memory
           when you "flush".

           options: see flush.

       purge
           Does the same as a "flush" except it does not print the twig. It just deletes all
           elements that have been completely parsed so far.

       purge_up_to ($elt)
           Purges up to the $elt element. This allows you to keep part of the tree in memory when
           you "purge".

       print            ($optional_filehandle, %options)
           Prints the whole document associated with the twig. To be used only AFTER the parse.

           options: see "flush".

       print_to_file    ($filename, %options)
           Prints the whole document associated with the twig to file $filename.  To be used only
           AFTER the parse.

           options: see "flush".

       safe_print_to_file    ($filename, %options)
           Prints the whole document associated with the twig to file $filename.  This variant,
           which probably only works on *nix prints to a temp file, then move the temp file to
           overwrite the original file.

           This is a bit safer when 2 processes an potentiallywrite the same file: only the last
           one will succeed, but the file won't be corruted. I often use this for cron jobs, so
           testing the code doesn't interfere with the cron job running at the same time.

           options: see "flush".

       sprint
           Return the text of the whole document associated with the twig. To be used only AFTER
           the parse.

           options: see "flush".

       trim
           Trim the document: gets rid of initial and trailing spaces, and replaces multiple
           spaces by a single one.

       toSAX1 ($handler)
           Send SAX events for the twig to the SAX1 handler $handler

       toSAX2 ($handler)
           Send SAX events for the twig to the SAX2 handler $handler

       flush_toSAX1 ($handler)
           Same as flush, except that SAX events are sent to the SAX1 handler $handler instead of
           the twig being printed

       flush_toSAX2 ($handler)
           Same as flush, except that SAX events are sent to the SAX2 handler $handler instead of
           the twig being printed

       ignore
           This method should be called during parsing, usually in "start_tag_handlers".  It
           causes the element to be skipped during the parsing: the twig is not built for this
           element, it will not be accessible during parsing or after it. The element will not
           take up any memory and parsing will be faster.

           Note that this method can also be called on an element. If the element is a parent of
           the current element then this element will be ignored (the twig will not be built any
           more for it and what has already been built will be deleted).

       set_pretty_print  ($style)
           Set the pretty print method, amongst '"none"' (default), '"nsgmls"', '"nice"',
           '"indented"', "indented_c", '"wrapped"', '"record"' and '"record_c"'

           WARNING: the pretty print style is a GLOBAL variable, so once set it's applied to ALL
           "print"'s (and "sprint"'s). Same goes if you use XML::Twig with "mod_perl" . This
           should not be a problem as the XML that's generated is valid anyway, and XML
           processors (as well as HTML processors, including browsers) should not care. Let me
           know if this is a big problem, but at the moment the performance/cleanliness trade-off
           clearly favors the global approach.

       set_empty_tag_style  ($style)
           Set the empty tag display style ('"normal"', '"html"' or '"expand"'). As with
           "set_pretty_print" this sets a global flag.

           "normal" outputs an empty tag '"<tag/>"', "html" adds a space '"<tag />"' for elements
           that can be empty in XHTML and "expand" outputs '"<tag></tag>"'

       set_remove_cdata  ($flag)
           set (or unset) the flag that forces the twig to output CDATA sections as regular
           (escaped) PCDATA

       print_prolog     ($optional_filehandle, %options)
           Prints the prolog (XML declaration + DTD + entity declarations) of a document.

           options: see "flush".

       prolog     ($optional_filehandle, %options)
           Return the prolog (XML declaration + DTD + entity declarations) of a document.

           options: see "flush".

       finish
           Call Expat "finish" method.  Unsets all handlers (including internal ones that set
           context), but expat continues parsing to the end of the document or until it finds an
           error.  It should finish up a lot faster than with the handlers set.

       finish_print
           Stops twig processing, flush the twig and proceed to finish printing the document as
           fast as possible. Use this method when modifying a document and the modification is
           done.

       finish_now
           Stops twig processing, does not finish parsing the document (which could actually be
           not well-formed after the point where "finish_now" is called).  Execution resumes
           after the "Lparse"> or "parsefile" call. The content of the twig is what has been
           parsed so far (all open elements at the time "finish_now" is called are considered
           closed).

       set_expand_external_entities
           Same as using the "expand_external_ents" option when creating the twig

       set_input_filter
           Same as using the "input_filter" option when creating the twig

       set_keep_atts_order
           Same as using the "keep_atts_order" option when creating the twig

       set_keep_encoding
           Same as using the "keep_encoding" option when creating the twig

       escape_gt
           usually XML::Twig does not escape > in its output. Using this option makes it replace
           > by &gt;

       do_not_escape_gt
           reverts XML::Twig behavior to its default of not escaping > in its output.

       set_output_filter
           Same as using the "output_filter" option when creating the twig

       set_output_text_filter
           Same as using the "output_text_filter" option when creating the twig

       add_stylesheet ($type, @options)
           Adds an external stylesheet to an XML document.

           Supported types and options:

           xsl option: the url of the stylesheet

               Example:

                 $t->add_stylesheet( xsl => "xsl_style.xsl");

               will generate the following PI at the beginning of the document:

                 <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="xsl_style.xsl"?>

           css option: the url of the stylesheet

           active_twig
               a class method that returns the last processed twig, so you don't necessarily need
               the object to call methods on it.

       Methods inherited from XML::Parser::Expat
           A twig inherits all the relevant methods from XML::Parser::Expat. These methods can
           only be used during the parsing phase (they will generate a fatal error otherwise).

           Inherited methods are:

           depth
               Returns the size of the context list.

           in_element
               Returns true if NAME is equal to the name of the innermost currently opened
               element. If namespace processing is being used and you want to check against a
               name that may be in a namespace, then use the generate_ns_name method to create
               the NAME argument.

           within_element
               Returns the number of times the given name appears in the context list.  If
               namespace processing is being used and you want to check against a name that may
               be in a namespace, then use the generate_ns_name method to create the NAME
               argument.

           context
               Returns a list of element names that represent open elements, with the last one
               being the innermost. Inside start and end tag handlers, this will be the tag of
               the parent element.

           current_line
               Returns the line number of the current position of the parse.

           current_column
               Returns the column number of the current position of the parse.

           current_byte
               Returns the current position of the parse.

           position_in_context
               Returns a string that shows the current parse position. LINES should be an integer
               >= 0 that represents the number of lines on either side of the current parse line
               to place into the returned string.

           base ([NEWBASE])
               Returns the current value of the base for resolving relative URIs.  If NEWBASE is
               supplied, changes the base to that value.

           current_element
               Returns the name of the innermost currently opened element. Inside start or end
               handlers, returns the parent of the element associated with those tags.

           element_index
               Returns an integer that is the depth-first visit order of the current element.
               This will be zero outside of the root element. For example, this will return 1
               when called from the start handler for the root element start tag.

           recognized_string
               Returns the string from the document that was recognized in order to call the
               current handler. For instance, when called from a start handler, it will give us
               the start-tag string. The string is encoded in UTF-8.  This method doesn't return
               a meaningful string inside declaration handlers.

           original_string
               Returns the verbatim string from the document that was recognized in order to call
               the current handler. The string is in the original document encoding. This method
               doesn't return a meaningful string inside declaration handlers.

           xpcroak
               Concatenate onto the given message the current line number within the XML document
               plus the message implied by ErrorContext. Then croak with the formed message.

           xpcarp
               Concatenate onto the given message the current line number within the XML document
               plus the message implied by ErrorContext. Then carp with the formed message.

           xml_escape(TEXT [, CHAR [, CHAR ...]])
               Returns TEXT with markup characters turned into character entities.  Any
               additional characters provided as arguments are also turned into character
               references where found in TEXT.

               (this method is broken on some versions of expat/XML::Parser)

       path ( $optional_tag)
           Return the element context in a form similar to XPath's short form:
           '"/root/tag1/../tag"'

       get_xpath  ( $optional_array_ref, $xpath, $optional_offset)
           Performs a "get_xpath" on the document root (see <Elt|"Elt">)

           If the $optional_array_ref argument is used the array must contain elements. The
           $xpath expression is applied to each element in turn and the result is union of all
           results. This way a first query can be refined in further steps.

       find_nodes ( $optional_array_ref, $xpath, $optional_offset)
           same as "get_xpath"

       findnodes ( $optional_array_ref, $xpath, $optional_offset)
           same as "get_xpath" (similar to the XML::LibXML method)

       findvalue ( $optional_array_ref, $xpath, $optional_offset)
           Return the "join" of all texts of the results of applying "get_xpath" to the node
           (similar to the XML::LibXML method)

       findvalues ( $optional_array_ref, $xpath, $optional_offset)
           Return an array of all texts of the results of applying "get_xpath" to the node

       subs_text ($regexp, $replace)
           subs_text does text substitution on the whole document, similar to perl's " s///"
           operator.

       dispose
           Useful only if you don't have "Scalar::Util" or "WeakRef" installed.

