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PYTHON(1) General Commands Manual PYTHON(1)
NAME
python - an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
SYNOPSIS
python [ -B ] [ -d ] [ -E ] [ -h ] [ -i ] [ -m module-name ]
[ -O ] [ -OO ] [ -R ] [ -Q argument ] [ -s ] [ -S ] [ -t ] [ -u ]
[ -v ] [ -V ] [ -W argument ] [ -x ] [ -3 ] [ -? ]
[ -c command | script | - ] [ arguments ]
DESCRIPTION
Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language that combines
remarkable power with very clear syntax. For an introduction to programming in Python,
see the Python Tutorial. The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard
types, constants, functions and modules. Finally, the Python Reference Manual describes
the syntax and semantics of the core language in (perhaps too) much detail. (These docu-
ments may be located via the INTERNET RESOURCES below; they may be installed on your sys-
tem as well.)
Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in C or C++. On most
systems such modules may be dynamically loaded. Python is also adaptable as an extension
language for existing applications. See the internal documentation for hints.
Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can be viewed by running the pydoc
program.
COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
-B Don't write .py[co] files on import. See also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE.
-c command
Specify the command to execute (see next section). This terminates the option list
(following options are passed as arguments to the command).
-d Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on compilation op-
tions).
-E Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME that modify the behav-
ior of the interpreter.
-h , -? , --help
Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and exits.
-i When a script is passed as first argument or the -c option is used, enter interac-
tive mode after executing the script or the command. It does not read the $PYTHON-
STARTUP file. This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when
a script raises an exception.
-m module-name
Searches sys.path for the named module and runs the corresponding .py file as a
script.
-O Turn on basic optimizations. This changes the filename extension for compiled
(bytecode) files from .pyc to .pyo. Given twice, causes docstrings to be dis-
carded.
-OO Discard docstrings in addition to the -O optimizations.
-R Turn on "hash randomization", so that the hash() values of str, bytes and datetime
objects are "salted" with an unpredictable pseudo-random value. Although they re-
main constant within an individual Python process, they are not predictable between
repeated invocations of Python.
This is intended to provide protection against a denial of service caused by care-
fully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance of a dict construction,
O(n^2) complexity. See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for de-
tails.
-Q argument
Division control; see PEP 238. The argument must be one of "old" (the default,
int/int and long/long return an int or long), "new" (new division semantics, i.e.
int/int and long/long returns a float), "warn" (old division semantics with a warn-
ing for int/int and long/long), or "warnall" (old division semantics with a warning
for all use of the division operator). For a use of "warnall", see the
Tools/scripts/fixdiv.py script.
-s Don't add user site directory to sys.path.
-S Disable the import of the module site and the site-dependent manipulations of
sys.path that it entails.
-t Issue a warning when a source file mixes tabs and spaces for indentation in a way
that makes it depend on the worth of a tab expressed in spaces. Issue an error
when the option is given twice.
-u Force stdin, stdout and stderr to be totally unbuffered. On systems where it mat-
ters, also put stdin, stdout and stderr in binary mode. Note that there is inter-
nal buffering in xreadlines(), readlines() and file-object iterators ("for line in
sys.stdin") which is not influenced by this option. To work around this, you will
want to use "sys.stdin.readline()" inside a "while 1:" loop.
-v Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place (filename or
built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given twice, print a message for
each file that is checked for when searching for a module. Also provides informa-
tion on module cleanup at exit.
-V , --version
Prints the Python version number of the executable and exits.
-W argument
Warning control. Python sometimes prints warning message to sys.stderr. A typical
warning message has the following form: file:line: category: message. By default,
each warning is printed once for each source line where it occurs. This option
controls how often warnings are printed. Multiple -W options may be given; when a
warning matches more than one option, the action for the last matching option is
performed. Invalid -W options are ignored (a warning message is printed about in-
valid options when the first warning is issued). Warnings can also be controlled
from within a Python program using the warnings module.
The simplest form of argument is one of the following action strings (or a unique
abbreviation): ignore to ignore all warnings; default to explicitly request the de-
fault behavior (printing each warning once per source line); all to print a warning
each time it occurs (this may generate many messages if a warning is triggered re-
peatedly for the same source line, such as inside a loop); module to print each
warning only the first time it occurs in each module; once to print each warning
only the first time it occurs in the program; or error to raise an exception in-
stead of printing a warning message.
The full form of argument is action:message:category:module:line. Here, action is
as explained above but only applies to messages that match the remaining fields.
Empty fields match all values; trailing empty fields may be omitted. The message
field matches the start of the warning message printed; this match is case-insensi-
tive. The category field matches the warning category. This must be a class name;
the match test whether the actual warning category of the message is a subclass of
the specified warning category. The full class name must be given. The module
field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this match is case-sensitive. The
line field matches the line number, where zero matches all line numbers and is thus
equivalent to an omitted line number.
-x Skip the first line of the source. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only.
Warning: the line numbers in error messages will be off by one!
