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INTERFACES(5) File formats INTERFACES(5)
NAME
/etc/network/interfaces - network interface configuration for ifup and ifdown
DESCRIPTION
/etc/network/interfaces contains network interface configuration information for the
ifup(8) and ifdown(8) commands. This is where you configure how your system is connected
to the network.
EXAMPLE
The following example configures two network interfaces: eth0 is brought up at boot, and
uses DHCP for IPv4 and SLAAC for IPv6, whereas eth1 is brought up whenever the network
hardware is detected, and is configured with static IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
auto eth0
allow-hotplug eth1
iface eth0 inet dhcp
iface eth0 inet6 auto
iface eth1 inet static
address 192.168.1.2/24
gateway 192.168.1.1
iface eth1 inet6 static
address fec0:0:0:1::2/64
gateway fec0:0:0:1::1
FILE FORMAT
Lines starting with `#' are ignored. Note that end-of-line comments are NOT supported,
comments must be on a line of their own.
A line may be extended across multiple lines by making the last character a backslash.
The file consists of zero or more "iface", "mapping", "auto", "allow-", "rename", "source"
and "source-directory" stanzas. These will be described in more detail in the following
sections.
INTERFACE SELECTION
Lines beginning with the word "auto" are used to identify the physical interfaces to be
brought up when ifup is run with the -a option. (This option is also used by the system
boot scripts, so interfaces marked "auto" are brought up at boot time.) Physical inter-
face names should follow the word "auto" on the same line. There can be multiple "auto"
stanzas. ifup brings the named interfaces up in the order listed.
Lines beginning with "allow-" are used to identify interfaces that should be brought up
automatically by various subsystems. This may be done using a command such as "ifup --al-
low=hotplug eth0 eth1", which will only bring up eth0 or eth1 if it is listed in an "al-
low-hotplug" line. Note that "allow-auto" and "auto" are synonyms. (Interfaces marked
"allow-hotplug" are brought up when udev detects them. This can either be during boot if
the interface is already present, or at a later time, for example when plugging in a USB
network card. Please note that this does not have anything to do with detecting a network
cable being plugged in.)
Lines beginning with "no-auto-down" are used to identify interfaces that should not be
brought down by the command "ifdown -a". Its main use is to prevent an interface from be-
ing brought down during system shutdown time, for example if the root filesystem is a net-
work filesystem and the interface should stay up until the very end. Note that you can
still bring down the interface by specifying the interface name explicitly.
Lines beginning with "no-scripts" are used to identify interfaces for which scripts in
/etc/network/if-*.d/ should not be run when those interfaces are brought up or down. he
above will match eth0 and eth1, and will bring up both interfaces using the "iface eth"
stanza.
INTERFACE RENAMING
Lines beginning with "rename" are used to rename interfaces. It takes one or more argu-
ments in the form of "CUR=NEW", where CUR is the name of an existing interface, and NEW is
the new name. This becomes very powerful when combined with pattern matching for the CUR
interface.
Interfaces are renamed whenever "ifup" is called. Renaming logically happens before any-
thing else is done. So if an interface is started with the name "foo", and it has to be
renamed to "bar" and brought up at boot time, then one should use the following /etc/net-
work/interfaces file:
rename foo=bar
auto bar
iface bar ...
However, if the interface is not renamed yet, it is possible to use both "ifup foo" and
"ifup bar". The former command will then automatically be converted to the latter. This
is mainly useful when ifup is called automatically whenever an interface is hotplugged.
Interface renaming only works if the operating system supports it, if an interface is not
renamed to another existing interface, and may require that the interface that is to be
renamed has not been brought up yet. If ifup tries to rename an interface and it fails,
it will exit with an error.
INCLUDING OTHER FILES
Lines beginning with "source" are used to include stanzas from other files, so configura-
tion can be split into many files. The word "source" is followed by the path of file to be
sourced. Shell wildcards can be used. (See wordexp(3) for details.)
Similarly, "source-directory" keyword is used to source multiple files at once, without
specifying them individually or using shell globs. Additionally, when "source-directory"
is used, names of the files are checked to match the following regular expression:
^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$. In other words, the names must consist entirely of ASCII upper- and
lower-case letters, ASCII digits, ASCII underscores, and ASCII minus-hyphens. In the di-
rectory path, shell wildcards may be used as well.