           Reclaims properly the memory used by an XML::Twig object. As the object has circular
           references it never goes out of scope, so if you want to parse lots of XML documents
           then the memory leak becomes a problem. Use "$twig->dispose" to clear this problem.

       att_accessors (list_of_attribute_names)
           A convenience method that creates l-valued accessors for attributes.  So
           "$twig->create_accessors( 'foo')" will create a "foo" method that can be called on
           elements:

             $elt->foo;         # equivalent to $elt->{'att'}->{'foo'};
             $elt->foo( 'bar'); # equivalent to $elt->set_att( foo => 'bar');

           The methods are l-valued only under those perl's that support this feature (5.6 and
           above)

       create_accessors (list_of_attribute_names)
           Same as att_accessors

       elt_accessors (list_of_attribute_names)
           A convenience method that creates accessors for elements.  So
           "$twig->create_accessors( 'foo')" will create a "foo" method that can be called on
           elements:

             $elt->foo;         # equivalent to $elt->first_child( 'foo');

       field_accessors (list_of_attribute_names)
           A convenience method that creates accessors for element values ("field").  So
           "$twig->create_accessors( 'foo')" will create a "foo" method that can be called on
           elements:

             $elt->foo;         # equivalent to $elt->field( 'foo');

       set_do_not_escape_amp_in_atts
           An evil method, that I only document because Test::Pod::Coverage complaints otherwise,
           but really, you don't want to know about it.

   XML::Twig::Elt
       new          ($optional_tag, $optional_atts, @optional_content)
           The "tag" is optional (but then you can't have a content ), the $optional_atts
           argument is a reference to a hash of attributes, the content can be just a string or a
           list of strings and element. A content of '"#EMPTY"' creates an empty element;

            Examples: my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new();
                      my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( para => { align => 'center' });
                      my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( para => { align => 'center' }, 'foo');
                      my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( br   => '#EMPTY');
                      my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( 'para');
                      my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( para => 'this is a para');
                      my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( para => $elt3, 'another para');

           The strings are not parsed, the element is not attached to any twig.

           WARNING: if you rely on ID's then you will have to set the id yourself. At this point
           the element does not belong to a twig yet, so the ID attribute is not known so it
           won't be stored in the ID list.

           Note that "#COMMENT", "#PCDATA" or "#CDATA" are valid tag names, that will create text
           elements.

           To create an element "foo" containing a CDATA section:

                      my $foo= XML::Twig::Elt->new( '#CDATA' => "content of the CDATA section")
                                             ->wrap_in( 'foo');

           An attribute of '#CDATA', will create the content of the element as CDATA:

             my $elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( 'p' => { '#CDATA' => 1}, 'foo < bar');

           creates an element

             <p><![CDATA[foo < bar]]></>

       parse         ($string, %args)
           Creates an element from an XML string. The string is actually parsed as a new twig,
           then the root of that twig is returned.  The arguments in %args are passed to the
           twig.  As always if the parse fails the parser will die, so use an eval if you want to
           trap syntax errors.

           As obviously the element does not exist beforehand this method has to be called on the
           class:

             my $elt= parse XML::Twig::Elt( "<a> string to parse, with <sub/>
                                             <elements>, actually tons of </elements>
                             h</a>");

       set_inner_xml ($string)
           Sets the content of the element to be the tree created from the string

       set_inner_html ($string)
           Sets the content of the element, after parsing the string with an HTML parser
           (HTML::Parser)

       set_outer_xml ($string)
           Replaces the element with the tree created from the string

       print         ($optional_filehandle, $optional_pretty_print_style)
           Prints an entire element, including the tags, optionally to a $optional_filehandle,
           optionally with a $pretty_print_style.

           The print outputs XML data so base entities are escaped.

       print_to_file    ($filename, %options)
           Prints the element to file $filename.

           options: see "flush".  =item sprint       ($elt, $optional_no_enclosing_tag)

           Return the xml string for an entire element, including the tags.  If the optional
           second argument is true then only the string inside the element is returned (the start
           and end tag for $elt are not).  The text is XML-escaped: base entities (& and < in
           text, & < and " in attribute values) are turned into entities.

       gi  Return the gi of the element (the gi is the "generic identifier" the tag name in SGML
           parlance).

           "tag" and "name" are synonyms of "gi".

       tag Same as "gi"

       name
           Same as "tag"

       set_gi         ($tag)
           Set the gi (tag) of an element

       set_tag        ($tag)
           Set the tag (="tag") of an element

       set_name       ($name)
           Set the name (="tag") of an element

       root
           Return the root of the twig in which the element is contained.

       twig
           Return the twig containing the element.

       parent        ($optional_condition)
           Return the parent of the element, or the first ancestor matching the
           $optional_condition

       first_child   ($optional_condition)
           Return the first child of the element, or the first child matching the
           $optional_condition

       has_child ($optional_condition)
           Return the first child of the element, or the first child matching the
           $optional_condition (same as first_child)

       has_children ($optional_condition)
           Return the first child of the element, or the first child matching the
           $optional_condition (same as first_child)

       first_child_text   ($optional_condition)
           Return the text of the first child of the element, or the first child
            matching the $optional_condition If there is no first_child then returns ''. This
           avoids getting the child, checking for its existence then getting the text for trivial
           cases.

           Similar methods are available for the other navigation methods:

           last_child_text
           prev_sibling_text
           next_sibling_text
           prev_elt_text
           next_elt_text
           child_text
           parent_text

           All this methods also exist in "trimmed" variant:

           first_child_trimmed_text
           last_child_trimmed_text
           prev_sibling_trimmed_text
           next_sibling_trimmed_text
           prev_elt_trimmed_text
           next_elt_trimmed_text
           child_trimmed_text
           parent_trimmed_text
       field         ($condition)
           Same method as "first_child_text" with a different name

       fields         ($condition_list)
           Return the list of field (text of first child matching the conditions), missing fields
           are returned as the empty string.

           Same method as "first_child_text" with a different name

       trimmed_field         ($optional_condition)
           Same method as "first_child_trimmed_text" with a different name

       set_field ($condition, $optional_atts, @list_of_elt_and_strings)
           Set the content of the first child of the element that matches $condition, the rest of
           the arguments is the same as for "set_content"

           If no child matches $condition _and_ if $condition is a valid XML element name, then a
           new element by that name is created and inserted as the last child.

       first_child_matches   ($optional_condition)
           Return the element if the first child of the element (if it exists) passes the
           $optional_condition "undef" otherwise

             if( $elt->first_child_matches( 'title')) ...

           is equivalent to

             if( $elt->{first_child} && $elt->{first_child}->passes( 'title'))

           "first_child_is" is another name for this method

           Similar methods are available for the other navigation methods:

           last_child_matches
           prev_sibling_matches
           next_sibling_matches
           prev_elt_matches
           next_elt_matches
           child_matches
           parent_matches
       is_first_child ($optional_condition)
           returns true (the element) if the element is the first child of its parent (optionally
           that satisfies the $optional_condition)

       is_last_child ($optional_condition)
           returns true (the element) if the element is the last child of its parent (optionally
           that satisfies the $optional_condition)

       prev_sibling  ($optional_condition)
           Return the previous sibling of the element, or the previous sibling matching
           $optional_condition

       next_sibling  ($optional_condition)
           Return the next sibling of the element, or the first one matching $optional_condition.

       next_elt     ($optional_elt, $optional_condition)
           Return the next elt (optionally matching $optional_condition) of the element. This is
           defined as the next element which opens after the current element opens.  Which
           usually means the first child of the element.  Counter-intuitive as it might look this
           allows you to loop through the whole document by starting from the root.

