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PTHREADS(7)                         Linux Programmer's Manual                         PTHREADS(7)

NAME
       pthreads - POSIX threads

DESCRIPTION
       POSIX.1  specifies  a set of interfaces (functions, header files) for threaded programming
       commonly known as POSIX threads, or Pthreads.   A  single  process  can  contain  multiple
       threads, all of which are executing the same program.  These threads share the same global
       memory (data and heap segments), but each thread has its own stack (automatic variables).

       POSIX.1 also requires that threads share a range of  other  attributes  (i.e.,  these  at-
       tributes are process-wide rather than per-thread):

       -  process ID

       -  parent process ID

       -  process group ID and session ID

       -  controlling terminal

       -  user and group IDs

       -  open file descriptors

       -  record locks (see fcntl(2))

       -  signal dispositions

       -  file mode creation mask (umask(2))

       -  current directory (chdir(2)) and root directory (chroot(2))

       -  interval timers (setitimer(2)) and POSIX timers (timer_create(2))

       -  nice value (setpriority(2))

       -  resource limits (setrlimit(2))

       -  measurements of the consumption of CPU time (times(2)) and resources (getrusage(2))

       As  well  as  the  stack, POSIX.1 specifies that various other attributes are distinct for
       each thread, including:

       -  thread ID (the pthread_t data type)

       -  signal mask (pthread_sigmask(3))

       -  the errno variable

       -  alternate signal stack (sigaltstack(2))

       -  real-time scheduling policy and priority (sched(7))

       The following Linux-specific features are also per-thread:

       -  capabilities (see capabilities(7))

       -  CPU affinity (sched_setaffinity(2))

   Pthreads function return values
       Most pthreads functions return 0 on success, and an error number on  failure.   The  error
       numbers  that can be returned have the same meaning as the error numbers returned in errno
       by conventional system calls and C library functions.  Note that the pthreads functions do
       not  set errno.  For each of the pthreads functions that can return an error, POSIX.1-2001
       specifies that the function can never fail with the error EINTR.

   Thread IDs
       Each of the threads in a process has a  unique  thread  identifier  (stored  in  the  type
       pthread_t).   This identifier is returned to the caller of pthread_create(3), and a thread
       can obtain its own thread identifier using pthread_self(3).

       Thread IDs are guaranteed to be unique only within a process.  (In all pthreads  functions
       that  accept  a  thread ID as an argument, that ID by definition refers to a thread in the
       same process as the caller.)

       The system may reuse a thread ID after a terminated thread has been joined, or a  detached
       thread  has  terminated.  POSIX says: "If an application attempts to use a thread ID whose
       lifetime has ended, the behavior is undefined."

   Thread-safe functions
       A thread-safe function is one that can be safely (i.e., it will deliver the  same  results
       regardless of whether it is) called from multiple threads at the same time.

       POSIX.1-2001  and  POSIX.1-2008 require that all functions specified in the standard shall
       be thread-safe, except for the following functions:

           asctime()
           basename()
           catgets()
           crypt()
           ctermid() if passed a non-NULL argument
           ctime()
           dbm_clearerr()
           dbm_close()
           dbm_delete()
           dbm_error()
           dbm_fetch()
           dbm_firstkey()
           dbm_nextkey()
           dbm_open()
           dbm_store()
           dirname()
           dlerror()
           drand48()
           ecvt() [POSIX.1-2001 only (function removed in POSIX.1-2008)]
           encrypt()
           endgrent()
           endpwent()
           endutxent()
           fcvt() [POSIX.1-2001 only (function removed in POSIX.1-2008)]
           ftw()
           gcvt() [POSIX.1-2001 only (function removed in POSIX.1-2008)]
           getc_unlocked()
           getchar_unlocked()
           getdate()
           getenv()
           getgrent()
           getgrgid()
           getgrnam()
           gethostbyaddr() [POSIX.1-2001 only (function removed in
                            POSIX.1-2008)]
           gethostbyname() [POSIX.1-2001 only (function removed in
                            POSIX.1-2008)]
           gethostent()
           getlogin()
           getnetbyaddr()
           getnetbyname()
           getnetent()
           getopt()
           getprotobyname()
           getprotobynumber()
           getprotoent()
           getpwent()
           getpwnam()
           getpwuid()
           getservbyname()
           getservbyport()
           getservent()
           getutxent()
           getutxid()
           getutxline()
           gmtime()
           hcreate()
           hdestroy()
           hsearch()
           inet_ntoa()
           l64a()
           lgamma()
           lgammaf()
           lgammal()
           localeconv()
           localtime()
           lrand48()
           mrand48()
           nftw()
           nl_langinfo()
           ptsname()
           putc_unlocked()
           putchar_unlocked()
           putenv()
           pututxline()
           rand()
           readdir()
           setenv()
           setgrent()
           setkey()
           setpwent()
           setutxent()
           strerror()
           strsignal() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           strtok()
           system() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           tmpnam() if passed a non-NULL argument
           ttyname()
           unsetenv()
           wcrtomb() if its final argument is NULL
           wcsrtombs() if its final argument is NULL
           wcstombs()
           wctomb()

