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PERLNEWMOD(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLNEWMOD(1)
NAME
perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
DESCRIPTION
This document gives you some suggestions about how to go about writing Perl modules,
preparing them for distribution, and making them available via CPAN.
One of the things that makes Perl really powerful is the fact that Perl hackers tend to
want to share the solutions to problems they've faced, so you and I don't have to battle
with the same problem again.
The main way they do this is by abstracting the solution into a Perl module. If you don't
know what one of these is, the rest of this document isn't going to be much use to you.
You're also missing out on an awful lot of useful code; consider having a look at perlmod,
perlmodlib and perlmodinstall before coming back here.
When you've found that there isn't a module available for what you're trying to do, and
you've had to write the code yourself, consider packaging up the solution into a module
and uploading it to CPAN so that others can benefit.
You should also take a look at perlmodstyle for best practices in making a module.
Warning
We're going to primarily concentrate on Perl-only modules here, rather than XS modules. XS
modules serve a rather different purpose, and you should consider different things before
distributing them - the popularity of the library you are gluing, the portability to other
operating systems, and so on. However, the notes on preparing the Perl side of the module
and packaging and distributing it will apply equally well to an XS module as a pure-Perl
one.
What should I make into a module?
You should make a module out of any code that you think is going to be useful to others.
Anything that's likely to fill a hole in the communal library and which someone else can
slot directly into their program. Any part of your code which you can isolate and extract
and plug into something else is a likely candidate.
Let's take an example. Suppose you're reading in data from a local format into a hash-of-
hashes in Perl, turning that into a tree, walking the tree and then piping each node to an
Acme Transmogrifier Server.
Now, quite a few people have the Acme Transmogrifier, and you've had to write something to
talk the protocol from scratch - you'd almost certainly want to make that into a module.
The level at which you pitch it is up to you: you might want protocol-level modules
analogous to Net::SMTP which then talk to higher level modules analogous to Mail::Send.
The choice is yours, but you do want to get a module out for that server protocol.
Nobody else on the planet is going to talk your local data format, so we can ignore that.
But what about the thing in the middle? Building tree structures from Perl variables and
then traversing them is a nice, general problem, and if nobody's already written a module
that does that, you might want to modularise that code too.
So hopefully you've now got a few ideas about what's good to modularise. Let's now see
how it's done.
Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
Before we even start scraping out the code, there are a few things we'll want to do in
advance.
Look around
Dig into a bunch of modules to see how they're written. I'd suggest starting with
Text::Tabs, since it's in the standard library and is nice and simple, and then looking
at something a little more complex like File::Copy. For object oriented code,
WWW::Mechanize or the "Email::*" modules provide some good examples.
These should give you an overall feel for how modules are laid out and written.
Check it's new
There are a lot of modules on CPAN, and it's easy to miss one that's similar to what
you're planning on contributing. Have a good plough through <http://metacpan.org> and
make sure you're not the one reinventing the wheel!
Discuss the need
You might love it. You might feel that everyone else needs it. But there might not
actually be any real demand for it out there. If you're unsure about the demand your
module will have, consider asking the "module-authors AT perl.org" mailing list (send an
email to "module-authors-subscribe AT perl.org" to subscribe; see
<https://lists.perl.org/list/module-authors.html> for more information and a link to
the archives).
Choose a name
Perl modules included on CPAN have a naming hierarchy you should try to fit in with.
See perlmodlib for more details on how this works, and browse around CPAN and the
modules list to get a feel of it. At the very least, remember this: modules should be
title capitalised, (This::Thing) fit in with a category, and explain their purpose
succinctly.
Check again
While you're doing that, make really sure you haven't missed a module similar to the
one you're about to write.
When you've got your name sorted out and you're sure that your module is wanted and not
currently available, it's time to start coding.
Step-by-step: Making the module
Start with module-starter or h2xs
The module-starter utility is distributed as part of the Module::Starter CPAN package.
It creates a directory with stubs of all the necessary files to start a new module,
according to recent "best practice" for module development, and is invoked from the
command line, thus:
module-starter --module=Foo::Bar \
--author="Your Name" --email=yourname AT cpan.org
If you do not wish to install the Module::Starter package from CPAN, h2xs is an older
tool, originally intended for the development of XS modules, which comes packaged with
the Perl distribution.