           The $optional_elt is the root of a subtree. When the "next_elt" is out of the subtree
           then the method returns undef. You can then walk a sub-tree with:

             my $elt= $subtree_root;
             while( $elt= $elt->next_elt( $subtree_root))
               { # insert processing code here
               }

       prev_elt     ($optional_condition)
           Return the previous elt (optionally matching $optional_condition) of the element. This
           is the first element which opens before the current one.  It is usually either the
           last descendant of the previous sibling or simply the parent

       next_n_elt   ($offset, $optional_condition)
           Return the $offset-th element that matches the $optional_condition

       following_elt
           Return the following element (as per the XPath following axis)

       preceding_elt
           Return the preceding element (as per the XPath preceding axis)

       following_elts
           Return the list of following elements (as per the XPath following axis)

       preceding_elts
           Return the list of preceding elements (as per the XPath preceding axis)

       children     ($optional_condition)
           Return the list of children (optionally which matches $optional_condition) of the
           element. The list is in document order.

       children_count ($optional_condition)
           Return the number of children of the element (optionally which matches
           $optional_condition)

       children_text ($optional_condition)
           In array context, returns an array containing the text of children of the element
           (optionally which matches $optional_condition)

           In scalar context, returns the concatenation of the text of children of the element

       children_trimmed_text ($optional_condition)
           In array context, returns an array containing the trimmed text of children of the
           element (optionally which matches $optional_condition)

           In scalar context, returns the concatenation of the trimmed text of children of the
           element

       children_copy ($optional_condition)
           Return a list of elements that are copies of the children of the element, optionally
           which matches $optional_condition

       descendants     ($optional_condition)
           Return the list of all descendants (optionally which matches $optional_condition) of
           the element. This is the equivalent of the "getElementsByTagName" of the DOM (by the
           way, if you are really a DOM addict, you can use "getElementsByTagName" instead)

       getElementsByTagName ($optional_condition)
           Same as "descendants"

       find_by_tag_name ($optional_condition)
           Same as "descendants"

       descendants_or_self ($optional_condition)
           Same as "descendants" except that the element itself is included in the list if it
           matches the $optional_condition

       first_descendant  ($optional_condition)
           Return the first descendant of the element that matches the condition

       last_descendant  ($optional_condition)
           Return the last descendant of the element that matches the condition

       ancestors    ($optional_condition)
           Return the list of ancestors (optionally matching $optional_condition) of the element.
           The list is ordered from the innermost ancestor to the outermost one

           NOTE: the element itself is not part of the list, in order to include it you will have
           to use ancestors_or_self

       ancestors_or_self     ($optional_condition)
           Return the list of ancestors (optionally matching $optional_condition) of the element,
           including the element (if it matches the condition>).  The list is ordered from the
           innermost ancestor to the outermost one

       passes ($condition)
           Return the element if it passes the $condition

       att          ($att)
           Return the value of attribute $att or "undef"

       latt          ($att)
           Return the value of attribute $att or "undef"

           this method is an lvalue, so you can do "$elt->latt( 'foo')= 'bar'" or "$elt->latt(
           'foo')++;"

       set_att      ($att, $att_value)
           Set the attribute of the element to the given value

           You can actually set several attributes this way:

             $elt->set_att( att1 => "val1", att2 => "val2");

       del_att      ($att)
           Delete the attribute for the element

           You can actually delete several attributes at once:

             $elt->del_att( 'att1', 'att2', 'att3');

       att_exists ($att)
           Returns true if the attribute $att exists for the element, false otherwise

       cut Cut the element from the tree. The element still exists, it can be copied or pasted
           somewhere else, it is just not attached to the tree anymore.

           Note that the "old" links to the parent, previous and next siblings can still be
           accessed using the former_* methods

       former_next_sibling
           Returns the former next sibling of a cut node (or undef if the node has not been cut)

           This makes it easier to write loops where you cut elements:

               my $child= $parent->first_child( 'achild');
               while( $child->{'att'}->{'cut'})
                 { $child->cut; $child= ($child->{former} && $child->{former}->{next_sibling}); }

       former_prev_sibling
           Returns the former previous sibling of a cut node (or undef if the node has not been
           cut)

       former_parent
           Returns the former parent of a cut node (or undef if the node has not been cut)

       cut_children ($optional_condition)
           Cut all the children of the element (or all of those which satisfy the
           $optional_condition).

           Return the list of children

       cut_descendants ($optional_condition)
           Cut all the descendants of the element (or all of those which satisfy the
           $optional_condition).

           Return the list of descendants

       copy        ($elt)
           Return a copy of the element. The copy is a "deep" copy: all sub-elements of the
           element are duplicated.

       paste       ($optional_position, $ref)
           Paste a (previously "cut" or newly generated) element. Die if the element already
           belongs to a tree.

           Note that the calling element is pasted:

             $child->paste( first_child => $existing_parent);
             $new_sibling->paste( after => $this_sibling_is_already_in_the_tree);

           or

             my $new_elt= XML::Twig::Elt->new( tag => $content);
             $new_elt->paste( $position => $existing_elt);

           Example:

             my $t= XML::Twig->new->parse( 'doc.xml')
             my $toc= $t->root->new( 'toc');
             $toc->paste( $t->root); # $toc is pasted as first child of the root
             foreach my $title ($t->findnodes( '/doc/section/title'))
               { my $title_toc= $title->copy;
                 # paste $title_toc as the last child of toc
                 $title_toc->paste( last_child => $toc)
               }

           Position options:

           first_child (default)
               The element is pasted as the first child of $ref

           last_child
               The element is pasted as the last child of $ref

           before
               The element is pasted before $ref, as its previous sibling.

           after
               The element is pasted after $ref, as its next sibling.

           within
               In this case an extra argument, $offset, should be supplied. The element will be
               pasted in the reference element (or in its first text child) at the given offset.
               To achieve this the reference element will be split at the offset.

           Note that you can call directly the underlying method:

           paste_before
           paste_after
           paste_first_child
           paste_last_child
           paste_within
       move       ($optional_position, $ref)
           Move an element in the tree.  This is just a "cut" then a "paste".  The syntax is the
           same as "paste".

       replace       ($ref)
           Replaces an element in the tree. Sometimes it is just not possible to"cut" an element
           then "paste" another in its place, so "replace" comes in handy.  The calling element
           replaces $ref.

       replace_with   (@elts)
           Replaces the calling element with one or more elements

       delete
           Cut the element and frees the memory.

       prefix       ($text, $optional_option)
           Add a prefix to an element. If the element is a "PCDATA" element the text is added to
           the pcdata, if the elements first child is a "PCDATA" then the text is added to it's
           pcdata, otherwise a new "PCDATA" element is created and pasted as the first child of
           the element.

           If the option is "asis" then the prefix is added asis: it is created in a separate
           "PCDATA" element with an "asis" property. You can then write:

             $elt1->prefix( '<b>', 'asis');

           to create a "<b>" in the output of "print".

       suffix       ($text, $optional_option)
           Add a suffix to an element. If the element is a "PCDATA" element the text is added to
           the pcdata, if the elements last child is a "PCDATA" then the text is added to it's
           pcdata, otherwise a new PCDATA element is created and pasted as the last child of the
           element.

           If the option is "asis" then the suffix is added asis: it is created in a separate
           "PCDATA" element with an "asis" property. You can then write:

             $elt2->suffix( '</b>', 'asis');

       trim
           Trim the element in-place: spaces at the beginning and at the end of the element are
           discarded and multiple spaces within the element (or its descendants) are replaced by
           a single space.

           Note that in some cases you can still end up with multiple spaces, if they are split
           between several elements:

             <doc>  text <b>  hah! </b>  yep</doc>

           gets trimmed to

             <doc>text <b> hah! </b> yep</doc>

           This is somewhere in between a bug and a feature.

       normalize
           merge together all consecutive pcdata elements in the element (if for example you have
           turned some elements into pcdata using "erase", this will give you a "clean" element
           in which there all text fragments are as long as possible).

       simplify (%options)
           Return a data structure suspiciously similar to XML::Simple's. Options are identical
           to XMLin options, see XML::Simple doc for more details (or use DATA::dumper or YAML to
           dump the data structure)

           Note: there is no magic here, if you write "$twig->parsefile( $file )->simplify();"
           then it will load the entire document in memory. I am afraid you will have to put some
           work into it to get just the bits you want and discard the rest. Look at the synopsis
           or the XML::Twig 101 section at the top of the docs for more information.

           content_key
           forcearray
           keyattr
           noattr
           normalize_space
               aka normalise_space

           variables (%var_hash)
               %var_hash is a hash { name => value }

               This option allows variables in the XML to be expanded when the file is read.
               (there is no facility for putting the variable names back if you regenerate XML
               using XMLout).

               A 'variable' is any text of the form ${name} (or $name) which occurs in an
               attribute value or in the text content of an element. If 'name' matches a key in
               the supplied hashref, ${name} will be replaced with the corresponding value from
               the hashref. If no matching key is found, the variable will not be replaced.

           var_att ($attribute_name)
               This option gives the name of an attribute that will be used to create variables
               in the XML:

                 <dirs>
                   <dir name="prefix">/usr/local</dir>
                   <dir name="exec_prefix">$prefix/bin</dir>
                 </dirs>

               use "var => 'name'" to get $prefix replaced by /usr/local in the generated data
               structure

               By default variables are captured by the following regexp: /$(\w+)/

           var_regexp (regexp)
               This option changes the regexp used to capture variables. The variable name should
               be in $1

           group_tags { grouping tag => grouped tag, grouping tag 2 => grouped tag 2...}
               Option used to simplify the structure: elements listed will not be used.  Their
               children will be, they will be considered children of the element parent.

               If the element is:

                 <config host="laptop.xmltwig.org">
                   <server>localhost</server>
                   <dirs>
                     <dir name="base">/home/mrodrigu/standards</dir>
                     <dir name="tools">$base/tools</dir>
                   </dirs>
                   <templates>
                     <template name="std_def">std_def.templ</template>
                     <template name="dummy">dummy</template>
                   </templates>
                 </config>

               Then calling simplify with "group_tags => { dirs => 'dir', templates =>
               'template'}" makes the data structure be exactly as if the start and end tags for
               "dirs" and "templates" were not there.