   Async-cancel-safe functions
       An async-cancel-safe function is one that can be safely called  in  an  application  where
       asynchronous cancelability is enabled (see pthread_setcancelstate(3)).

       Only  the  following  functions  are  required to be async-cancel-safe by POSIX.1-2001 and
       POSIX.1-2008:

           pthread_cancel()
           pthread_setcancelstate()
           pthread_setcanceltype()

   Cancellation points
       POSIX.1 specifies that certain functions must, and certain other functions may, be cancel-
       lation  points.  If a thread is cancelable, its cancelability type is deferred, and a can-
       cellation request is pending for the thread, then the thread is canceled when it  calls  a
       function that is a cancellation point.

       The  following  functions  are  required  to be cancellation points by POSIX.1-2001 and/or
       POSIX.1-2008:

           accept()
           aio_suspend()
           clock_nanosleep()
           close()
           connect()
           creat()
           fcntl() F_SETLKW
           fdatasync()
           fsync()
           getmsg()
           getpmsg()
           lockf() F_LOCK
           mq_receive()
           mq_send()
           mq_timedreceive()
           mq_timedsend()
           msgrcv()
           msgsnd()
           msync()
           nanosleep()
           open()
           openat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           pause()
           poll()
           pread()
           pselect()
           pthread_cond_timedwait()
           pthread_cond_wait()
           pthread_join()
           pthread_testcancel()
           putmsg()
           putpmsg()
           pwrite()
           read()
           readv()
           recv()
           recvfrom()
           recvmsg()
           select()
           sem_timedwait()
           sem_wait()
           send()
           sendmsg()
           sendto()
           sigpause() [POSIX.1-2001 only (moves to "may" list in POSIX.1-2008)]
           sigsuspend()
           sigtimedwait()
           sigwait()
           sigwaitinfo()
           sleep()
           system()
           tcdrain()
           usleep() [POSIX.1-2001 only (function removed in POSIX.1-2008)]
           wait()
           waitid()
           waitpid()
           write()
           writev()

       The following functions may  be  cancellation  points  according  to  POSIX.1-2001  and/or
       POSIX.1-2008:

           access()
           asctime()
           asctime_r()
           catclose()
           catgets()
           catopen()
           chmod() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           chown() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           closedir()
           closelog()
           ctermid()
           ctime()
           ctime_r()
           dbm_close()
           dbm_delete()
           dbm_fetch()
           dbm_nextkey()
           dbm_open()
           dbm_store()
           dlclose()
           dlopen()
           dprintf() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           endgrent()
           endhostent()
           endnetent()
           endprotoent()
           endpwent()
           endservent()
           endutxent()
           faccessat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           fchmod() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           fchmodat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           fchown() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           fchownat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           fclose()
           fcntl() (for any value of cmd argument)
           fflush()
           fgetc()
           fgetpos()
           fgets()
           fgetwc()
           fgetws()
           fmtmsg()
           fopen()
           fpathconf()
           fprintf()
           fputc()
           fputs()
           fputwc()
           fputws()
           fread()
           freopen()
           fscanf()
           fseek()
           fseeko()
           fsetpos()
           fstat()
           fstatat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           ftell()
           ftello()
           ftw()
           futimens() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           fwprintf()
           fwrite()
           fwscanf()
           getaddrinfo()
           getc()
           getc_unlocked()
           getchar()
           getchar_unlocked()
           getcwd()
           getdate()
           getdelim() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           getgrent()
           getgrgid()
           getgrgid_r()
           getgrnam()
           getgrnam_r()
           gethostbyaddr() [POSIX.1-2001 only (function removed in
                            POSIX.1-2008)]
           gethostbyname() [POSIX.1-2001 only (function removed in
                            POSIX.1-2008)]
           gethostent()
           gethostid()
           gethostname()
           getline() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           getlogin()
           getlogin_r()
           getnameinfo()
           getnetbyaddr()
           getnetbyname()
           getnetent()
           getopt() (if opterr is nonzero)
           getprotobyname()
           getprotobynumber()
           getprotoent()
           getpwent()
           getpwnam()
           getpwnam_r()
           getpwuid()
           getpwuid_r()
           gets()
           getservbyname()
           getservbyport()
           getservent()
           getutxent()
           getutxid()
           getutxline()
           getwc()
           getwchar()
           getwd() [POSIX.1-2001 only (function removed in POSIX.1-2008)]
           glob()
           iconv_close()
           iconv_open()
           ioctl()
           link()
           linkat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           lio_listio() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           localtime()
           localtime_r()
           lockf() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           lseek()
           lstat()
           mkdir() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           mkdirat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           mkdtemp() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           mkfifo() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           mkfifoat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           mknod() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           mknodat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           mkstemp()
           mktime()
           nftw()
           opendir()
           openlog()
           pathconf()
           pclose()
           perror()
           popen()
           posix_fadvise()
           posix_fallocate()
           posix_madvise()
           posix_openpt()
           posix_spawn()
           posix_spawnp()
           posix_trace_clear()
           posix_trace_close()
           posix_trace_create()
           posix_trace_create_withlog()
           posix_trace_eventtypelist_getnext_id()
           posix_trace_eventtypelist_rewind()
           posix_trace_flush()
           posix_trace_get_attr()
           posix_trace_get_filter()
           posix_trace_get_status()
           posix_trace_getnext_event()
           posix_trace_open()
           posix_trace_rewind()
           posix_trace_set_filter()
           posix_trace_shutdown()
           posix_trace_timedgetnext_event()
           posix_typed_mem_open()
           printf()
           psiginfo() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           psignal() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           pthread_rwlock_rdlock()
           pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock()
           pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock()
           pthread_rwlock_wrlock()
           putc()
           putc_unlocked()
           putchar()
           putchar_unlocked()
           puts()
           pututxline()
           putwc()
           putwchar()
           readdir()
           readdir_r()
           readlink() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           readlinkat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           remove()
           rename()
           renameat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           rewind()
           rewinddir()
           scandir() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           scanf()
           seekdir()
           semop()
           setgrent()
           sethostent()
           setnetent()
           setprotoent()
           setpwent()
           setservent()
           setutxent()
           sigpause() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           stat()
           strerror()
           strerror_r()
           strftime()
           symlink()
           symlinkat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           sync()
           syslog()
           tmpfile()
           tmpnam()
           ttyname()
           ttyname_r()
           tzset()
           ungetc()
           ungetwc()
           unlink()
           unlinkat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           utime() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           utimensat() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           utimes() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           vdprintf() [Added in POSIX.1-2008]
           vfprintf()
           vfwprintf()
           vprintf()
           vwprintf()
           wcsftime()
           wordexp()
           wprintf()
           wscanf()

       An implementation may also mark other functions not specified in the standard as cancella-
       tion points.  In particular, an implementation is likely to mark any nonstandard  function
       that  may  block  as  a  cancellation point.  (This includes most functions that can touch
       files.)