When sourcing files or directories, if a path doesn't have a leading slash, it's consid-
ered relative to the directory containing the file in which the keyword is placed. In the
example above, if the file is located at /etc/network/interfaces, paths to the included
files are understood to be under /etc/network.
By default, on a freshly installed Debian system, the interfaces file includes a line to
source files in the /etc/network/interfaces.d directory.
MAPPINGS
Stanzas beginning with the word "mapping" are used to determine how a logical interface
name is chosen for a physical interface that is to be brought up. The first line of a
mapping stanza consists of the word "mapping" followed by a pattern in shell glob syntax.
Each mapping stanza must contain a script definition. The named script is run with the
physical interface name as its argument and with the contents of all following "map" lines
(without the leading "map") in the stanza provided to it on its standard input. The script
must print a string on its standard output before exiting. See /usr/share/doc/ifupdown/ex-
amples for examples of what the script must print.
Mapping a name consists of searching the remaining mapping patterns and running the script
corresponding to the first match; the script outputs the name to which the original is
mapped.
ifup is normally given a physical interface name as its first non-option argument. ifup
also uses this name as the initial logical name for the interface unless it is accompanied
by a suffix of the form =LOGICAL, in which case ifup chooses LOGICAL as the initial logi-
cal name for the interface. It then maps this name, possibly more than once according to
successive mapping specifications, until no further mappings are possible. If the re-
sulting name is the name of some defined logical interface then ifup attempts to bring up
the physical interface as that logical interface. Otherwise ifup exits with an error.
INTERFACE DEFINITIONS
Stanzas defining logical interfaces start with a line consisting of the word "iface" fol-
lowed by the name of the logical interface. In simple configurations without mapping
stanzas this name should simply be the name of the physical interface to which it is to be
applied. (The default mapping script is, in effect, the echo command.) The interface
name is followed by the name of the address family that the interface uses. This will be
"inet" for TCP/IP networking, but there is also some support for IPX networking ("ipx"),
and IPv6 networking ("inet6"). Following that is the name of the method used to configure
the interface.
Additional options can be given on subsequent lines in the stanza. Which options are
available depends on the family and method, as described below. Additional options can be
made available by other Debian packages. For example, the wireless-tools package makes
available a number of options prefixed with "wireless-" which can be used to configure the
interface using iwconfig(8). (See wireless(7) for details.) A list of packages providing
additional options is mentioned in the section "OPTIONS PROVIDED BY OTHER PACKAGE".
Options are usually indented for clarity (as in the example above) but are not required to
be.
Multiple "iface" stanzas can be given for the same interface, in which case all of the
configured addresses and options for that interface will be applied when bringing up that
interface. This is useful to configure both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses on the same interface
(although if no inet6 stanza is present, the kernel will normally still perform stateless
address autoconfiguration if there is an IPv6 route advertisement daemon on the network).
It can also be used to configure multiple addresses of the same type on a single inter-
face.
INTERFACE TEMPLATES
It is possible to define interface definition templates and extend them using the inherits
keyword:
iface ethernet inet static
mtu 1500
hwaddress 11:22:33:44:55:66
iface eth0 inet static inherits ethernet
address 192.168.1.2/24
This may be useful to separate link-level settings shared by multiple interfaces from, for
example, IP address settings specific to every interface.
PATTERN MATCHING INTERFACES
It is possible to use patterns to match one or more real interfaces. These patterns can
currently appear in lines beginning with "auto", "allow-", "rename" and on the command
line. A pattern has the following format (see below for exceptions for GNU/Hurd):
[VARIABLE]/VALUE[/[OPTIONS]][=LOGICAL]
If no VARIABLE is given, this pattern will match interface names against the given VALUE.
VALUE can contain wildcard patterns such as ? and *, see the fnmatch(3) function. When
ifup or ifdown is run, patterns are replaces by all real interfaces that are currently
known to the operating system kernel and whose names match the pattern. For example,
given the following line:
auto /eth*
If the kernel knows about the interfaces with names lo, eth0 and eth1, then the above line
is then interpreted as:
auto eth0 eth1
Note that there must still be valid "iface" stanzas for each matching interface. However,
it is possible to combine a pattern with a mapping to a logical interface, like so:
auto /eth*=eth
iface eth inet dhcp
Valid variable names are "mac", in which case value is matched against the interface's MAC
address. On Linux, the variable name can also be any filename in /sys/class/net/<iface>/,
in which case the value is matched against the contents of the corresponding file.