               A YAML dump of the structure

                 base: '/home/mrodrigu/standards'
                 host: laptop.xmltwig.org
                 server: localhost
                 template:
                   - std_def.templ
                   - dummy.templ
                 tools: '$base/tools'

       split_at        ($offset)
           Split a text ("PCDATA" or "CDATA") element in 2 at $offset, the original element now
           holds the first part of the string and a new element holds the right part. The new
           element is returned

           If the element is not a text element then the first text child of the element is split

       split        ( $optional_regexp, $tag1, $atts1, $tag2, $atts2...)
           Split the text descendants of an element in place, the text is split using the
           $regexp, if the regexp includes () then the matched separators will be wrapped in
           elements.  $1 is wrapped in $tag1, with attributes $atts1 if $atts1 is given (as a
           hashref), $2 is wrapped in $tag2...

           if $elt is "<p>tati tata <b>tutu tati titi</b> tata tati tata</p>"

             $elt->split( qr/(ta)ti/, 'foo', {type => 'toto'} )

           will change $elt to

             <p><foo type="toto">ta</foo> tata <b>tutu <foo type="toto">ta</foo>
                 titi</b> tata <foo type="toto">ta</foo> tata</p>

           The regexp can be passed either as a string or as "qr//" (perl 5.005 and later), it
           defaults to \s+ just as the "split" built-in (but this would be quite a useless
           behaviour without the $optional_tag parameter)

           $optional_tag defaults to PCDATA or CDATA, depending on the initial element type

           The list of descendants is returned (including un-touched original elements and newly
           created ones)

       mark        ( $regexp, $optional_tag, $optional_attribute_ref)
           This method behaves exactly as split, except only the newly created elements are
           returned

       wrap_children ( $regexp_string, $tag, $optional_attribute_hashref)
           Wrap the children of the element that match the regexp in an element $tag.  If
           $optional_attribute_hashref is passed then the new element will have these attributes.

           The $regexp_string includes tags, within pointy brackets, as in "<title><para>+" and
           the usual Perl modifiers (+*?...).  Tags can be further qualified with attributes:
           "<para type="warning" classif="cosmic_secret">+". The values for attributes should be
           xml-escaped: "<candy type="M&amp;Ms">*" ("<", "&" ">" and """ should be escaped).

           Note that elements might get extra "id" attributes in the process. See add_id.  Use
           strip_att to remove unwanted id's.

           Here is an example:

           If the element $elt has the following content:

             <elt>
              <p>para 1</p>
              <l_l1_1>list 1 item 1 para 1</l_l1_1>
                <l_l1>list 1 item 1 para 2</l_l1>
              <l_l1_n>list 1 item 2 para 1 (only para)</l_l1_n>
              <l_l1_n>list 1 item 3 para 1</l_l1_n>
                <l_l1>list 1 item 3 para 2</l_l1>
                <l_l1>list 1 item 3 para 3</l_l1>
              <l_l1_1>list 2 item 1 para 1</l_l1_1>
                <l_l1>list 2 item 1 para 2</l_l1>
              <l_l1_n>list 2 item 2 para 1 (only para)</l_l1_n>
              <l_l1_n>list 2 item 3 para 1</l_l1_n>
                <l_l1>list 2 item 3 para 2</l_l1>
                <l_l1>list 2 item 3 para 3</l_l1>
             </elt>

           Then the code

             $elt->wrap_children( q{<l_l1_1><l_l1>*} , li => { type => "ul1" });
             $elt->wrap_children( q{<l_l1_n><l_l1>*} , li => { type => "ul" });

             $elt->wrap_children( q{<li type="ul1"><li type="ul">+}, "ul");
             $elt->strip_att( 'id');
             $elt->strip_att( 'type');
             $elt->print;

           will output:

             <elt>
                <p>para 1</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>
                    <l_l1_1>list 1 item 1 para 1</l_l1_1>
                    <l_l1>list 1 item 1 para 2</l_l1>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <l_l1_n>list 1 item 2 para 1 (only para)</l_l1_n>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <l_l1_n>list 1 item 3 para 1</l_l1_n>
                    <l_l1>list 1 item 3 para 2</l_l1>
                    <l_l1>list 1 item 3 para 3</l_l1>
                  </li>
                </ul>
                <ul>
                  <li>
                    <l_l1_1>list 2 item 1 para 1</l_l1_1>
                    <l_l1>list 2 item 1 para 2</l_l1>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <l_l1_n>list 2 item 2 para 1 (only para)</l_l1_n>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                    <l_l1_n>list 2 item 3 para 1</l_l1_n>
                    <l_l1>list 2 item 3 para 2</l_l1>
                    <l_l1>list 2 item 3 para 3</l_l1>
                  </li>
                </ul>
             </elt>

       subs_text ($regexp, $replace)
           subs_text does text substitution, similar to perl's " s///" operator.

           $regexp must be a perl regexp, created with the "qr" operator.

           $replace can include "$1, $2"... from the $regexp. It can also be used to create
           element and entities, by using "&elt( tag => { att => val }, text)" (similar syntax as
           "new") and "&ent( name)".

           Here is a rather complex example:

             $elt->subs_text( qr{(?<!do not )link to (http://([^\s,]*))},
                              'see &elt( a =>{ href => $1 }, $2)'
                            );

           This will replace text like link to http://www.xmltwig.org by see <a
           href="www.xmltwig.org">www.xmltwig.org</a>, but not do not link to...

           Generating entities (here replacing spaces with &nbsp;):

             $elt->subs_text( qr{ }, '&ent( "&nbsp;")');

           or, using a variable:

             my $ent="&nbsp;";
             $elt->subs_text( qr{ }, "&ent( '$ent')");

           Note that the substitution is always global, as in using the "g" modifier in a perl
           substitution, and that it is performed on all text descendants of the element.

           Bug: in the $regexp, you can only use "\1", "\2"... if the replacement expression does
           not include elements or attributes. eg

             $t->subs_text( qr/((t[aiou])\2)/, '$2');             # ok, replaces toto, tata, titi, tutu by to, ta, ti, tu
             $t->subs_text( qr/((t[aiou])\2)/, '&elt(p => $1)' ); # NOK, does not find toto...

       add_id ($optional_coderef)
           Add an id to the element.

           The id is an attribute, "id" by default, see the "id" option for XML::Twig "new" to
           change it. Use an id starting with "#" to get an id that's not output by print, flush
           or sprint, yet that allows you to use the elt_id method to get the element easily.

           If the element already has an id, no new id is generated.

           By default the method create an id of the form "twig_id_<nnnn>", where "<nnnn>" is a
           number, incremented each time the method is called successfully.

       set_id_seed ($prefix)
           by default the id generated by "add_id" is "twig_id_<nnnn>", "set_id_seed" changes the
           prefix to $prefix and resets the number to 1

       strip_att ($att)
           Remove the attribute $att from all descendants of the element (including the element)

           Return the element

       change_att_name ($old_name, $new_name)
           Change the name of the attribute from $old_name to $new_name. If there is no attribute
           $old_name nothing happens.

       lc_attnames
           Lower cases the name all the attributes of the element.

       sort_children_on_value( %options)
           Sort the children of the element in place according to their text.  All children are
           sorted.

           Return the element, with its children sorted.

           %options are

             type  : numeric |  alpha     (default: alpha)
             order : normal  |  reverse   (default: normal)

           Return the element, with its children sorted

       sort_children_on_att ($att, %options)
           Sort the children of the  element in place according to attribute $att.  %options are
           the same as for "sort_children_on_value"

           Return the element.

       sort_children_on_field ($tag, %options)
           Sort the children of the element in place, according to the field $tag (the text of
           the first child of the child with this tag). %options are the same as for
           "sort_children_on_value".

           Return the element, with its children sorted

       sort_children( $get_key, %options)
           Sort the children of the element in place. The $get_key argument is a reference to a
           function that returns the sort key when passed an element.

           For example:

             $elt->sort_children( sub { $_[0]->{'att'}->{"nb"} + $_[0]->text },
                                  type => 'numeric', order => 'reverse'
                                );

       field_to_att ($cond, $att)
           Turn the text of the first sub-element matched by $cond into the value of attribute
           $att of the element. If $att is omitted then $cond is used as the name of the
           attribute, which makes sense only if $cond is a valid element (and attribute) name.

           The sub-element is then cut.

       att_to_field ($att, $tag)
           Take the value of attribute $att and create a sub-element $tag as first child of the
           element. If $tag is omitted then $att is used as the name of the sub-element.

       get_xpath  ($xpath, $optional_offset)
           Return a list of elements satisfying the $xpath. $xpath is an XPATH-like expression.

