screen - phpMan

SCREEN(1) General Commands Manual SCREEN(1)

NAME
screen - screen manager with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation

SYNOPSIS
screen [ -options ] [ cmd [ args ] ]
screen -r [[pid.]tty[.host]]
screen -r sessionowner/[[pid.]tty[.host]]

DESCRIPTION
Screen is a full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal between sev-
eral processes (typically interactive shells). Each virtual terminal provides the func-
tions of a DEC VT100 terminal and, in addition, several control functions from the ISO
6429 (ECMA 48, ANSI X3.64) and ISO 2022 standards (e.g. insert/delete line and support for
multiple character sets). There is a scrollback history buffer for each virtual terminal
and a copy-and-paste mechanism that allows moving text regions between windows.

When screen is called, it creates a single window with a shell in it (or the specified
command) and then gets out of your way so that you can use the program as you normally
would. Then, at any time, you can create new (full-screen) windows with other programs in
them (including more shells), kill existing windows, view a list of windows, turn output
logging on and off, copy-and-paste text between windows, view the scrollback history,
switch between windows in whatever manner you wish, etc. All windows run their programs
completely independent of each other. Programs continue to run when their window is cur-
rently not visible and even when the whole screen session is detached from the user's ter-
minal. When a program terminates, screen (per default) kills the window that contained
it. If this window was in the foreground, the display switches to the previous window; if
none are left, screen exits. Shells usually distinguish between running as login-shell or
sub-shell. Screen runs them as sub-shells, unless told otherwise (See shell .screenrc
command).

Everything you type is sent to the program running in the current window. The only excep-
tion to this is the one keystroke that is used to initiate a command to the window man-
ager. By default, each command begins with a control-a (abbreviated C-a from now on), and
is followed by one other keystroke. The command character and all the key bindings can be
fully customized to be anything you like, though they are always two characters in length.

Screen does not understand the prefix C- to mean control, although this notation is used
in this manual for readability. Please use the caret notation (^A instead of C-a) as ar-
guments to e.g. the escape command or the -e option. Screen will also print out control
characters in caret notation.

The standard way to create a new window is to type C-a c. This creates a new window run-
ning a shell and switches to that window immediately, regardless of the state of the
process running in the current window. Similarly, you can create a new window with a cus-
tom command in it by first binding the command to a keystroke (in your .screenrc file or
at the C-a : command line) and then using it just like the C-a c command. In addition,
new windows can be created by running a command like:

screen emacs prog.c

from a shell prompt within a previously created window. This will not run another copy of
screen, but will instead supply the command name and its arguments to the window manager
(specified in the $STY environment variable) who will use it to create the new window.
The above example would start the emacs editor (editing prog.c) and switch to its window.
- Note that you cannot transport environment variables from the invoking shell to the ap-
plication (emacs in this case), because it is forked from the parent screen process, not
from the invoking shell.

If /run/utmp is writable by screen, an appropriate record will be written to this file for
each window, and removed when the window is terminated. This is useful for working with
talk, script, shutdown, rsend, sccs and other similar programs that use the utmp file to
determine who you are. As long as screen is active on your terminal, the terminal's own
record is removed from the utmp file. See also C-a L.

GETTING STARTED
Before you begin to use screen you'll need to make sure you have correctly selected your
terminal type, just as you would for any other termcap/terminfo program. (You can do this
by using test for example.)

If you're impatient and want to get started without doing a lot more reading, you should
remember this one command: C-a ?. Typing these two characters will display a list of the
available screen commands and their bindings. Each keystroke is discussed in the section
DEFAULT KEY BINDINGS. The manual section CUSTOMIZATION deals with the contents of your
.screenrc.

If your terminal is a true auto-margin terminal (it doesn't allow the last position on the
screen to be updated without scrolling the screen) consider using a version of your termi-
nal's termcap that has automatic margins turned off. This will ensure an accurate and op-
timal update of the screen in all circumstances. Most terminals nowadays have magic mar-
gins (automatic margins plus usable last column). This is the VT100 style type and per-
fectly suited for screen. If all you've got is a true auto-margin terminal screen will be
content to use it, but updating a character put into the last position on the screen may
not be possible until the screen scrolls or the character is moved into a safe position in
some other way. This delay can be shortened by using a terminal with insert-character ca-
pability.

COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
Screen has the following command-line options:

-a include all capabilities (with some minor exceptions) in each window's termcap, even
if screen must redraw parts of the display in order to implement a function.

-A Adapt the sizes of all windows to the size of the current terminal. By default,
screen tries to restore its old window sizes when attaching to resizable terminals
(those with WS in its description, e.g. suncmd or some xterm).

-c file
override the default configuration file from $HOME/.screenrc to file.

-d|-D [pid.tty.host]
does not start screen, but detaches the elsewhere running screen session. It has the
same effect as typing C-a d from screen's controlling terminal. -D is the equivalent
to the power detach key. If no session can be detached, this option is ignored. In
combination with the -r/-R option more powerful effects can be achieved:

-d -r Reattach a session and if necessary detach it first.