The OPTIONS field currently only supports a number. If given, only the n-th interface that
has a matching value will actually be used, where n is the number given, starting at 1. So
/eth*/1 will match the first interface whose name starts with eth.
On GNU/Hurd, interface names start with /dev/, and this obviously clashes with the format
for patterns. To ensure an interface name like /dev/eth0 does not get interpreted as a
pattern, any pattern that starts with /dev/ is ignored, and instead interpreted as a lit-
eral interface name. To make a pattern that matches interface names on GNU/Hurd, use
something like:
auto /?dev?eth*=eth
iface eth inet dhcp
VLAN INTERFACES
To ease the configuration of VLAN interfaces, interfaces having . (full stop character)
in the name are configured as 802.1q tagged virtual LAN interface. For example, interface
eth0.1 is a virtual interface with VLAN ID 1 having eth0 as its parent interface.
VLAN interfaces are mostly treated as independent interfaces. As such, a VLAN interface
is normally not automatically brought up when its parent interface is brought up. The ex-
ception is when ifup is called with the --allow option, in which case all VLAN interfaces
that are in the same allow class as the parent interface are brought up together with the
parent interface. For example:
allow-hotplug eth0 eth0.1
iface eth0 inet static
address ...
iface eth0.1 inet static
address ...
iface eth0.2 inet static
address ...
In the above example, when "ifup --allow hotplug eth0" is called (either manually or be-
cause udev triggers this when a network device is hotplugged), the interface eth0 and the
VLAN interface eth0.1 are brought up, but eth0.2 is not.
Keep in mind that pattern matching will only match interfaces the kernel knows about, so
it is not possible to specify "auto /eth0.*" and have all VLAN interfaces for eth0 be
brought up at boot time. Another way to ensure that a VLAN interface is brought up auto-
matically when the parent interface is brought up, is to use a recursive call to ifup,
like so:
iface eth0 inet manual
up ifup eth0.3
iface eth0.3 inet static
address ...
Note that there is no need to add an explicit call to ifdown, since VLAN interfaces are
automatically brought down whenever their parent interfaces are brought down.
IFACE OPTIONS
The following "command" options are available for every family and method. Each of these
options can be given multiple times in a single stanza, in which case the commands are ex-
ecuted in the order in which they appear in the stanza. (You can ensure a command never
fails by suffixing them with "|| true".)
pre-up command
Run command before bringing the interface up. If this command fails then ifup
aborts, refraining from marking the interface as configured, prints an error mes-
sage, and exits with status 0. This behavior may change in the future.
up command
post-up command
Run command after bringing the interface up. If this command fails then ifup
aborts, refraining from marking the interface as configured (even though it has re-
ally been configured), prints an error message, and exits with status 0. This be-
havior may change in the future.
down command
pre-down command
Run command before taking the interface down. If this command fails then ifdown
aborts, marks the interface as deconfigured (even though it has not really been de-
configured), and exits with status 0. This behavior may change in the future.
post-down command
Run command after taking the interface down. If this command fails then ifdown
aborts, marks the interface as deconfigured, and exits with status 0. This behav-
ior may change in the future.
description name
Alias interface by name
HOOK SCRIPTS
There are four directories in which scripts can be placed which will always be run for any
interface during certain phases of ifup and ifdown commands. These are:
/etc/network/if-pre-up.d/
Scripts in this directory are run before bringing the interface up.
/etc/network/if-up.d/
Scripts in this directory are run after bringing the interface up.
/etc/network/if-down.d/
Scripts in this directory are run before bringing the interface down.
/etc/network/if-post-down.d/
Scripts in this directory are run after bringing the interface down.