           A subset of the XPATH abbreviated syntax is covered:

             tag
             tag[1] (or any other positive number)
             tag[last()]
             tag[@att] (the attribute exists for the element)
             tag[@att="val"]
             tag[@att=~ /regexp/]
             tag[att1="val1" and att2="val2"]
             tag[att1="val1" or att2="val2"]
             tag[string()="toto"] (returns tag elements which text (as per the text method)
                                  is toto)
             tag[string()=~/regexp/] (returns tag elements which text (as per the text
                                     method) matches regexp)
             expressions can start with / (search starts at the document root)
             expressions can start with . (search starts at the current element)
             // can be used to get all descendants instead of just direct children
             * matches any tag

           So the following examples from the XPath
           recommendation<http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath.html#path-abbrev> work:

             para selects the para element children of the context node
             * selects all element children of the context node
             para[1] selects the first para child of the context node
             para[last()] selects the last para child of the context node
             */para selects all para grandchildren of the context node
             /doc/chapter[5]/section[2] selects the second section of the fifth chapter
                of the doc
             chapter//para selects the para element descendants of the chapter element
                children of the context node
             //para selects all the para descendants of the document root and thus selects
                all para elements in the same document as the context node
             //olist/item selects all the item elements in the same document as the
                context node that have an olist parent
             .//para selects the para element descendants of the context node
             .. selects the parent of the context node
             para[@type="warning"] selects all para children of the context node that have
                a type attribute with value warning
             employee[@secretary and @assistant] selects all the employee children of the
                context node that have both a secretary attribute and an assistant
                attribute

           The elements will be returned in the document order.

           If $optional_offset is used then only one element will be returned, the one with the
           appropriate offset in the list, starting at 0

           Quoting and interpolating variables can be a pain when the Perl syntax and the XPATH
           syntax collide, so use alternate quoting mechanisms like q or qq (I like q{} and qq{}
           myself).

           Here are some more examples to get you started:

             my $p1= "p1";
             my $p2= "p2";
             my @res= $t->get_xpath( qq{p[string( "$p1") or string( "$p2")]});

             my $a= "a1";
             my @res= $t->get_xpath( qq{//*[@att="$a"]});

             my $val= "a1";
             my $exp= qq{//p[ \@att='$val']}; # you need to use \@ or you will get a warning
             my @res= $t->get_xpath( $exp);

           Note that the only supported regexps delimiters are / and that you must backslash all
           / in regexps AND in regular strings.

           XML::Twig does not provide natively full XPATH support, but you can use
           "XML::Twig::XPath" to get "findnodes" to use "XML::XPath" as the XPath engine, with
           full coverage of the spec.

           "XML::Twig::XPath" to get "findnodes" to use "XML::XPath" as the XPath engine, with
           full coverage of the spec.

       find_nodes
           same as"get_xpath"

       findnodes
           same as "get_xpath"

       text @optional_options
           Return a string consisting of all the "PCDATA" and "CDATA" in an element, without any
           tags. The text is not XML-escaped: base entities such as "&" and "<" are not escaped.

           The '"no_recurse"' option will only return the text of the element, not of any
           included sub-elements (same as "text_only").

       text_only
           Same as "text" except that the text returned doesn't include the text of sub-elements.

       trimmed_text
           Same as "text" except that the text is trimmed: leading and trailing spaces are
           discarded, consecutive spaces are collapsed

       set_text        ($string)
           Set the text for the element: if the element is a "PCDATA", just set its text,
           otherwise cut all the children of the element and create a single "PCDATA" child for
           it, which holds the text.

       merge ($elt2)
           Move the content of $elt2 within the element

       insert         ($tag1, [$optional_atts1], $tag2, [$optional_atts2],...)
           For each tag in the list inserts an element $tag as the only child of the element.
           The element gets the optional attributes in"$optional_atts<n>."  All children of the
           element are set as children of the new element.  The upper level element is returned.

             $p->insert( table => { border=> 1}, 'tr', 'td')

           put $p in a table with a visible border, a single "tr" and a single "td" and return
           the "table" element:

             <p><table border="1"><tr><td>original content of p</td></tr></table></p>

       wrap_in        (@tag)
           Wrap elements in @tag as the successive ancestors of the element, returns the new
           element.  "$elt->wrap_in( 'td', 'tr', 'table')" wraps the element as a single cell in
           a table for example.

           Optionally each tag can be followed by a hashref of attributes, that will be set on
           the wrapping element:

             $elt->wrap_in( p => { class => "advisory" }, div => { class => "intro", id => "div_intro" });

       insert_new_elt ($opt_position, $tag, $opt_atts_hashref, @opt_content)
           Combines a "new " and a "paste ": creates a new element using $tag, $opt_atts_hashref
           and @opt_content which are arguments similar to those for "new", then paste it, using
           $opt_position or 'first_child', relative to $elt.

           Return the newly created element

       erase
           Erase the element: the element is deleted and all of its children are pasted in its
           place.

       set_content    ( $optional_atts, @list_of_elt_and_strings) ( $optional_atts, '#EMPTY')
           Set the content for the element, from a list of strings and elements.  Cuts all the
           element children, then pastes the list elements as the children.  This method will
           create a "PCDATA" element for any strings in the list.

           The $optional_atts argument is the ref of a hash of attributes. If this argument is
           used then the previous attributes are deleted, otherwise they are left untouched.

           WARNING: if you rely on ID's then you will have to set the id yourself. At this point
           the element does not belong to a twig yet, so the ID attribute is not known so it
           won't be stored in the ID list.

           A content of '"#EMPTY"' creates an empty element;

       namespace ($optional_prefix)
           Return the URI of the namespace that $optional_prefix or the element name belongs to.
           If the name doesn't belong to any namespace, "undef" is returned.

       local_name
           Return the local name (without the prefix) for the element

       ns_prefix
           Return the namespace prefix for the element

       current_ns_prefixes
           Return a list of namespace prefixes valid for the element. The order of the prefixes
           in the list has no meaning. If the default namespace is currently bound, '' appears in
           the list.

       inherit_att  ($att, @optional_tag_list)
           Return the value of an attribute inherited from parent tags. The value returned is
           found by looking for the attribute in the element then in turn in each of its
           ancestors. If the @optional_tag_list is supplied only those ancestors whose tag is in
           the list will be checked.

       all_children_are ($optional_condition)
           return 1 if all children of the element pass the $optional_condition, 0 otherwise

       level       ($optional_condition)
           Return the depth of the element in the twig (root is 0).  If $optional_condition is
           given then only ancestors that match the condition are counted.

           WARNING: in a tree created using the "twig_roots" option this will not return the
           level in the document tree, level 0 will be the document root, level 1 will be the
           "twig_roots" elements. During the parsing (in a "twig_handler") you can use the
           "depth" method on the twig object to get the real parsing depth.

       in           ($potential_parent)
           Return true if the element is in the potential_parent ($potential_parent is an
           element)

       in_context   ($cond, $optional_level)
           Return true if the element is included in an element which passes $cond optionally
           within $optional_level levels. The returned value is the including element.

       pcdata
           Return the text of a "PCDATA" element or "undef" if the element is not "PCDATA".

       pcdata_xml_string
           Return the text of a "PCDATA" element or undef if the element is not "PCDATA".  The
           text is "XML-escaped" ('&' and '<' are replaced by '&amp;' and '&lt;')

       set_pcdata     ($text)
           Set the text of a "PCDATA" element. This method does not check that the element is
           indeed a "PCDATA" so usually you should use "set_text" instead.

       append_pcdata  ($text)
           Add the text at the end of a "PCDATA" element.

       is_cdata
           Return 1 if the element is a "CDATA" element, returns 0 otherwise.

       is_text
           Return 1 if the element is a "CDATA" or "PCDATA" element, returns 0 otherwise.

       cdata
           Return the text of a "CDATA" element or "undef" if the element is not "CDATA".

       cdata_string
           Return the XML string of a "CDATA" element, including the opening and closing markers.

       set_cdata     ($text)
           Set the text of a "CDATA" element.

       append_cdata  ($text)
           Add the text at the end of a "CDATA" element.

       remove_cdata
           Turns all "CDATA" sections in the element into regular "PCDATA" elements. This is
           useful when converting XML to HTML, as browsers do not support CDATA sections.

       extra_data
           Return the extra_data (comments and PI's) attached to an element

       set_extra_data     ($extra_data)
           Set the extra_data (comments and PI's) attached to an element

       append_extra_data  ($extra_data)
           Append extra_data to the existing extra_data before the element (if no previous
           extra_data exists then it is created)

       set_asis
           Set a property of the element that causes it to be output without being XML escaped by
           the print functions: if it contains "a < b" it will be output as such and not as "a
           &lt; b". This can be useful to create text elements that will be output as markup.
           Note that all "PCDATA" descendants of the element are also marked as having the
           property (they are the ones that are actually impacted by the change).

