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PG_RESTORE(1)                     PostgreSQL 14.15 Documentation                    PG_RESTORE(1)

NAME
       pg_restore - restore a PostgreSQL database from an archive file created by pg_dump

SYNOPSIS
       pg_restore [connection-option...] [option...] [filename]

DESCRIPTION
       pg_restore is a utility for restoring a PostgreSQL database from an archive created by
       pg_dump(1) in one of the non-plain-text formats. It will issue the commands necessary to
       reconstruct the database to the state it was in at the time it was saved. The archive
       files also allow pg_restore to be selective about what is restored, or even to reorder the
       items prior to being restored. The archive files are designed to be portable across
       architectures.

       pg_restore can operate in two modes. If a database name is specified, pg_restore connects
       to that database and restores archive contents directly into the database. Otherwise, a
       script containing the SQL commands necessary to rebuild the database is created and
       written to a file or standard output. This script output is equivalent to the plain text
       output format of pg_dump. Some of the options controlling the output are therefore
       analogous to pg_dump options.

       Obviously, pg_restore cannot restore information that is not present in the archive file.
       For instance, if the archive was made using the "dump data as INSERT commands" option,
       pg_restore will not be able to load the data using COPY statements.

OPTIONS
       pg_restore accepts the following command line arguments.

       filename
           Specifies the location of the archive file (or directory, for a directory-format
           archive) to be restored. If not specified, the standard input is used.

       -a
       --data-only
           Restore only the data, not the schema (data definitions). Table data, large objects,
           and sequence values are restored, if present in the archive.

           This option is similar to, but for historical reasons not identical to, specifying
           --section=data.

       -c
       --clean
           Before restoring database objects, issue commands to DROP all the objects that will be
           restored. This option is useful for overwriting an existing database. If any of the
           objects do not exist in the destination database, ignorable error messages will be
           reported, unless --if-exists is also specified.

       -C
       --create
           Create the database before restoring into it. If --clean is also specified, drop and
           recreate the target database before connecting to it.

           With --create, pg_restore also restores the database's comment if any, and any
           configuration variable settings that are specific to this database, that is, any ALTER
           DATABASE ... SET ...  and ALTER ROLE ... IN DATABASE ... SET ...  commands that
           mention this database. Access privileges for the database itself are also restored,
           unless --no-acl is specified.

           When this option is used, the database named with -d is used only to issue the initial
           DROP DATABASE and CREATE DATABASE commands. All data is restored into the database
           name that appears in the archive.

       -d dbname
       --dbname=dbname
           Connect to database dbname and restore directly into the database. The dbname can be a
           connection string. If so, connection string parameters will override any conflicting
           command line options.

       -e
       --exit-on-error
           Exit if an error is encountered while sending SQL commands to the database. The
           default is to continue and to display a count of errors at the end of the restoration.

       -f filename
       --file=filename
           Specify output file for generated script, or for the listing when used with -l. Use -
           for stdout.

       -F format
       --format=format
           Specify format of the archive. It is not necessary to specify the format, since
           pg_restore will determine the format automatically. If specified, it can be one of the
           following:

           c
           custom
               The archive is in the custom format of pg_dump.

           d
           directory
               The archive is a directory archive.

           t
           tar
               The archive is a tar archive.

       -I index
       --index=index
           Restore definition of named index only. Multiple indexes may be specified with
           multiple -I switches.

       -j number-of-jobs
       --jobs=number-of-jobs
           Run the most time-consuming steps of pg_restore -- those that load data, create
           indexes, or create constraints -- concurrently, using up to number-of-jobs concurrent
           sessions. This option can dramatically reduce the time to restore a large database to
           a server running on a multiprocessor machine. This option is ignored when emitting a
           script rather than connecting directly to a database server.

           Each job is one process or one thread, depending on the operating system, and uses a
           separate connection to the server.

           The optimal value for this option depends on the hardware setup of the server, of the
           client, and of the network. Factors include the number of CPU cores and the disk
           setup. A good place to start is the number of CPU cores on the server, but values
           larger than that can also lead to faster restore times in many cases. Of course,
           values that are too high will lead to decreased performance because of thrashing.

