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GZIP(1) General Commands Manual GZIP(1)
NAME
gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files
SYNOPSIS
gzip [ -acdfhklLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ name ... ]
gunzip [ -acfhklLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name ... ]
zcat [ -fhLV ] [ name ... ]
DESCRIPTION
Gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). Whenever possi-
ble, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership
modes, access and modification times. (The default extension is z for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT,
Windows NT FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified, or if a file name is "-", the stan-
dard input is compressed to the standard output. Gzip will only attempt to compress regu-
lar files. In particular, it will ignore symbolic links.
If the compressed file name is too long for its file system, gzip truncates it. Gzip at-
tempts to truncate only the parts of the file name longer than 3 characters. (A part is
delimited by dots.) If the name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are trun-
cated. For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe is com-
pressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems which do not have a limit
on file name length.
By default, gzip keeps the original file name and timestamp in the compressed file. These
are used when decompressing the file with the -N option. This is useful when the com-
pressed file name was truncated or when the timestamp was not preserved after a file
transfer.
Compressed files can be restored to their original form using gzip -d or gunzip or zcat.
If the original name saved in the compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a
new name is constructed from the original one to make it legal.
gunzip takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each file whose name ends
with .gz, -gz, .z, -z, or _z (ignoring case) and which begins with the correct magic num-
ber with an uncompressed file without the original extension. gunzip also recognizes the
special extensions .tgz and .taz as shorthands for .tar.gz and .tar.Z respectively. When
compressing, gzip uses the .tgz extension if necessary instead of truncating a file with a
.tar extension.
gunzip can currently decompress files created by gzip, zip, compress, compress -H or pack.
The detection of the input format is automatic. When using the first two formats, gunzip
checks a 32 bit CRC. For pack and gunzip checks the uncompressed length. The standard com-
press format was not designed to allow consistency checks. However gunzip is sometimes
able to detect a bad .Z file. If you get an error when uncompressing a .Z file, do not as-
sume that the .Z file is correct simply because the standard uncompress does not complain.
This generally means that the standard uncompress does not check its input, and happily
generates garbage output. The SCO compress -H format (lzh compression method) does not
include a CRC but also allows some consistency checks.
Files created by zip can be uncompressed by gzip only if they have a single member com-
pressed with the 'deflation' method. This feature is only intended to help conversion of
tar.zip files to the tar.gz format. To extract a zip file with a single member, use a
command like gunzip <foo.zip or gunzip -S .zip foo.zip. To extract zip files with several
members, use unzip instead of gunzip.
zcat is identical to gunzip -c. (On some systems, zcat may be installed as gzcat to pre-
serve the original link to compress.) zcat uncompresses either a list of files on the
command line or its standard input and writes the uncompressed data on standard output.
zcat will uncompress files that have the correct magic number whether they have a .gz suf-
fix or not.
Gzip uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in zip and PKZIP. The amount of compression ob-
tained depends on the size of the input and the distribution of common substrings. Typi-
cally, text such as source code or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally
much better than that achieved by LZW (as used in compress), Huffman coding (as used in
pack), or adaptive Huffman coding (compact).
Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is slightly larger than the
original. The worst case expansion is a few bytes for the gzip file header, plus 5 bytes
every 32K block, or an expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual
number of used disk blocks almost never increases. gzip preserves the mode, ownership and
timestamps of files when compressing or decompressing.
OPTIONS
-a --ascii
Ascii text mode: convert end-of-lines using local conventions. This option is sup-
ported only on some non-Unix systems. For MSDOS, CR LF is converted to LF when com-
pressing, and LF is converted to CR LF when decompressing.
-c --stdout --to-stdout
Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged. If there are sev-
eral input files, the output consists of a sequence of independently compressed
members. To obtain better compression, concatenate all input files before compress-
ing them.
-d --decompress --uncompress
Decompress.
-f --force
Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple links or the cor-
responding file already exists, or if the compressed data is read from or written
to a terminal. If the input data is not in a format recognized by gzip, and if the
option --stdout is also given, copy the input data without change to the standard
output: let zcat behave as cat. If -f is not given, and when not running in the
background, gzip prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
-h --help
Display a help screen and quit.
-k --keep
Keep (don't delete) input files during compression or decompression.
-l --list
For each compressed file, list the following fields:
compressed size: size of the compressed file
uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in gzip format, such as com-
pressed .Z files. To get the uncompressed size for such a file, you can use:
zcat file.Z | wc -c
In combination with the --verbose option, the following fields are also displayed:
method: compression method
crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
date & time: timestamp for the uncompressed file
The compression methods currently supported are deflate, compress, lzh (SCO com-
press -H) and pack. The crc is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
With --name, the uncompressed name, date and time are those stored within the
compress file if present.
With --verbose, the size totals and compression ratio for all files is also dis-
played, unless some sizes are unknown. With --quiet, the title and totals lines are
not displayed.
-L --license
Display the gzip license and quit.
-n --no-name
When compressing, do not save the original file name and timestamp by default. (The
original name is always saved if the name had to be truncated.) When decompressing,
do not restore the original file name if present (remove only the gzip suffix from
the compressed file name) and do not restore the original timestamp if present
(copy it from the compressed file). This option is the default when decompressing.
-N --name
When compressing, always save the original file name and timestamp; this is the de-
fault. When decompressing, restore the original file name and timestamp if present.