           If the element is a "CDATA" element it will also be output asis, without the "CDATA"
           markers. The same goes for any "CDATA" descendant of the element

       set_not_asis
           Unsets the "asis" property for the element and its text descendants.

       is_asis
           Return the "asis" property status of the element ( 1 or "undef")

       closed
           Return true if the element has been closed. Might be useful if you are somewhere in
           the tree, during the parse, and have no idea whether a parent element is completely
           loaded or not.

       get_type
           Return the type of the element: '"#ELT"' for "real" elements, or '"#PCDATA"',
           '"#CDATA"', '"#COMMENT"', '"#ENT"', '"#PI"'

       is_elt
           Return the tag if the element is a "real" element, or 0 if it is "PCDATA", "CDATA"...

       contains_only_text
           Return 1 if the element does not contain any other "real" element

       contains_only ($exp)
           Return the list of children if all children of the element match the expression $exp

             if( $para->contains_only( 'tt')) { ... }

       contains_a_single ($exp)
           If the element contains a single child that matches the expression $exp returns that
           element. Otherwise returns 0.

       is_field
           same as "contains_only_text"

       is_pcdata
           Return 1 if the element is a "PCDATA" element, returns 0 otherwise.

       is_ent
           Return 1 if the element is an entity (an unexpanded entity) element, return 0
           otherwise.

       is_empty
           Return 1 if the element is empty, 0 otherwise

       set_empty
           Flags the element as empty. No further check is made, so if the element is actually
           not empty the output will be messed. The only effect of this method is that the output
           will be "<tag att="value""/>".

       set_not_empty
           Flags the element as not empty. if it is actually empty then the element will be
           output as "<tag att="value""></tag>"

       is_pi
           Return 1 if the element is a processing instruction ("#PI") element, return 0
           otherwise.

       target
           Return the target of a processing instruction

       set_target ($target)
           Set the target of a processing instruction

       data
           Return the data part of a processing instruction

       set_data ($data)
           Set the data of a processing instruction

       set_pi ($target, $data)
           Set the target and data of a processing instruction

       pi_string
           Return the string form of a processing instruction ("<?target data?>")

       is_comment
           Return 1 if the element is a comment ("#COMMENT") element, return 0 otherwise.

       set_comment ($comment_text)
           Set the text for a comment

       comment
           Return the content of a comment (just the text, not the "<!--" and "-->")

       comment_string
           Return the XML string for a comment ("<!-- comment -->")

           Note that an XML comment cannot start or end with a '-', or include '--'
           (http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/#sec-comments), if that is the case
           (because you have created the comment yourself presumably, as it could not be in the
           input XML), then a space will be inserted before an initial '-', after a trailing one
           or between two '-' in the comment (which could presumably mangle javascript "hidden"
           in an XHTML comment);

       set_ent ($entity)
           Set an (non-expanded) entity ("#ENT"). $entity) is the entity text ("&ent;")

       ent Return the entity for an entity ("#ENT") element ("&ent;")

       ent_name
           Return the entity name for an entity ("#ENT") element ("ent")

       ent_string
           Return the entity, either expanded if the expanded version is available, or non-
           expanded ("&ent;") otherwise

       child ($offset, $optional_condition)
           Return the $offset-th child of the element, optionally the $offset-th child that
           matches $optional_condition. The children are treated as a list, so "$elt->child( 0)"
           is the first child, while "$elt->child( -1)" is the last child.

       child_text ($offset, $optional_condition)
           Return the text of a child or "undef" if the sibling does not exist. Arguments are the
           same as child.

       last_child    ($optional_condition)
           Return the last child of the element, or the last child matching $optional_condition
           (ie the last of the element children matching the condition).

       last_child_text   ($optional_condition)
           Same as "first_child_text" but for the last child.

       sibling  ($offset, $optional_condition)
           Return the next or previous $offset-th sibling of the element, or the $offset-th one
           matching $optional_condition. If $offset is negative then a previous sibling is
           returned, if $offset is positive then  a next sibling is returned. "$offset=0" returns
           the element if there is no condition or if the element matches the condition>, "undef"
           otherwise.

       sibling_text ($offset, $optional_condition)
           Return the text of a sibling or "undef" if the sibling does not exist.  Arguments are
           the same as "sibling".

       prev_siblings ($optional_condition)
           Return the list of previous siblings (optionally matching $optional_condition) for the
           element. The elements are ordered in document order.

       next_siblings ($optional_condition)
           Return the list of siblings (optionally matching $optional_condition) following the
           element. The elements are ordered in document order.

       siblings ($optional_condition)
           Return the list of siblings (optionally matching $optional_condition) of the element
           (excluding the element itself). The elements are ordered in document order.

       pos ($optional_condition)
           Return the position of the element in the children list. The first child has a
           position of 1 (as in XPath).

           If the $optional_condition is given then only siblings that match the condition are
           counted. If the element itself does not match the  condition then 0 is returned.

       atts
           Return a hash ref containing the element attributes

       set_atts      ({ att1=>$att1_val, att2=> $att2_val... })
           Set the element attributes with the hash ref supplied as the argument. The previous
           attributes are lost (ie the attributes set by "set_atts" replace all of the attributes
           of the element).

           You can also pass a list instead of a hashref: "$elt->set_atts( att1 => 'val1',...)"

       del_atts
           Deletes all the element attributes.

       att_nb
           Return the number of attributes for the element

       has_atts
           Return true if the element has attributes (in fact return the number of attributes,
           thus being an alias to "att_nb"

       has_no_atts
           Return true if the element has no attributes, false (0) otherwise

       att_names
           return a list of the attribute names for the element

       att_xml_string ($att, $options)
           Return the attribute value, where '&', '<' and quote (" or the value of the quote
           option at twig creation) are XML-escaped.

           The options are passed as a hashref, setting "escape_gt" to a true value will also
           escape '>' ($elt( 'myatt', { escape_gt => 1 });

       set_id       ($id)
           Set the "id" attribute of the element to the value.  See "elt_id " to change the id
           attribute name

       id  Gets the id attribute value

       del_id       ($id)
           Deletes the "id" attribute of the element and remove it from the id list for the
           document

       class
           Return the "class" attribute for the element (methods on the "class" attribute are
           quite convenient when dealing with XHTML, or plain XML that will eventually be
           displayed using CSS)

       lclass
           same as class, except that this method is an lvalue, so you can do "$elt->lclass=
           "foo""

       set_class ($class)
           Set the "class" attribute for the element to $class

       add_class ($class)
           Add $class to the element "class" attribute: the new class is added only if it is not
           already present.

           Note that classes are then sorted alphabetically, so the "class" attribute can be
           changed even if the class is already there

       remove_class ($class)
           Remove $class from the element "class" attribute.

           Note that classes are then sorted alphabetically, so the "class" attribute can be
           changed even if the class is already there

       add_to_class ($class)
           alias for add_class

       att_to_class ($att)
           Set the "class" attribute to the value of attribute $att

       add_att_to_class ($att)
           Add the value of attribute $att to the "class" attribute of the element

       move_att_to_class ($att)
           Add the value of attribute $att to the "class" attribute of the element and delete the
           attribute

       tag_to_class
           Set the "class" attribute of the element to the element tag

       add_tag_to_class
           Add the element tag to its "class" attribute

       set_tag_class ($new_tag)
           Add the element tag to its "class" attribute and sets the tag to $new_tag

       in_class ($class)
           Return true (1) if the element is in the class $class (if $class is one of the tokens
           in the element "class" attribute)

       tag_to_span
           Change the element tag tp "span" and set its class to the old tag

       tag_to_div
           Change the element tag tp "div" and set its class to the old tag

       DESTROY
           Frees the element from memory.

       start_tag
           Return the string for the start tag for the element, including the "/>" at the end of
           an empty element tag

       end_tag
           Return the string for the end tag of an element.  For an empty element, this returns
           the empty string ('').

       xml_string @optional_options
           Equivalent to "$elt->sprint( 1)", returns the string for the entire element, excluding
           the element's tags (but nested element tags are present)

           The '"no_recurse"' option will only return the text of the element, not of any
           included sub-elements (same as "xml_text_only").

       inner_xml
           Another synonym for xml_string

       outer_xml
           Another synonym for sprint

       xml_text
           Return the text of the element, encoded (and processed by the current "output_filter"
           or "output_encoding" options, without any tag.

       xml_text_only
           Same as "xml_text" except that the text returned doesn't include the text of sub-
           elements.

       set_pretty_print ($style)
           Set the pretty print method, amongst '"none"' (default), '"nsgmls"', '"nice"',
           '"indented"', '"record"' and '"record_c"'

           pretty_print styles:

           none
               the default, no "\n" is used

           nsgmls
               nsgmls style, with "\n" added within tags

           nice
               adds "\n" wherever possible (NOT SAFE, can lead to invalid XML)

           indented
               same as "nice" plus indents elements (NOT SAFE, can lead to invalid XML)

           record
               table-oriented pretty print, one field per line

           record_c
               table-oriented pretty print, more compact than "record", one record per line

       set_empty_tag_style ($style)
           Set the method to output empty tags, amongst '"normal"' (default), '"html"', and
           '"expand"',

           "normal" outputs an empty tag '"<tag/>"', "html" adds a space '"<tag />"' for elements
           that can be empty in XHTML and "expand" outputs '"<tag></tag>"'

       set_remove_cdata  ($flag)
           set (or unset) the flag that forces the twig to output CDATA sections as regular
           (escaped) PCDATA

       set_indent ($string)
           Set the indentation for the indented pretty print style (default is 2 spaces)

       set_quote ($quote)
           Set the quotes used for attributes. can be '"double"' (default) or '"single"'

       cmp       ($elt)
             Compare the order of the 2 elements in a twig.