           Only the custom and directory archive formats are supported with this option. The
           input must be a regular file or directory (not, for example, a pipe or standard
           input). Also, multiple jobs cannot be used together with the option
           --single-transaction.

       -l
       --list
           List the table of contents of the archive. The output of this operation can be used as
           input to the -L option. Note that if filtering switches such as -n or -t are used with
           -l, they will restrict the items listed.

       -L list-file
       --use-list=list-file
           Restore only those archive elements that are listed in list-file, and restore them in
           the order they appear in the file. Note that if filtering switches such as -n or -t
           are used with -L, they will further restrict the items restored.

           list-file is normally created by editing the output of a previous -l operation. Lines
           can be moved or removed, and can also be commented out by placing a semicolon (;) at
           the start of the line. See below for examples.

       -n schema
       --schema=schema
           Restore only objects that are in the named schema. Multiple schemas may be specified
           with multiple -n switches. This can be combined with the -t option to restore just a
           specific table.

       -N schema
       --exclude-schema=schema
           Do not restore objects that are in the named schema. Multiple schemas to be excluded
           may be specified with multiple -N switches.

           When both -n and -N are given for the same schema name, the -N switch wins and the
           schema is excluded.

       -O
       --no-owner
           Do not output commands to set ownership of objects to match the original database. By
           default, pg_restore issues ALTER OWNER or SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION statements to set
           ownership of created schema elements. These statements will fail unless the initial
           connection to the database is made by a superuser (or the same user that owns all of
           the objects in the script). With -O, any user name can be used for the initial
           connection, and this user will own all the created objects.

       -P function-name(argtype [, ...])
       --function=function-name(argtype [, ...])
           Restore the named function only. Be careful to spell the function name and arguments
           exactly as they appear in the dump file's table of contents. Multiple functions may be
           specified with multiple -P switches.

       -R
       --no-reconnect
           This option is obsolete but still accepted for backwards compatibility.

       -s
       --schema-only
           Restore only the schema (data definitions), not data, to the extent that schema
           entries are present in the archive.

           This option is the inverse of --data-only. It is similar to, but for historical
           reasons not identical to, specifying --section=pre-data --section=post-data.

           (Do not confuse this with the --schema option, which uses the word "schema" in a
           different meaning.)

       -S username
       --superuser=username
           Specify the superuser user name to use when disabling triggers. This is relevant only
           if --disable-triggers is used.

       -t table
       --table=table
           Restore definition and/or data of only the named table. For this purpose, "table"
           includes views, materialized views, sequences, and foreign tables. Multiple tables can
           be selected by writing multiple -t switches. This option can be combined with the -n
           option to specify table(s) in a particular schema.

               Note
               When -t is specified, pg_restore makes no attempt to restore any other database
               objects that the selected table(s) might depend upon. Therefore, there is no
               guarantee that a specific-table restore into a clean database will succeed.

               Note
               This flag does not behave identically to the -t flag of pg_dump. There is not
               currently any provision for wild-card matching in pg_restore, nor can you include
               a schema name within its -t. And, while pg_dump's -t flag will also dump
               subsidiary objects (such as indexes) of the selected table(s), pg_restore's -t
               flag does not include such subsidiary objects.

               Note
               In versions prior to PostgreSQL 9.6, this flag matched only tables, not any other
               type of relation.

       -T trigger
       --trigger=trigger
           Restore named trigger only. Multiple triggers may be specified with multiple -T
           switches.

       -v
       --verbose
           Specifies verbose mode. This will cause pg_restore to output detailed object comments
           and start/stop times to the output file, and progress messages to standard error.
           Repeating the option causes additional debug-level messages to appear on standard
           error.

       -V
       --version
           Print the pg_restore version and exit.

       -x
       --no-privileges
       --no-acl
           Prevent restoration of access privileges (grant/revoke commands).

       -1
       --single-transaction
           Execute the restore as a single transaction (that is, wrap the emitted commands in
           BEGIN/COMMIT). This ensures that either all the commands complete successfully, or no
           changes are applied. This option implies --exit-on-error.

       --disable-triggers
           This option is relevant only when performing a data-only restore. It instructs
           pg_restore to execute commands to temporarily disable triggers on the target tables
           while the data is restored. Use this if you have referential integrity checks or other
           triggers on the tables that you do not want to invoke during data restore.