-3 Warn about Python 3.x incompatibilities that 2to3 cannot trivially fix.
INTERPRETER INTERFACE
The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when called with standard in-
put connected to a tty device, it prompts for commands and executes them until an EOF is
read; when called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and
executes a script from that file; when called with -c command, it executes the Python
statement(s) given as command. Here command may contain multiple statements separated by
newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements! In non-interactive
mode, the entire input is parsed before it is executed.
If available, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are passed to the script
in the Python variable sys.argv, which is a list of strings (you must first import sys to
be able to access it). If no script name is given, sys.argv[0] is an empty string; if -c
is used, sys.argv[0] contains the string '-c'. Note that options interpreted by the
Python interpreter itself are not placed in sys.argv.
In interactive mode, the primary prompt is `>>>'; the second prompt (which appears when a
command is not complete) is `...'. The prompts can be changed by assignment to sys.ps1 or
sys.ps2. The interpreter quits when it reads an EOF at a prompt. When an unhandled ex-
ception occurs, a stack trace is printed and control returns to the primary prompt; in
non-interactive mode, the interpreter exits after printing the stack trace. The interrupt
signal raises the KeyboardInterrupt exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except
that SIGPIPE is sometimes ignored, in favor of the IOError exception). Error messages are
written to stderr.
FILES AND DIRECTORIES
These are subject to difference depending on local installation conventions; ${prefix} and
${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU software;
they may be the same. On Debian GNU/{Hurd,Linux} the default for both is /usr.
${exec_prefix}/bin/python
Recommended location of the interpreter.
${prefix}/lib/python<version>
${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>
Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard modules.
${prefix}/include/python<version>
${exec_prefix}/include/python<version>
Recommended locations of the directories containing the include files needed for
developing Python extensions and embedding the interpreter.
~/.pythonrc.py
User-specific initialization file loaded by the user module; not used by default or
by most applications.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
PYTHONHOME
Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the libraries
are searched in ${prefix}/lib/python<version> and ${exec_prefix}/lib/python<ver-
sion>, where ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent directories,
both defaulting to /usr/local. When $PYTHONHOME is set to a single directory, its
value replaces both ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}. To specify different values for
these, set $PYTHONHOME to ${prefix}:${exec_prefix}.
PYTHONPATH
Augments the default search path for module files. The format is the same as the
shell's $PATH: one or more directory pathnames separated by colons. Non-existent
directories are silently ignored. The default search path is installation depen-
dent, but generally begins with ${prefix}/lib/python<version> (see PYTHONHOME
above). The default search path is always appended to $PYTHONPATH. If a script
argument is given, the directory containing the script is inserted in the path in
front of $PYTHONPATH. The search path can be manipulated from within a Python pro-
gram as the variable sys.path.
PYTHONSTARTUP
If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are exe-
cuted before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file is exe-
cuted in the same name space where interactive commands are executed so that ob-
jects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in the interac-
tive session. You can also change the prompts sys.ps1 and sys.ps2 in this file.
PYTHONY2K
Set this to a non-empty string to cause the time module to require dates specified
as strings to include 4-digit years, otherwise 2-digit years are converted based on
rules described in the time module documentation.
PYTHONOPTIMIZE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -O option.
If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -O multiple times.
PYTHONDEBUG
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -d option.
If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -d multiple times.
PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -B option
(don't try to write .py[co] files).
PYTHONINSPECT
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -i option.
PYTHONIOENCODING
If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the encoding used for
stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax encodingname:errorhandler The errorhandler part
is optional and has the same meaning as in str.encode. For stderr, the errorhandler
part is ignored; the handler will always be 'backslashreplace'.
PYTHONNOUSERSITE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -s option
(Don't add the user site directory to sys.path).
PYTHONUNBUFFERED
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -u option.
PYTHONVERBOSE
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -v option.
If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -v multiple times.
PYTHONWARNINGS
If this is set to a comma-separated string it is equivalent to specifying the -W
option for each separate value.
PYTHONHASHSEED
If this variable is set to "random", the effect is the same as specifying the -R
option: a random value is used to seed the hashes of str, bytes and datetime ob-
jects.
If PYTHONHASHSEED is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for gener-
ating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization. Its purpose is to
allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the interpreter itself, or to
allow a cluster of python processes to share hash values.
The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying the
value 0 will lead to the same hash values as when hash randomization is disabled.
AUTHOR
The Python Software Foundation: https://www.python.org/psf/
INTERNET RESOURCES
Main website: https://www.python.org/
Documentation: file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/index.html (python-doc package) or
https://docs.python.org/2/
Developer resources: https://docs.python.org/devguide/
Downloads: https://www.python.org/downloads/
Module repository: https://pypi.python.org/
Newsgroups: comp.lang.python, comp.lang.python.announce
LICENSING
Python is distributed under an Open Source license. See the file "LICENSE" in the Python
source distribution for information on terms & conditions for accessing and otherwise us-
ing Python and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
PYTHON(1)
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