The scripts in which are run (with no arguments) using run-parts(8) after the correspond-
ing pre-up, up, down and post-down options in the /etc/network/interfaces file itself have
been processed. Please note that as post-up and pre-down are aliases, no files in the cor-
responding directories are processed. Please use if-up.d and if-down.d directories in-
stead.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
All hook scripts, and the commands executed by pre-up, up, post-up, pre-down, down and
post-down have access to the following environment variables:
IFACE The physical name of the interface being processed, or "--all" (see below).
LOGICAL
The logical name of the interface being processed, or "auto" (see below).
ADDRFAM
The address family of the interface, or "meta" (see below).
METHOD The method of the interface (e.g., static), or "none" (see below).
CLASS The class of interfaces being processed. This is a copy of the value given to the
--allow option when running ifup or ifdown, otherwise it is set to "auto" when the
--all option is used.
CLASS The class of interfaces being processed. This is a copy of the value given to the
--allow option when running ifup or ifdown, otherwise it is set to "auto" when the
--all option is used.
MODE start if run from ifup, stop if run from ifdown.
PHASE As per MODE, but with finer granularity, distinguishing the pre-up, post-up, pre-
down and post-down phases.
VERBOSITY
Indicates whether --verbose was used; set to 1 if so, 0 if not.
PATH The command search path: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:-
/bin
Additionally, all options given in an interface definition stanza are exported to the en-
vironment in upper case with "IF_" prepended and with hyphens converted to underscores and
non-alphanumeric characters discarded.
When ifupdown is being called with the --all option, before doing anything to interfaces,
it calls all the hook scripts (pre-up or down) with IFACE set to "--all", LOGICAL set to
the current value of --allow parameter (or "auto" if it's not set), ADDRFAM="meta" and
METHOD="none". After all the interfaces have been brought up or taken down, the appropri-
ate scripts (up or post-down) are executed.
CONCURRENCY AND PARALLEL EXECUTION
Ifupdown uses per-interface locking to ensure that concurrent ifup and ifdown calls to the
same interface are run in serial. However, calls to different interfaces will be able to
run in parallel. It is therefore important that any hook scripts and pre-up, up, down and
post-down commands are written with the possibility of parallel execution in mind.
It is allowed to recursively call ifup and ifdown from hook scripts and interface com-
mands, as long as these calls refer to a different interface than the one that is already
being (de)configured. Loops are detected and will result in the call failing instead of a
deadlock, although it is best if one does not rely on that.
OPTIONS PROVIDED BY OTHER PACKAGES
This manual page documents the configuration options provided by the ifupdown package.
However, other packages can make other options available for use in /etc/network/inter-
faces. Here is a list of packages that provide such extensions:
arping, avahi-autoipd, avahi-daemon, bind9, bridge-utils, clamav-freshclam, controlaula,
epoptes-client, ethtool, guidedog, hostap-utils, hostapd, htpdate, ifenslave, ifmetric,
ifupdown-extra, ifupdown-multi, ifupdown-scripts-zg2, initscripts, isatapd, linux-wlan-ng,
lprng, macchanger, miredo, nslcd, ntpdate, openntpd, openresolv, openssh-server, openvpn,
openvswitch-switch, postfix, resolvconf, sendmail-base, shorewall-init, slrn, slrnpull,
tinc, ucarp, uml-utilities, uruk, vde2, vlan, vzctl, whereami, wide-dhcpv6-client, wire-
less-tools, wpasupplicant.
Please consult the documentation of those packages for information about how they extend
ifupdown.
INET ADDRESS FAMILY
This section documents the methods available in the inet address family.
The loopback Method
This method may be used to define the IPv4 loopback interface.
Options
(No options)
The static Method
This method may be used to define Ethernet interfaces with statically allocated IPv4 ad-
dresses.
Options
address address
Address (dotted quad/netmask) required
netmask mask
Netmask (dotted quad or number of bits) deprecated
broadcast broadcast_address
Broadcast address (dotted quad, + or -) deprecated. Default value: "+"
metric metric
Routing metric for default gateway (integer)
gateway address
Default gateway (dotted quad)
pointopoint address
Address of other end point (dotted quad). Note the spelling of "point-to".
hwaddress address
Link local address or "random".
mtu size
MTU size
scope Address validity scope. Possible values: global, link, host
The manual Method
This method may be used to define interfaces for which no configuration is done by de-
fault. Such interfaces can be configured manually by means of up and down commands or
/etc/network/if-*.d scripts.