-d -R Reattach a session and if necessary detach or even create it first.

-d -RR Reattach a session and if necessary detach or create it. Use the first session if
more than one session is available.

-D -r Reattach a session. If necessary detach and logout remotely first.

-D -R Attach here and now. In detail this means: If a session is running, then reattach.
If necessary detach and logout remotely first. If it was not running create it
and notify the user. This is the author's favorite.

-D -RR Attach here and now. Whatever that means, just do it.

Note: It is always a good idea to check the status of your sessions by means of
screen -list.

-e xy
specifies the command character to be x and the character generating a literal com-
mand character to y (when typed after the command character). The default is C-a and
`a', which can be specified as -e^Aa. When creating a screen session, this option
sets the default command character. In a multiuser session all users added will start
off with this command character. But when attaching to an already running session,
this option changes only the command character of the attaching user. This option is
equivalent to either the commands defescape or escape respectively.

-f, -fn, and -fa
turns flow-control on, off, or automatic switching mode. This can also be defined
through the defflow .screenrc command.

-h num
Specifies the history scrollback buffer to be num lines high.

-i will cause the interrupt key (usually C-c) to interrupt the display immediately when
flow-control is on. See the defflow .screenrc command for details. The use of this
option is discouraged.

-l and -ln
turns login mode on or off (for /run/utmp updating). This can also be defined
through the deflogin .screenrc command.

-ls [match]
-list [match]
does not start screen, but prints a list of pid.tty.host strings and creation time-
stamps identifying your screen sessions. Sessions marked `detached' can be resumed
with screen -r. Those marked `attached' are running and have a controlling terminal.
If the session runs in multiuser mode, it is marked `multi'. Sessions marked as `un-
reachable' either live on a different host or are `dead'. An unreachable session is
considered dead, when its name matches either the name of the local host, or the
specified parameter, if any. See the -r flag for a description how to construct
matches. Sessions marked as `dead' should be thoroughly checked and removed. Ask
your system administrator if you are not sure. Remove sessions with the -wipe option.

-L tells screen to turn on automatic output logging for the windows.

-Logfile file
By default logfile name is screenlog.0. You can set new logfile name with the -Log-
file option.

-m causes screen to ignore the $STY environment variable. With screen -m creation of a
new session is enforced, regardless whether screen is called from within another
screen session or not. This flag has a special meaning in connection with the `-d'
option:

-d -m Start screen in detached mode. This creates a new session but doesn't attach to
it. This is useful for system startup scripts.

-D -m This also starts screen in detached mode, but doesn't fork a new process. The com-
mand exits if the session terminates.

-O selects an optimal output mode for your terminal rather than true VT100 emulation
(only affects auto-margin terminals without `LP'). This can also be set in your
.screenrc by specifying `OP' in a termcap command.

-p number_or_name|-|=|+
Preselect a window. This is useful when you want to reattach to a specific window or
you want to send a command via the -X option to a specific window. As with screen's
select command, - selects the blank window. As a special case for reattach, = brings
up the windowlist on the blank window, while a + will create a new window. The com-
mand will not be executed if the specified window could not be found.

-q Suppress printing of error messages. In combination with -ls the exit value is as
follows: 9 indicates a directory without sessions. 10 indicates a directory with run-
ning but not attachable sessions. 11 (or more) indicates 1 (or more) usable sessions.
In combination with -r the exit value is as follows: 10 indicates that there is no
session to resume. 12 (or more) indicates that there are 2 (or more) sessions to re-
sume and you should specify which one to choose. In all other cases -q has no ef-
fect.

-Q Some commands now can be queried from a remote session using this flag, e.g. screen
-Q windows. The commands will send the response to the stdout of the querying
process. If there was an error in the command, then the querying process will exit
with a non-zero status.

The commands that can be queried now are:
echo
info
lastmsg
number
select
time
title
windows

-r [pid.tty.host]
-r sessionowner/[pid.tty.host]
resumes a detached screen session. No other options (except combinations with -d/-D)
may be specified, though an optional prefix of [pid.]tty.host may be needed to dis-
tinguish between multiple detached screen sessions. The second form is used to con-
nect to another user's screen session which runs in multiuser mode. This indicates
that screen should look for sessions in another user's directory. This requires se-
tuid-root.

-R resumes screen only when it's unambiguous which one to attach, usually when only one
screen is detached. Otherwise lists available sessions. -RR attempts to resume the
youngest (in terms of creation time) detached screen session it finds. If success-
ful, all other command-line options are ignored. If no detached session exists,
starts a new session using the specified options, just as if -R had not been speci-
fied. The option is set by default if screen is run as a login-shell (actually screen
uses -xRR in that case). For combinations with the -d/-D option see there. Note:
Time-based session selection is a Debian addition.