             C<$a> is the <A>..</A> element, C<$b> is the <B>...</B> element

             document                        $a->cmp( $b)
             <A> ... </A> ... <B>  ... </B>     -1
             <A> ... <B>  ... </B> ... </A>     -1
             <B> ... </B> ... <A>  ... </A>      1
             <B> ... <A>  ... </A> ... </B>      1
              $a == $b                           0
              $a and $b not in the same tree   undef

       before       ($elt)
           Return 1 if $elt starts before the element, 0 otherwise. If the 2 elements are not in
           the same twig then return "undef".

               if( $a->cmp( $b) == -1) { return 1; } else { return 0; }

       after       ($elt)
           Return 1 if $elt starts after the element, 0 otherwise. If the 2 elements are not in
           the same twig then return "undef".

               if( $a->cmp( $b) == -1) { return 1; } else { return 0; }

       other comparison methods
           lt
           le
           gt
           ge
       path
           Return the element context in a form similar to XPath's short form:
           '"/root/tag1/../tag"'

       xpath
           Return a unique XPath expression that can be used to find the element again.

           It looks like "/doc/sect[3]/title": unique elements do not have an index, the others
           do.

       flush
           flushes the twig up to the current element (strictly equivalent to
           "$elt->root->flush")

       private methods
           Low-level methods on the twig:

           set_parent        ($parent)
           set_first_child   ($first_child)
           set_last_child    ($last_child)
           set_prev_sibling  ($prev_sibling)
           set_next_sibling  ($next_sibling)
           set_twig_current
           del_twig_current
           twig_current
           contains_text

           Those methods should not be used, unless of course you find some creative and
           interesting, not to mention useful, ways to do it.

   cond
       Most of the navigation functions accept a condition as an optional argument The first
       element (or all elements for "children " or "ancestors ") that passes the condition is
       returned.

       The condition is a single step of an XPath expression using the XPath subset defined by
       "get_xpath". Additional conditions are:

       The condition can be

       #ELT
           return a "real" element (not a PCDATA, CDATA, comment or pi element)

       #TEXT
           return a PCDATA or CDATA element

       regular expression
           return an element whose tag matches the regexp. The regexp has to be created with
           "qr//" (hence this is available only on perl 5.005 and above)

       code reference
           applies the code, passing the current element as argument, if the code returns true
           then the element is returned, if it returns false then the code is applied to the next
           candidate.

   XML::Twig::XPath
       XML::Twig implements a subset of XPath through the "get_xpath" method.

       If you want to use the whole XPath power, then you can use "XML::Twig::XPath" instead. In
       this case "XML::Twig" uses "XML::XPath" to execute XPath queries.  You will of course need
       "XML::XPath" installed to be able to use "XML::Twig::XPath".

       See XML::XPath for more information.

       The methods you can use are:

       findnodes              ($path)
           return a list of nodes found by $path.

       findnodes_as_string    ($path)
           return the nodes found reproduced as XML. The result is not guaranteed to be valid XML
           though.

       findvalue              ($path)
           return the concatenation of the text content of the result nodes

       In order for "XML::XPath" to be used as the XPath engine the following methods are
       included in "XML::Twig":

       in XML::Twig

       getRootNode
       getParentNode
       getChildNodes

       in XML::Twig::Elt

       string_value
       toString
       getName
       getRootNode
       getNextSibling
       getPreviousSibling
       isElementNode
       isTextNode
       isPI
       isPINode
       isProcessingInstructionNode
       isComment
       isCommentNode
       getTarget
       getChildNodes
       getElementById

   XML::Twig::XPath::Elt
       The methods you can use are the same as on "XML::Twig::XPath" elements:

       findnodes              ($path)
           return a list of nodes found by $path.

       findnodes_as_string    ($path)
           return the nodes found reproduced as XML. The result is not guaranteed to be valid XML
           though.

       findvalue              ($path)
           return the concatenation of the text content of the result nodes

   XML::Twig::Entity_list
       new Create an entity list.

       add         ($ent)
           Add an entity to an entity list.

       add_new_ent ($name, $val, $sysid, $pubid, $ndata, $param)
           Create a new entity and add it to the entity list

       delete     ($ent or $tag).
           Delete an entity (defined by its name or by the Entity object) from the list.

       print      ($optional_filehandle)
           Print the entity list.

       list
           Return the list as an array

   XML::Twig::Entity
       new        ($name, $val, $sysid, $pubid, $ndata, $param)
           Same arguments as the Entity handler for XML::Parser.

       print       ($optional_filehandle)
           Print an entity declaration.

       name
           Return the name of the entity

       val Return the value of the entity

       sysid
           Return the system id for the entity (for NDATA entities)

       pubid
           Return the public id for the entity (for NDATA entities)

       ndata
           Return true if the entity is an NDATA entity

       param
           Return true if the entity is a parameter entity

       text
           Return the entity declaration text.

   XML::Twig::Notation_list
       new Create an notation list.

       add         ($notation)
           Add an notation to an notation list.

       add_new_notation ($name, $base, $sysid, $pubid)
           Create a new notation and add it to the notation list

       delete     ($notation or $tag).
           Delete an notation (defined by its name or by the Notation object) from the list.

       print      ($optional_filehandle)
           Print the notation list.

       list
           Return the list as an array

   XML::Twig::Notation
       new        ($name, $base, $sysid, $pubid)
           Same argumnotations as the Notation handler for XML::Parser.

       print       ($optional_filehandle)
           Print an notation declaration.

       name
           Return the name of the notation

       base
           Return the base to be used for resolving a relative URI

       sysid
           Return the system id for the notation

       pubid
           Return the public id for the notation

       text
           Return the notation declaration text.

EXAMPLES
       Additional examples (and a complete tutorial) can be found  on the XML::Twig
       Page<http://www.xmltwig.org/xmltwig/>

       To figure out what flush does call the following script with an XML file and an element
       name as arguments

         use XML::Twig;

         my ($file, $elt)= @ARGV;
         my $t= XML::Twig->new( twig_handlers =>
             { $elt => sub {$_[0]->flush; print "\n[flushed here]\n";} });
         $t->parsefile( $file, ErrorContext => 2);
         $t->flush;
         print "\n";

NOTES
   Subclassing XML::Twig
       Useful methods:

       elt_class
           In order to subclass "XML::Twig" you will probably need to subclass also
           "XML::Twig::Elt". Use the "elt_class" option when you create the "XML::Twig" object to
           get the elements created in a different class (which should be a subclass of
           "XML::Twig::Elt".

       add_options
           If you inherit "XML::Twig" new method but want to add more options to it you can use
           this method to prevent XML::Twig to issue warnings for those additional options.

   DTD Handling
       There are 3 possibilities here.  They are:

       No DTD
           No doctype, no DTD information, no entity information, the world is simple...

       Internal DTD
           The XML document includes an internal DTD, and maybe entity declarations.

           If you use the load_DTD option when creating the twig the DTD information and the
           entity declarations can be accessed.

           The DTD and the entity declarations will be "flush"'ed (or "print"'ed) either as is
           (if they have not been modified) or as reconstructed (poorly, comments are lost, order
           is not kept, due to it's content this DTD should not be viewed by anyone) if they have
           been modified. You can also modify them directly by changing the
           "$twig->{twig_doctype}->{internal}" field (straight from XML::Parser, see the
           "Doctype" handler doc)

       External DTD
           The XML document includes a reference to an external DTD, and maybe entity
           declarations.

           If you use the "load_DTD" when creating the twig the DTD information and the entity
           declarations can be accessed. The entity declarations will be "flush"'ed (or
           "print"'ed) either as is (if they have not been modified) or as reconstructed (badly,
           comments are lost, order is not kept).

           You can change the doctype through the "$twig->set_doctype" method and print the dtd
           through the "$twig->dtd_text" or "$twig->dtd_print"
            methods.

           If you need to modify the entity list this is probably the easiest way to do it.

   Flush
       Remember that element handlers are called when the element is CLOSED, so if you have
       handlers for nested elements the inner handlers will be called first. It makes it for
       example trickier than it would seem to number nested sections (or clauses, or divs), as
       the titles in the inner sections are handled before the outer sections.