           Presently, the commands emitted for --disable-triggers must be done as superuser. So
           you should also specify a superuser name with -S or, preferably, run pg_restore as a
           PostgreSQL superuser.

       --enable-row-security
           This option is relevant only when restoring the contents of a table which has row
           security. By default, pg_restore will set row_security to off, to ensure that all data
           is restored in to the table. If the user does not have sufficient privileges to bypass
           row security, then an error is thrown. This parameter instructs pg_restore to set
           row_security to on instead, allowing the user to attempt to restore the contents of
           the table with row security enabled. This might still fail if the user does not have
           the right to insert the rows from the dump into the table.

           Note that this option currently also requires the dump be in INSERT format, as COPY
           FROM does not support row security.

       --if-exists
           Use DROP ... IF EXISTS commands to drop objects in --clean mode. This suppresses "does
           not exist" errors that might otherwise be reported. This option is not valid unless
           --clean is also specified.

       --no-comments
           Do not output commands to restore comments, even if the archive contains them.

       --no-data-for-failed-tables
           By default, table data is restored even if the creation command for the table failed
           (e.g., because it already exists). With this option, data for such a table is skipped.
           This behavior is useful if the target database already contains the desired table
           contents. For example, auxiliary tables for PostgreSQL extensions such as PostGIS
           might already be loaded in the target database; specifying this option prevents
           duplicate or obsolete data from being loaded into them.

           This option is effective only when restoring directly into a database, not when
           producing SQL script output.

       --no-publications
           Do not output commands to restore publications, even if the archive contains them.

       --no-security-labels
           Do not output commands to restore security labels, even if the archive contains them.

       --no-subscriptions
           Do not output commands to restore subscriptions, even if the archive contains them.

       --no-tablespaces
           Do not output commands to select tablespaces. With this option, all objects will be
           created in whichever tablespace is the default during restore.

       --section=sectionname
           Only restore the named section. The section name can be pre-data, data, or post-data.
           This option can be specified more than once to select multiple sections. The default
           is to restore all sections.

           The data section contains actual table data as well as large-object definitions.
           Post-data items consist of definitions of indexes, triggers, rules and constraints
           other than validated check constraints. Pre-data items consist of all other data
           definition items.

       --strict-names
           Require that each schema (-n/--schema) and table (-t/--table) qualifier match at least
           one schema/table in the backup file.

       --use-set-session-authorization
           Output SQL-standard SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of ALTER OWNER commands
           to determine object ownership. This makes the dump more standards-compatible, but
           depending on the history of the objects in the dump, might not restore properly.

       -?
       --help
           Show help about pg_restore command line arguments, and exit.

       pg_restore also accepts the following command line arguments for connection parameters:

       -h host
       --host=host
           Specifies the host name of the machine on which the server is running. If the value
           begins with a slash, it is used as the directory for the Unix domain socket. The
           default is taken from the PGHOST environment variable, if set, else a Unix domain
           socket connection is attempted.

       -p port
       --port=port
           Specifies the TCP port or local Unix domain socket file extension on which the server
           is listening for connections. Defaults to the PGPORT environment variable, if set, or
           a compiled-in default.

       -U username
       --username=username
           User name to connect as.

       -w
       --no-password
           Never issue a password prompt. If the server requires password authentication and a
           password is not available by other means such as a .pgpass file, the connection
           attempt will fail. This option can be useful in batch jobs and scripts where no user
           is present to enter a password.

       -W
       --password
           Force pg_restore to prompt for a password before connecting to a database.

           This option is never essential, since pg_restore will automatically prompt for a
           password if the server demands password authentication. However, pg_restore will waste
           a connection attempt finding out that the server wants a password. In some cases it is
           worth typing -W to avoid the extra connection attempt.

       --role=rolename
           Specifies a role name to be used to perform the restore. This option causes pg_restore
           to issue a SET ROLE rolename command after connecting to the database. It is useful
           when the authenticated user (specified by -U) lacks privileges needed by pg_restore,
           but can switch to a role with the required rights. Some installations have a policy
           against logging in directly as a superuser, and use of this option allows restores to
           be performed without violating the policy.