This option is useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when the
timestamp has been lost after a file transfer.
-q --quiet
Suppress all warnings.
-r --recursive
Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file names specified on
the command line are directories, gzip will descend into the directory and compress
all the files it finds there (or decompress them in the case of gunzip ).
-S .suf --suffix .suf
When compressing, use suffix .suf instead of .gz. Any non-empty suffix can be
given, but suffixes other than .z and .gz should be avoided to avoid confusion when
files are transferred to other systems.
When decompressing, add .suf to the beginning of the list of suffixes to try, when
deriving an output file name from an input file name.
--synchronous
Use synchronous output. With this option, gzip is less likely to lose data during
a system crash, but it can be considerably slower.
-t --test
Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
-v --verbose
Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file compressed or de-
compressed.
-V --version
Version. Display the version number and compilation options then quit.
-# --fast --best
Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit #, where -1 or --fast
indicates the fastest compression method (less compression) and -9 or --best indi-
cates the slowest compression method (best compression). The default compression
level is -6 (that is, biased towards high compression at expense of speed).
--rsyncable
When you synchronize a compressed file between two computers, this option allows
rsync to transfer only files that were changed in the archive instead of the entire
archive. Normally, after a change is made to any file in the archive, the compres-
sion algorithm can generate a new version of the archive that does not match the
previous version of the archive. In this case, rsync transfers the entire new ver-
sion of the archive to the remote computer. With this option, rsync can transfer
only the changed files as well as a small amount of metadata that is required to
update the archive structure in the area that was changed.
ADVANCED USAGE
Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, gunzip will extract all mem-
bers at once. For example:
gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
Then
gunzip -c foo
is equivalent to
cat file1 file2
In case of damage to one member of a .gz file, other members can still be recovered (if
the damaged member is removed). However, you can get better compression by compressing all
members at once:
cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
compresses better than
gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better compression, do:
gzip -cd old.gz | gzip > new.gz
If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed size and CRC reported
by the --list option applies to the last member only. If you need the uncompressed size
for all members, you can use:
gzip -cd file.gz | wc -c
If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so that members can
later be extracted independently, use an archiver such as tar or zip. GNU tar supports the
-z option to invoke gzip transparently. gzip is designed as a complement to tar, not as a
replacement.
ENVIRONMENT
The obsolescent environment variable GZIP can hold a set of default options for gzip.
These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by explicit command line param-
eters. As this can cause problems when using scripts, this feature is supported only for
options that are reasonably likely to not cause too much harm, and gzip warns if it is
used. This feature will be removed in a future release of gzip.
You can use an alias or script instead. For example, if gzip is in the directory /usr/bin
you can prepend $HOME/bin to your PATH and create an executable script $HOME/bin/gzip con-
taining the following:
#! /bin/sh
export PATH=/usr/bin
exec gzip -9 "$@"
SEE ALSO
znew(1), zcmp(1), zmore(1), zforce(1), gzexe(1), zip(1), unzip(1), compress(1)
The gzip file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format specification version
4.3, <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt>, Internet RFC 1952 (May 1996). The zip defla-
tion format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification ver-
sion 1.3, <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt>, Internet RFC 1951 (May 1996).
DIAGNOSTICS
Exit status is normally 0; if an error occurs, exit status is 1. If a warning occurs, exit
status is 2.
Usage: gzip [-cdfhklLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...]
Invalid options were specified on the command line.
file: not in gzip format
The file specified to gunzip has not been compressed.
file: Corrupt input. Use zcat to recover some data.
The compressed file has been damaged. The data up to the point of failure can be
recovered using
zcat file > recover
file: compressed with xx bits, can only handle yy bits
File was compressed (using LZW) by a program that could deal with more bits than
the decompress code on this machine. Recompress the file with gzip, which com-
presses better and uses less memory.
file: already has .gz suffix -- unchanged
The file is assumed to be already compressed. Rename the file and try again.
file already exists; do you wish to overwrite (y or n)?
Respond "y" if you want the output file to be replaced; "n" if not.
gunzip: corrupt input
A SIGSEGV violation was detected which usually means that the input file has been
corrupted.
xx.x% Percentage of the input saved by compression.
(Relevant only for -v and -l.)
-- not a regular file or directory: ignored
When the input file is not a regular file or directory, (e.g. a symbolic link,
socket, FIFO, device file), it is left unaltered.
-- has xx other links: unchanged
The input file has links; it is left unchanged. See ln(1) for more information.
Use the -f flag to force compression of multiply-linked files.
CAVEATS
When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad the output with
zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read and the whole block is passed to gun-
zip for decompression, gunzip detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the com-
pressed data and emits a warning by default. You can use the --quiet option to suppress
the warning.
BUGS
The gzip format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the --list option reports incor-
rect uncompressed sizes and compression ratios for uncompressed files 4 GB and larger. To
work around this problem, you can use the following command to discover a large uncom-
pressed file's true size:
zcat file.gz | wc -c
The --list option reports sizes as -1 and crc as ffffffff if the compressed file is on a
non seekable media.
In some rare cases, the --best option gives worse compression than the default compression
level (-6). On some highly redundant files, compress compresses better than gzip.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2012, 2015-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the
copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the
conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is dis-
tributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another lan-
guage, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission no-
tice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foundation.
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