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MH-SEQUENCE(5mh) MH-SEQUENCE(5mh)
NAME
mh-sequence - sequence specification for nmh message system
DESCRIPTION
A sequence (or sequence set) is a symbolic name representing a message or collection of
messages. nmh has several internally defined sequences, as well as allowing users to de-
fine their own sequences.
Message Specification and Pre-Defined Message Sequences
Most nmh commands accept a `msg' or `msgs' specification, where `msg' indicates one mes-
sage and `msgs' indicates one or more messages. To designate a message, you may use ei-
ther its number (e.g., 1, 10, 234) or one of these "reserved" message names:
first the first message in the folder
last the last message in the folder
cur the most recently accessed message
prev the message numerically preceding "cur"
next the message numerically following "cur"
In commands that take a `msg' argument, the default is "cur". As a shorthand, "." is
equivalent to "cur".
For example: In a folder containing five messages numbered 5, 10, 94, 177 and 325, "first"
is 5 and "last" is 325. If "cur" is 94, then "prev" is 10 and "next" is 177.
The word `msgs' indicates that one or more messages may be specified. Such a specifica-
tion consists of one message designation or of several message designations, as separate
arguments. A message designation consists either of a message name as defined above, or a
message range.
A message range is specified as "name1-name2" or "name:n", where `name', `name1' and
`name2' are message names, and `n' is an integer.
The specification "name1-name2" designates all currently existing messages from `name1' to
`name2' inclusive. The "reserved" message name "all" is a shorthand for the message range
"first-last".
The specification "name:n" designates up to `n' messages. These messages start with
`name' if `name' is a message number or one of the reserved names "first" "cur", or
"next", The messages end with `name' if `name' is "prev" or "last". The interpretation of
`n' may be overridden by preceding `n' with a plus or minus sign; `+n' always means up to
`n' messages starting with `name', and `-n' always means up to `n' messages ending with
`name'.
Substituting `=' for `:' (i.e., "name=n") will reduce the selection from a range of up to
`n' messages, to a selection of just the `n'th message. So for example, while "name:-3"
selects the 3 messages ending with `name', "name=-3" selects just the 2nd previous mes-
sage. It is an error if the requested message does not exist (i.e., there aren't enough
messages in the folder).
In commands which accept a `msgs' argument, the default is either "cur" or "all", depend-
ing on which makes more sense for each command (see the individual man pages for details).
Repeated specifications of the same message have the same effect as a single specification
of the message.
There is also a special "reserved" message name "new" which is used by the mhpath command.
User-Defined Message Sequences
In addition to the "reserved" (pre-defined) message names given above, nmh supports user-
defined sequence names. User-defined sequences allow the nmh user a tremendous amount of
power in dealing with groups of messages in the same folder by allowing the user to bind a
group of messages to a meaningful symbolic name.
The name used to denote a message sequence must consist of an alphabetic character fol-
lowed by zero or more alphanumeric characters, and can not be one of the "reserved" mes-
sage names above. After defining a sequence, it can be used wherever an nmh command ex-
pects a `msg' or `msgs' argument.
Some forms of message ranges are allowed with user-defined sequences. The specification
"name:n" may be used, and it designates up to the first `n' messages (or last `n' messages
for `-n') which are elements of the user-defined sequence `name'.
The specifications "name:next" and "name:prev" may also be used, and they designate the
next or previous message (relative to the current message) which is an element of the
user-defined sequence `name'. The specifications "name:first" and "name:last" are equiva-
lent to "name:1" and "name:-1", respectively. The specification "name:cur" is not allowed
(use just "cur" instead). The syntax of these message range specifications is subject to
change in the future.
Single messages (as opposed to ranges) may also be selected by substituting `=' for `:',
as in "name=n". This will reduce the selection from being a range of up to `n' messages,
to being a selection of just the `n'th message. So while "seq:5" selects the first 5 mes-
sages of sequence `seq', "seq=5" selects just the 5th message of the sequence. It is an
error if the requested message does not exist (i.e., there aren't at least `n' messages in
the sequence).
User-defined sequence names are specific to each folder. They are defined using the pick
and mark commands.
Public and Private User-Defined Sequences
There are two varieties of user-defined sequences: public and private. Public sequences
of a folder are accessible to any nmh user that can read that folder. They are kept in
each folder in the file determined by the "mh-sequences" profile entry (default is .mh_se-
quences). Private sequences are accessible only to the nmh user that defined those se-
quences and are kept in the user's nmh context file.