ENVIRONMENT
       PGHOST
       PGOPTIONS
       PGPORT
       PGUSER
           Default connection parameters

       PG_COLOR
           Specifies whether to use color in diagnostic messages. Possible values are always,
           auto and never.

       This utility, like most other PostgreSQL utilities, also uses the environment variables
       supported by libpq (see Section 34.15). However, it does not read PGDATABASE when a
       database name is not supplied.

DIAGNOSTICS
       When a direct database connection is specified using the -d option, pg_restore internally
       executes SQL statements. If you have problems running pg_restore, make sure you are able
       to select information from the database using, for example, psql(1). Also, any default
       connection settings and environment variables used by the libpq front-end library will
       apply.

NOTES
       If your installation has any local additions to the template1 database, be careful to load
       the output of pg_restore into a truly empty database; otherwise you are likely to get
       errors due to duplicate definitions of the added objects. To make an empty database
       without any local additions, copy from template0 not template1, for example:

           CREATE DATABASE foo WITH TEMPLATE template0;

       The limitations of pg_restore are detailed below.

       o   When restoring data to a pre-existing table and the option --disable-triggers is used,
           pg_restore emits commands to disable triggers on user tables before inserting the
           data, then emits commands to re-enable them after the data has been inserted. If the
           restore is stopped in the middle, the system catalogs might be left in the wrong
           state.

       o   pg_restore cannot restore large objects selectively; for instance, only those for a
           specific table. If an archive contains large objects, then all large objects will be
           restored, or none of them if they are excluded via -L, -t, or other options.

       See also the pg_dump(1) documentation for details on limitations of pg_dump.

       Once restored, it is wise to run ANALYZE on each restored table so the optimizer has
       useful statistics; see Section 25.1.3 and Section 25.1.6 for more information.

EXAMPLES
       Assume we have dumped a database called mydb into a custom-format dump file:

           $ pg_dump -Fc mydb > db.dump

       To drop the database and recreate it from the dump:

           $ dropdb mydb
           $ pg_restore -C -d postgres db.dump

       The database named in the -d switch can be any database existing in the cluster;
       pg_restore only uses it to issue the CREATE DATABASE command for mydb. With -C, data is
       always restored into the database name that appears in the dump file.

       To restore the dump into a new database called newdb:

           $ createdb -T template0 newdb
           $ pg_restore -d newdb db.dump

       Notice we don't use -C, and instead connect directly to the database to be restored into.
       Also note that we clone the new database from template0 not template1, to ensure it is
       initially empty.

       To reorder database items, it is first necessary to dump the table of contents of the
       archive:

           $ pg_restore -l db.dump > db.list

       The listing file consists of a header and one line for each item, e.g.:

           ;
           ; Archive created at Mon Sep 14 13:55:39 2009
           ;     dbname: DBDEMOS
           ;     TOC Entries: 81
           ;     Compression: 9
           ;     Dump Version: 1.10-0
           ;     Format: CUSTOM
           ;     Integer: 4 bytes
           ;     Offset: 8 bytes
           ;     Dumped from database version: 8.3.5
           ;     Dumped by pg_dump version: 8.3.8
           ;
           ;
           ; Selected TOC Entries:
           ;
           3; 2615 2200 SCHEMA - public pasha
           1861; 0 0 COMMENT - SCHEMA public pasha
           1862; 0 0 ACL - public pasha
           317; 1247 17715 TYPE public composite pasha
           319; 1247 25899 DOMAIN public domain0 pasha

       Semicolons start a comment, and the numbers at the start of lines refer to the internal
       archive ID assigned to each item.

       Lines in the file can be commented out, deleted, and reordered. For example:

           10; 145433 TABLE map_resolutions postgres
           ;2; 145344 TABLE species postgres
           ;4; 145359 TABLE nt_header postgres
           6; 145402 TABLE species_records postgres
           ;8; 145416 TABLE ss_old postgres

       could be used as input to pg_restore and would only restore items 10 and 6, in that order:

           $ pg_restore -L db.list db.dump

SEE ALSO
       pg_dump(1), pg_dumpall(1), psql(1)

PostgreSQL 14.15                               2024                                 PG_RESTORE(1)

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