BUGS
       segfault during parsing
           This happens when parsing huge documents, or lots of small ones, with a version of
           Perl before 5.16.

           This is due to a bug in the way weak references are handled in Perl itself.

           The fix is either to upgrade to Perl 5.16 or later ("perlbrew" is a great tool to
           manage several installations of perl on the same machine).

           Another, NOT RECOMMENDED, way of fixing the problem, is to switch off weak references
           by writing "XML::Twig::_set_weakrefs( 0);" at the top of the code.  This is totally
           unsupported, and may lead to other problems though,

       entity handling
           Due to XML::Parser behaviour, non-base entities in attribute values disappear if they
           are not declared in the document: "att="val&ent;"" will be turned into "att => val",
           unless you use the "keep_encoding" argument to "XML::Twig->new"

       DTD handling
           The DTD handling methods are quite bugged. No one uses them and it seems very
           difficult to get them to work in all cases, including with several slightly
           incompatible versions of XML::Parser and of libexpat.

           Basically you can read the DTD, output it back properly, and update entities, but not
           much more.

           So use XML::Twig with standalone documents, or with documents referring to an external
           DTD, but don't expect it to properly parse and even output back the DTD.

       memory leak
           If you use a REALLY old Perl (5.005!) and a lot of twigs you might find that you leak
           quite a lot of memory (about 2Ks per twig). You can use the "dispose " method to free
           that memory after you are done.

           If you create elements the same thing might happen, use the "delete" method to get rid
           of them.

           Alternatively installing the "Scalar::Util" (or "WeakRef") module on a version of Perl
           that supports it (>5.6.0) will get rid of the memory leaks automagically.

       ID list
           The ID list is NOT updated when elements are cut or deleted.

       change_gi
           This method will not function properly if you do:

                $twig->change_gi( $old1, $new);
                $twig->change_gi( $old2, $new);
                $twig->change_gi( $new, $even_newer);

       sanity check on XML::Parser method calls
           XML::Twig should really prevent calls to some XML::Parser methods, especially the
           "setHandlers" method.

       pretty printing
           Pretty printing (at least using the '"indented"' style) is hard to get right!  Only
           elements that belong to the document will be properly indented. Printing elements that
           do not belong to the twig makes it impossible for XML::Twig to figure out their depth,
           and thus their indentation level.

           Also there is an unavoidable bug when using "flush" and pretty printing for elements
           with mixed content that start with an embedded element:

             <elt><b>b</b>toto<b>bold</b></elt>

             will be output as

             <elt>
               <b>b</b>toto<b>bold</b></elt>

           if you flush the twig when you find the "<b>" element

Globals
       These are the things that can mess up calling code, especially if threaded.  They might
       also cause problem under mod_perl.

       Exported constants
           Whether you want them or not you get them! These are subroutines to use as constant
           when creating or testing elements

             PCDATA  return '#PCDATA'
             CDATA   return '#CDATA'
             PI      return '#PI', I had the choice between PROC and PI :--(

       Module scoped values: constants
           these should cause no trouble:

             %base_ent= ( '>' => '&gt;',
                          '<' => '&lt;',
                          '&' => '&amp;',
                          "'" => '&apos;',
                          '"' => '&quot;',
                        );
             CDATA_START   = "<![CDATA[";
             CDATA_END     = "]]>";
             PI_START      = "<?";
             PI_END        = "?>";
             COMMENT_START = "<!--";
             COMMENT_END   = "-->";

           pretty print styles

             ( $NSGMLS, $NICE, $INDENTED, $INDENTED_C, $WRAPPED, $RECORD1, $RECORD2)= (1..7);

           empty tag output style

             ( $HTML, $EXPAND)= (1..2);

       Module scoped values: might be changed
           Most of these deal with pretty printing, so the worst that can happen is probably that
           XML output does not look right, but is still valid and processed identically by XML
           processors.

           $empty_tag_style can mess up HTML bowsers though and changing $ID would most likely
           create problems.

             $pretty=0;           # pretty print style
             $quote='"';          # quote for attributes
             $INDENT= '  ';       # indent for indented pretty print
             $empty_tag_style= 0; # how to display empty tags
             $ID                  # attribute used as an id ('id' by default)

       Module scoped values: definitely changed
           These 2 variables are used to replace tags by an index, thus saving some space when
           creating a twig. If they really cause you too much trouble, let me know, it is
           probably possible to create either a switch or at least a version of XML::Twig that
           does not perform this optimization.

             %gi2index;     # tag => index
             @index2gi;     # list of tags

       If you need to manipulate all those values, you can use the following methods on the
       XML::Twig object:

       global_state
           Return a hashref with all the global variables used by XML::Twig

           The hash has the following fields:  "pretty", "quote", "indent", "empty_tag_style",
           "keep_encoding", "expand_external_entities", "output_filter", "output_text_filter",
           "keep_atts_order"

       set_global_state ($state)
           Set the global state, $state is a hashref

       save_global_state
           Save the current global state

       restore_global_state
           Restore the previously saved (using "Lsave_global_state"> state

TODO
       SAX handlers
           Allowing XML::Twig to work on top of any SAX parser

       multiple twigs are not well supported
           A number of twig features are just global at the moment. These include the ID list and
           the "tag pool" (if you use "change_gi" then you change the tag for ALL twigs).

           A future version will try to support this while trying not to be to hard on
           performance (at least when a single twig is used!).

AUTHOR
       Michel Rodriguez <mirod AT cpan.org>

LICENSE
       This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
       terms as Perl itself.

       Bug reports should be sent using: RT <http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=XML-Twig>

       Comments can be sent to mirod AT cpan.org

       The XML::Twig page is at <http://www.xmltwig.org/xmltwig/> It includes the development
       version of the module, a slightly better version of the documentation, examples, a
       tutorial and a: Processing XML efficiently with Perl and XML::Twig:
       <http://www.xmltwig.org/xmltwig/tutorial/index.html>

SEE ALSO
       Complete docs, including a tutorial, examples, an easier to use HTML version of the docs,
       a quick reference card and a FAQ are available at <http://www.xmltwig.org/xmltwig/>

       git repository at <http://github.com/mirod/xmltwig>

       XML::Parser, XML::Parser::Expat, XML::XPath, Encode, Text::Iconv, Scalar::Utils

   Alternative Modules
       XML::Twig is not the only XML::Processing module available on CPAN (far from it!).

       The main alternative I would recommend is XML::LibXML.

       Here is a quick comparison of the 2 modules:

       XML::LibXML, actually "libxml2" on which it is based, sticks to the standards, and
       implements a good number of them in a rather strict way: XML, XPath, DOM, RelaxNG, I must
       be forgetting a couple (XInclude?). It is fast and rather frugal memory-wise.

       XML::Twig is older: when I started writing it XML::Parser/expat was the only game in town.
       It implements XML and that's about it (plus a subset of XPath, and you can use
       XML::Twig::XPath if you have XML::XPathEngine installed for full support). It is slower
       and requires more memory for a full tree than XML::LibXML. On the plus side (yes, there is
       a plus side!) it lets you process a big document in chunks, and thus let you tackle
       documents that couldn't be loaded in memory by XML::LibXML, and it offers a lot (and I
       mean a LOT!) of higher-level methods, for everything, from adding structure to "low-level"
       XML, to shortcuts for XHTML conversions and more. It also DWIMs quite a bit, getting
       comments and non-significant whitespaces out of the way but preserving them in the output
       for example. As it does not stick to the DOM, is also usually leads to shorter code than
       in XML::LibXML.

       Beyond the pure features of the 2 modules, XML::LibXML seems to be preferred by "XML-
       purists", while XML::Twig seems to be more used by Perl Hackers who have to deal with XML.
       As you have noted, XML::Twig also comes with quite a lot of docs, but I am sure if you ask
       for help about XML::LibXML here or on Perlmonks you will get answers.

       Note that it is actually quite hard for me to compare the 2 modules: on one hand I know
       XML::Twig inside-out and I can get it to do pretty much anything I need to (or I improve
       it ;--), while I have a very basic knowledge of XML::LibXML.  So feature-wise, I'd rather
       use XML::Twig ;--). On the other hand, I am painfully aware of some of the deficiencies,
       potential bugs and plain ugly code that lurk in XML::Twig, even though you are unlikely to
       be affected by them (unless for example you need to change the DTD of a document
       programmatically), while I haven't looked much into XML::LibXML so it still looks shinny
       and clean to me.

       That said, if you need to process a document that is too big to fit memory and XML::Twig
       is too slow for you, my reluctant advice would be to use "bare" XML::Parser.  It won't be
       as easy to use as XML::Twig: basically with XML::Twig you trade some speed (depending on
       what you do from a factor 3 to... none) for ease-of-use, but it will be easier IMHO than
       using SAX (albeit not standard), and at this point a LOT faster (see the last test in
       <http://www.xmltwig.org/article/simple_benchmark/>).

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