       It should be noted that even if an application is  not  using  asynchronous  cancellation,
       that  calling a function from the above list from an asynchronous signal handler may cause
       the equivalent of asynchronous cancellation.  The underlying  user  code  may  not  expect
       asynchronous  cancellation and the state of the user data may become inconsistent.  There-
       fore signals should be used with caution when entering a region of deferred cancellation.

   Compiling on Linux
       On Linux, programs that use the Pthreads API should be compiled using cc -pthread.

   Linux implementations of POSIX threads
       Over time, two threading implementations have been provided by the GNU C library on Linux:

       LinuxThreads
              This is the original Pthreads implementation.  Since glibc 2.4, this implementation
              is no longer supported.

       NPTL (Native POSIX Threads Library)
              This  is the modern Pthreads implementation.  By comparison with LinuxThreads, NPTL
              provides closer conformance to the requirements of the  POSIX.1  specification  and
              better performance when creating large numbers of threads.  NPTL is available since
              glibc 2.3.2, and requires features that are present in the Linux 2.6 kernel.

       Both of these are so-called 1:1 implementations, meaning that each thread maps to a kernel
       scheduling  entity.  Both threading implementations employ the Linux clone(2) system call.
       In NPTL, thread synchronization primitives (mutexes, thread joining, and so on) are imple-
       mented using the Linux futex(2) system call.

   LinuxThreads
       The notable features of this implementation are the following:

       -  In  addition to the main (initial) thread, and the threads that the program creates us-
          ing pthread_create(3), the implementation creates a "manager" thread.  This thread han-
          dles  thread creation and termination.  (Problems can result if this thread is inadver-
          tently killed.)

       -  Signals are used internally by the implementation.  On Linux 2.2 and later,  the  first
          three real-time signals are used (see also signal(7)).  On older Linux kernels, SIGUSR1
          and SIGUSR2 are used.  Applications must avoid the use of whichever set of  signals  is
          employed by the implementation.

       -  Threads  do not share process IDs.  (In effect, LinuxThreads threads are implemented as
          processes which share more information than usual, but which  do  not  share  a  common
          process  ID.)  LinuxThreads threads (including the manager thread) are visible as sepa-
          rate processes using ps(1).

       The LinuxThreads implementation deviates from the POSIX.1 specification  in  a  number  of
       ways, including the following:

       -  Calls to getpid(2) return a different value in each thread.

       -  Calls  to getppid(2) in threads other than the main thread return the process ID of the
          manager thread; instead getppid(2) in these threads should return  the  same  value  as
          getppid(2) in the main thread.

       -  When one thread creates a new child process using fork(2), any thread should be able to
          wait(2) on the child.  However, the implementation allows only the thread that  created
          the child to wait(2) on it.

       -  When  a  thread  calls  execve(2),  all  other  threads  are terminated (as required by
          POSIX.1).  However, the resulting process has the same PID as the  thread  that  called
          execve(2): it should have the same PID as the main thread.

       -  Threads do not share user and group IDs.  This can cause complications with set-user-ID
          programs and can cause failures in Pthreads functions if  an  application  changes  its
          credentials using seteuid(2) or similar.

       -  Threads do not share a common session ID and process group ID.

       -  Threads do not share record locks created using fcntl(2).

       -  The  information  returned  by  times(2)  and  getrusage(2)  is  per-thread rather than
          process-wide.

       -  Threads do not share semaphore undo values (see semop(2)).

       -  Threads do not share interval timers.

       -  Threads do not share a common nice value.

       -  POSIX.1 distinguishes the notions of signals that are directed  to  the  process  as  a
          whole  and  signals  that  are directed to individual threads.  According to POSIX.1, a
          process-directed signal (sent using kill(2), for example) should be handled by  a  sin-
          gle, arbitrarily selected thread within the process.  LinuxThreads does not support the
          notion of process-directed signals: signals may be sent only to specific threads.

       -  Threads have distinct alternate signal stack settings.  However, a new thread's  alter-
          nate  signal  stack  settings  are  copied from the thread that created it, so that the
          threads initially share an alternate signal stack.  (A new thread should start with  no
          alternate  signal  stack defined.  If two threads handle signals on their shared alter-
          nate signal stack at the same time, unpredictable program failures are  likely  to  oc-
          cur.)