A typical invocation of h2xs for a pure Perl module is:
h2xs -AX --skip-exporter --use-new-tests -n Foo::Bar
The "-A" omits the Autoloader code, "-X" omits XS elements, "--skip-exporter" omits the
Exporter code, "--use-new-tests" sets up a modern testing environment, and "-n"
specifies the name of the module.
Use strict and warnings
A module's code has to be warning and strict-clean, since you can't guarantee the
conditions that it'll be used under. Besides, you wouldn't want to distribute code that
wasn't warning or strict-clean anyway, right?
Use Carp
The Carp module allows you to present your error messages from the caller's
perspective; this gives you a way to signal a problem with the caller and not your
module. For instance, if you say this:
warn "No hostname given";
the user will see something like this:
No hostname given at
/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.6.0/Net/Acme.pm line 123.
which looks like your module is doing something wrong. Instead, you want to put the
blame on the user, and say this:
No hostname given at bad_code, line 10.
You do this by using Carp and replacing your "warn"s with "carp"s. If you need to
"die", say "croak" instead. However, keep "warn" and "die" in place for your sanity
checks - where it really is your module at fault.
Use Exporter - wisely!
Exporter gives you a standard way of exporting symbols and subroutines from your module
into the caller's namespace. For instance, saying "use Net::Acme qw(&frob)" would
import the "frob" subroutine.
The package variable @EXPORT will determine which symbols will get exported when the
caller simply says "use Net::Acme" - you will hardly ever want to put anything in
there. @EXPORT_OK, on the other hand, specifies which symbols you're willing to export.
If you do want to export a bunch of symbols, use the %EXPORT_TAGS and define a standard
export set - look at Exporter for more details.
Use plain old documentation
The work isn't over until the paperwork is done, and you're going to need to put in
some time writing some documentation for your module. "module-starter" or "h2xs" will
provide a stub for you to fill in; if you're not sure about the format, look at perlpod
for an introduction. Provide a good synopsis of how your module is used in code, a
description, and then notes on the syntax and function of the individual subroutines or
methods. Use Perl comments for developer notes and POD for end-user notes.
Write tests
You're encouraged to create self-tests for your module to ensure it's working as
intended on the myriad platforms Perl supports; if you upload your module to CPAN, a
host of testers will build your module and send you the results of the tests. Again,
"module-starter" and "h2xs" provide a test framework which you can extend - you should
do something more than just checking your module will compile. Test::Simple and
Test::More are good places to start when writing a test suite.
Write the README
If you're uploading to CPAN, the automated gremlins will extract the README file and
place that in your CPAN directory. It'll also appear in the main by-module and by-
category directories if you make it onto the modules list. It's a good idea to put here
what the module actually does in detail.
Write Changes
Add any user-visible changes since the last release to your Changes file.
Step-by-step: Distributing your module
Get a CPAN user ID
Every developer publishing modules on CPAN needs a CPAN ID. Visit
"<http://pause.perl.org/>", select "Request PAUSE Account", and wait for your request
to be approved by the PAUSE administrators.
"perl Makefile.PL; make test; make distcheck; make dist"
Once again, "module-starter" or "h2xs" has done all the work for you. They produce the
standard "Makefile.PL" you see when you download and install modules, and this produces
a Makefile with a "dist" target.
Once you've ensured that your module passes its own tests - always a good thing to make
sure - you can "make distcheck" to make sure everything looks OK, followed by "make
dist", and the Makefile will hopefully produce you a nice tarball of your module, ready
for upload.
Upload the tarball
The email you got when you received your CPAN ID will tell you how to log in to PAUSE,
the Perl Authors Upload SErver. From the menus there, you can upload your module to
CPAN.
Alternatively you can use the cpan-upload script, part of the CPAN::Uploader
distribution on CPAN.
Fix bugs!
Once you start accumulating users, they'll send you bug reports. If you're lucky,
they'll even send you patches. Welcome to the joys of maintaining a software project...
AUTHOR
Simon Cozens, "simon AT cpan.org"
Updated by Kirrily "Skud" Robert, "skud AT cpan.org"
SEE ALSO
perlmod, perlmodlib, perlmodinstall, h2xs, strict, Carp, Exporter, perlpod, Test::Simple,
Test::More ExtUtils::MakeMaker, Module::Build, Module::Starter <http://www.cpan.org/>, Ken
Williams' tutorial on building your own module at
<http://mathforum.org/~ken/perl_modules.html>
perl v5.34.0 2023-11-23 PERLNEWMOD(1)
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On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2024-12-12 17:09 @3.144.115.202 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)