In general, the commands that create sequences (such as pick and mark) will create public
sequences if the folder for which the sequences are being defined is writable by the nmh
user. For most commands, this can be overridden by using the switches -public and -pri-
vate. But if the folder is read-only, or if the "mh-sequences" profile entry is defined
but empty, then private sequences will be created instead.
Sequence Negation
Nmh provides the ability to select all messages not elements of a user-defined sequence.
To do this, the user should define the entry "Sequence-Negation" in the nmh profile file;
its value may be any string. This string is then used to preface an existing user-defined
sequence name. This specification then refers to those messages not elements of the spec-
ified sequence name. For example, if the profile entry is:
Sequence-Negation: not
then any time an nmh command is given "notfoo" as a `msg' or `msgs' argument, it would
substitute all messages that are not elements of the sequence "foo".
Obviously, the user should beware of defining sequences with names that begin with the
value of the "Sequence-Negation" profile entry.
The Previous Sequence
Nmh provides the ability to remember the `msgs' or `msg' argument last given to an nmh
command. The entry "Previous-Sequence" should be defined in the nmh profile; its value
should be a sequence name or multiple sequence names, as separate arguments. If this en-
try is defined, when an nmh command finishes, it will define the sequence(s) named in the
value of this entry to be those messages that were specified to the command. Hence, a
profile entry of
Previous-Sequence: pseq
directs any nmh command that accepts a `msg' or `msgs' argument to define the sequence
"pseq" as those messages when it finishes.
Note: there can be a performance penalty in using the "Previous-Sequence" facility. If it
is used, all nmh programs have to write the sequence information to the .mh_sequences file
for the folder each time they run. If the "Previous-Sequence" profile entry is not in-
cluded, only pick and mark will write to the .mh_sequences file.
The Unseen Sequence
Finally, many users like to indicate which messages have not been previously seen by them.
The commands flist, inc, mhshow, rcvstore, and show honor the profile entry "Unseen-Se-
quence" to support this activity. This entry in the .mh_profile should be defined as one
or more sequence names, as separate arguments. If there is a value for "Unseen-Sequence"
in the profile, then whenever new messages are placed in a folder (using inc or rcvstore),
the new messages will also be added to all the sequences named in this profile entry. For
example, a profile entry of
Unseen-Sequence: unseen
directs inc to add new messages to the sequence "unseen". Unlike the behavior of the
"Previous-Sequence" entry in the profile, however, the sequence(s) will not be zeroed by
inc.
Similarly, whenever show, mhshow, next, or prev displays a message, that message will be
removed from any sequences named by the "Unseen-Sequence" entry in the profile.
Sequence File Format
The sequence file format is based on the RFC 5322 message format. Each line of the se-
quence file corresponds to one sequence. The line starts with the sequence name followed
by a `:', then followed by a space-separated list of message numbers that correspond to
messages that are part of the named sequence. A contiguous range of messages can be rep-
resented as "lownum-highnum".
Sample sequence file
work: 3 6 8 22-33 46
unseen: 47 49-51 54
cur: 46
Nmh commands that modify the sequence file will silently remove sequences for nonexistent
messages when the sequence file is updated. The exception to this is the "cur" sequence,
which is allowed to point to a nonexistent message.
Sequence File Locking
The "datalocking" profile entry controls the type of locking used when reading and writing
sequence files. The locking mechanisms supported are detailed in mh-profile(5). This
protects sequence file integrity when multiple nmh commands are run simultaneously. Nmh
commands that modify the sequence file use transactional locks; the lock is held from the
time the sequence file is read until it it written out. This ensures that modifications
to the sequence file will not be lost if multiple commands are run simultaneously. Long-
running nmh commands, such as inc and pick, will release the sequence lock during the bulk
of their runtime and reread the sequence file after their processing is complete to reduce
lock contention time.
Note: Currently transactional locks are only supported for public sequences; private se-
quences will not get corrupted, but the possibility exists that two nmh commands run si-
multaneously that add messages to a private sequence could result in one command's mes-
sages not appearing on the requested sequence.
FILES
$HOME/.mh-profile The user's profile.
<mh-dir>/context The user's context.
<folder>/.mh-sequences
File for public sequences.
PROFILE COMPONENTS
mh-sequences: Name of file to store public sequences.
Sequence-Negation: To designate messages not in a sequence.
Previous-Sequence: The last message specification given.
Unseen-Sequence: Those messages not yet seen by the user.
SEE ALSO
flist(1), mark(1), pick(1), mh-profile(5)
DEFAULTS
None
nmh-1.7.1 2013-10-17 MH-SEQUENCE(5mh)
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On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
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