Options
hwaddress address
Link local address or "random".
mtu size
MTU size
The dhcp Method
This method may be used to obtain an address via DHCP with any of the tools: dhclient,
pump, udhcpc, dhcpcd. (They have been listed in their order of precedence.) If you have a
complicated DHCP setup you should note that some of these clients use their own configura-
tion files and do not obtain their configuration information via ifup.
Options
hostname hostname
Hostname to be requested (pump, dhcpcd, udhcpc)
metric metric
Metric for added routes (dhclient)
leasehours leasehours
Preferred lease time in hours (pump)
leasetime leasetime
Preferred lease time in seconds (dhcpcd)
vendor vendor_id
Vendor class identifier (dhcpcd)
client client_id
Client identifier (dhcpcd), or "no" (dhclient)
hwaddress address
Hardware address.
The bootp Method
This method may be used to obtain an address via bootp.
Options
bootfile file
Tell the server to use file as the bootfile.
server address
Use the IP address address to communicate with the server.
hwaddr addr
Use addr as the hardware address instead of whatever it really is.
The tunnel Method
This method is used to create GRE or IPIP tunnels. You need to have the ip binary from the
iproute package. For GRE tunnels, you will need to load the ip_gre module and the ipip
module for IPIP tunnels.
Options
address address
Local address (dotted quad) required
mode type
Tunnel type (either GRE or IPIP) required
endpoint address
Address of other tunnel endpoint required
dstaddr address
Remote address (remote address inside tunnel)
local address
Address of the local endpoint
metric metric
Routing metric for default gateway (integer)
gateway address
Default gateway
ttl time
TTL setting
mtu size
MTU size
The ppp Method
This method uses pon/poff to configure a PPP interface. See those commands for details.
Options
provider name
Use name as the provider (from /etc/ppp/peers).
unit number
Use number as the ppp unit number.
options string
Pass string as additional options to pon.
The wvdial Method
This method uses wvdial to configure a PPP interface. See that command for more details.
Options
provider name
Use name as the provider (from /etc/wvdial.conf).
The ipv4ll Method
This method uses avahi-autoipd to configure an interface with an IPv4 Link-Layer address
(169.254.0.0/16 family). This method is also known as APIPA or IPAC, and often colloqui-
ally referred to as "Zeroconf address".
Options
(No options)
IPX ADDRESS FAMILY
This section documents the methods available in the ipx address family.
The static Method
This method may be used to setup an IPX interface. It requires the ipx_interface command.
Options
frame type
type of Ethernet frames to use (e.g. 802.2)
netnum id
Network number
The dynamic Method
This method may be used to setup an IPX interface dynamically.
Options
frame type
type of Ethernet frames to use (e.g. 802.2)
INET6 ADDRESS FAMILY
This section documents the methods available in the inet6 address family.
The auto Method
This method may be used to define interfaces with automatically assigned IPv6 addresses.
Using this method on its own doesn't mean that RDNSS options will be applied, too. To make
this happen, rdnssd daemon must be installed, properly configured and running. If state-
less DHCPv6 support is turned on, then additional network configuration parameters such as
DNS and NTP servers will be retrieved from a DHCP server. Please note that on ifdown, the
lease is not currently released (a known bug).
Options
privext int
Privacy extensions (RFC4941) (0=off, 1=assign, 2=prefer)
accept_ra int
Accept router advertisements (0=off, 1=on, 2=on+forwarding). Default value:
"2"
dhcp int
Use stateless DHCPv6 (0=off, 1=on)
request_prefix int
Request a prefix through DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation (0=off, 1=on). Default
value: "0"
ll-attempts
Number of attempts to wait for a link-local address. Default value: "60"
ll-interval
Link-local address polling interval in seconds. Default value: "0.1"
The loopback Method
This method may be used to define the IPv6 loopback interface.
Options
(No options)
The static Method
This method may be used to define interfaces with statically assigned IPv6 addresses. By
default, stateless autoconfiguration is disabled for this interface.