   NPTL
       With  NPTL,  all of the threads in a process are placed in the same thread group; all mem-
       bers of a thread group share the same PID.  NPTL does not employ a manager thread.

       NPTL makes internal use of the first two real-time signals; these signals cannot  be  used
       in applications.  See nptl(7) for further details.

       NPTL still has at least one nonconformance with POSIX.1:

       -  Threads do not share a common nice value.

       Some NPTL nonconformances occur only with older kernels:

       -  The  information  returned  by  times(2)  and  getrusage(2)  is  per-thread rather than
          process-wide (fixed in kernel 2.6.9).

       -  Threads do not share resource limits (fixed in kernel 2.6.10).

       -  Threads do not share interval timers (fixed in kernel 2.6.12).

       -  Only the main thread is permitted to start a new session using setsid(2) (fixed in ker-
          nel 2.6.16).

       -  Only the main thread is permitted to make the process into a process group leader using
          setpgid(2) (fixed in kernel 2.6.16).

       -  Threads have distinct alternate signal stack settings.  However, a new thread's  alter-
          nate  signal  stack  settings  are  copied from the thread that created it, so that the
          threads initially share an alternate signal stack (fixed in kernel 2.6.16).

       Note the following further points about the NPTL implementation:

       -  If the stack size soft resource limit (see the description  of  RLIMIT_STACK  in  setr-
          limit(2))  is  set to a value other than unlimited, then this value defines the default
          stack size for new threads.  To be effective, this limit must be set before the program
          is executed, perhaps using the ulimit -s shell built-in command (limit stacksize in the
          C shell).

   Determining the threading implementation
       Since glibc 2.3.2, the getconf(1) command can be used to determine the system's  threading
       implementation, for example:

           bash$ getconf GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION
           NPTL 2.3.4

       With  older glibc versions, a command such as the following should be sufficient to deter-
       mine the default threading implementation:

           bash$ $( ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | awk '{print $3}' ) | \
                           egrep -i 'threads|nptl'
                   Native POSIX Threads Library by Ulrich Drepper et al

   Selecting the threading implementation: LD_ASSUME_KERNEL
       On systems with a glibc that supports both LinuxThreads and NPTL (i.e., glibc 2.3.x),  the
       LD_ASSUME_KERNEL environment variable can be used to override the dynamic linker's default
       choice of threading implementation.  This variable tells the dynamic linker to assume that
       it  is running on top of a particular kernel version.  By specifying a kernel version that
       does not provide the support required by NPTL, we can force the use of LinuxThreads.  (The
       most  likely  reason  for doing this is to run a (broken) application that depends on some
       nonconformant behavior in LinuxThreads.)  For example:

           bash$ $( LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.2.5 ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | \
                           awk '{print $3}' ) | egrep -i 'threads|nptl'
                   linuxthreads-0.10 by Xavier Leroy

SEE ALSO
       clone(2), fork(2), futex(2), gettid(2), proc(5), attributes(7), futex(7), nptl(7),
       sigevent(7), signal(7)

       Various Pthreads manual pages, for example: pthread_atfork(3), pthread_attr_init(3),
       pthread_cancel(3), pthread_cleanup_push(3), pthread_cond_signal(3), pthread_cond_wait(3),
       pthread_create(3), pthread_detach(3), pthread_equal(3), pthread_exit(3),
       pthread_key_create(3), pthread_kill(3), pthread_mutex_lock(3), pthread_mutex_unlock(3),
       pthread_mutexattr_destroy(3), pthread_mutexattr_init(3), pthread_once(3),
       pthread_spin_init(3), pthread_spin_lock(3), pthread_rwlockattr_setkind_np(3),
       pthread_setcancelstate(3), pthread_setcanceltype(3), pthread_setspecific(3),
       pthread_sigmask(3), pthread_sigqueue(3), and pthread_testcancel(3)

COLOPHON
       This page is part of release 5.10 of the Linux man-pages project.  A description of the
       project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be
       found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux                                       2020-12-21                                PTHREADS(7)

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