Options
address address
Address (colon delimited/netmask) required
netmask mask
Netmask (number of bits, eg 64) deprecated
metric metric
Routing metric for default gateway (integer)
gateway address
Default gateway (colon delimited)
media type
Medium type, driver dependent
hwaddress address
Hardware address or "random"
mtu size
MTU size
accept_ra int
Accept router advertisements (0=off, 1=on, 2=on+forwarding)
autoconf int
Perform stateless autoconfiguration (0=off, 1=on). Default value: "0"
privext int
Privacy extensions (RFC3041) (0=off, 1=assign, 2=prefer)
scope Address validity scope. Possible values: global, site, link, host
preferred-lifetime int
Time that address remains preferred
dad-attempts
Number of attempts to settle DAD (0 to disable DAD). Default value: "60"
dad-interval
DAD state polling interval in seconds. Default value: "0.1"
The manual Method
This method may be used to define interfaces for which no configuration is done by de-
fault. Such interfaces can be configured manually by means of up and down commands or
/etc/network/if-*.d scripts.
Options
hwaddress address
Hardware address or "random"
mtu size
MTU size
The dhcp Method
This method may be used to obtain network interface configuration via stateful DHCPv6 with
dhclient. In stateful DHCPv6, the DHCP server is responsible for assigning addresses to
clients.
Options
hwaddress address
Hardware address or "random"
accept_ra int
Accept router advertisements (0=off, 1=on, 2=on+forwarding). Default value:
"1"
autoconf int
Perform stateless autoconfiguration (0=off, 1=on)
request_prefix int
Request a prefix through DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation (0=off, 1=on). Default
value: "0"
ll-attempts
Number of attempts to wait for a link-local address. Default value: "60"
ll-interval
Link-local address polling interval in seconds. Default value: "0.1"
The v4tunnel Method
This method may be used to setup an IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel. It requires the ip command from
the iproute package.
Options
address address
Address (colon delimited/netmask) required
netmask mask
Netmask (number of bits, eg 64) deprecated
endpoint address
Address of other tunnel endpoint (IPv4 dotted quad) required
local address
Address of the local endpoint (IPv4 dotted quad)
metric metric
Routing metric for default gateway (integer)
gateway address
Default gateway (colon delimited)
ttl time
TTL setting
mtu size
MTU size
preferred-lifetime int
Time that address remains preferred
The 6to4 Method
This method may be used to setup a 6to4 tunnel. It requires the ip command from the
iproute package.
Options
local address
Address of the local endpoint (IPv4 dotted quad) required
metric metric
Routing metric for default gateway (integer)
ttl time
TTL setting
mtu size
MTU size
preferred-lifetime int
Time that address remains preferred
CAN ADDRESS FAMILY
This section documents the methods available in the can address family.
The static Method
This method may be used to setup a Controller Area Network (CAN) interface. It requires
the the ip command from the iproute package.
Options
bitrate bitrate
bitrate (1..1000000) required
samplepoint samplepoint
sample point (0.000..0.999)
loopback loopback
loop back CAN Messages (on|off)
listenonly listenonly
listen only mode (on|off)
triple triple
activate triple sampling (on|off)
oneshot oneshot
one shot mode (on|off)
berr berr
activate berr reporting (on|off)
KNOWN BUGS/LIMITATIONS
The ifup and ifdown programs work with so-called "physical" interface names. These names
are assigned to hardware by the kernel. Unfortunately it can happen that the kernel as-
signs different physical interface names to the same hardware at different times; for ex-
ample, what was called "eth0" last time you booted is now called "eth1" and vice versa.
This creates a problem if you want to configure the interfaces appropriately. A way to
deal with this problem is to use mapping scripts that choose logical interface names ac-
cording to the properties of the interface hardware. See the get-mac-address.sh script in
the examples directory for an example of such a mapping script. See also Debian bug
#101728.
AUTHOR
The ifupdown suite was written by Anthony Towns <aj AT azure.au>. This manpage
was contributed by Joey Hess <joey AT kitenet.net>.
SEE ALSO
ifup(8), ip(8), ifconfig(8), run-parts(8), resolvconf(8).
For advice on configuring this package read the Network Configuration chapter of the De-
bian Reference manual, available at http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-refer-
ence/ch05.en.html or in the debian-reference-en package.
Examples of how to set up interfaces can be found in /usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples/net-
work-interfaces.gz.
ifupdown 24 July 2017 INTERFACES(5)
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