-s program
sets the default shell to the program specified, instead of the value in the environ-
ment variable $SHELL (or /bin/sh if not defined). This can also be defined through
the shell .screenrc command. See also there.

-S sessionname
When creating a new session, this option can be used to specify a meaningful name for
the session. This name identifies the session for screen -list and screen -r actions.
It substitutes the default [tty.host] suffix. This name should not be longer then 80
symbols.

-t name
sets the title (a.k.a.) for the default shell or specified program. See also the
shelltitle .screenrc command.

-T term
Set the $TERM environment variable using the specified term as opposed to the default
setting of screen.

-U Run screen in UTF-8 mode. This option tells screen that your terminal sends and un-
derstands UTF-8 encoded characters. It also sets the default encoding for new windows
to `utf8'.

-v Print version number.

-wipe [match]
does the same as screen -ls, but removes destroyed sessions instead of marking them
as `dead'. An unreachable session is considered dead, when its name matches either
the name of the local host, or the explicitly given parameter, if any. See the -r
flag for a description how to construct matches.

-x Attach to a not detached screen session. (Multi display mode). Screen refuses to at-
tach from within itself. But when cascading multiple screens, loops are not de-
tected; take care.

-X Send the specified command to a running screen session. You may use the -S option to
specify the screen session if you have several screen sessions running. You can use
the -d or -r option to tell screen to look only for attached or detached screen ses-
sions. Note that this command doesn't work if the session is password protected.

-4 Resolve hostnames only to IPv4 addresses.

-6 Resolve hostnames only to IPv6 addresses.

DEFAULT KEY BINDINGS
As mentioned, each screen command consists of a C-a followed by one other character. For
your convenience, all commands that are bound to lower-case letters are also bound to
their control character counterparts (with the exception of C-a a; see below), thus, C-a c
as well as C-a C-c can be used to create a window. See section CUSTOMIZATION for a de-
scription of the command.

The following table shows the default key bindings. The trailing commas in boxes with mul-
tiple keystroke entries are separators, not part of the bindings.

--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a ' (select) Prompt for a window name
or number to switch to.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a " (windowlist -b) Present a list of all
windows for selection.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a digit (select 0-9) Switch to window number
0 - 9
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a - (select -) Switch to window number
0 - 9, or to the blank
window.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a tab (focus) Switch the input focus
to the next region. See
also split, remove,
only.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a C-a (other) Toggle to the window
displayed previously.
Note that this binding
defaults to the command
character typed twice,
unless overridden. For
instance, if you use the
option -e]x, this com-
mand becomes ]].
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a a (meta) Send the command charac-
ter (C-a) to window. See
escape command.
--------------------------------------------------------------

C-a A (title) Allow the user to enter
a name for the current
window.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a b, (break) Send a break to window.
C-a C-b
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a B (pow_break) Reopen the terminal line
and send a break.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a c, (screen) Create a new window with
C-a C-c a shell and switch to
that window.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a C (clear) Clear the screen.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a d, (detach) Detach screen from this
C-a C-d terminal.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a D D (pow_detach) Detach and logout.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a f, (flow) Toggle flow on, off or
C-a C-f auto.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a F (fit) Resize the window to the
current region size.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a C-g (vbell) Toggles screen's visual
bell mode.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a h (hardcopy) Write a hardcopy of the
current window to the
file hardcopy.n.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a H (log) Begins/ends logging of
the current window to
the file screenlog.n.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a i, (info) Show info about this
C-a C-i window.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a k, (kill) Destroy current window.
C-a C-k
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a l, (redisplay) Fully refresh current
C-a C-l window.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a L (login) Toggle this windows lo-
gin slot. Available only
if screen is configured
to update the utmp data-
base.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a m, (lastmsg) Repeat the last message
C-a C-m displayed in the message
line.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a M (monitor) Toggles monitoring of
the current window.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a space, (next) Switch to the next win-
C-a n, dow.
C-a C-n
--------------------------------------------------------------

C-a N (number) Show the number (and ti-
tle) of the current win-
dow.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a backspace, (prev) Switch to the previous
C-a C-h, window (opposite of C-a
C-a p, n).
C-a C-p
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a q, (xon) Send a control-q to the
C-a C-q current window.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a Q (only) Delete all regions but
the current one. See
also split, remove, fo-
cus.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a r, (wrap) Toggle the current win-
C-a C-r dow's line-wrap setting
(turn the current win-
dow's automatic margins
on and off).
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a s, (xoff) Send a control-s to the
C-a C-s; current window.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a S (split) Split the current region
horizontally into two
new ones. See also
only, remove, focus.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a t, (time) Show system information.
C-a C-t
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a v (version) Display the version and
compilation date.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a C-v (digraph) Enter digraph.
C-a w, (windows) Show a list of window.
C-a C-w
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a W (width) Toggle 80/132 columns.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a x or C-a C-x (lockscreen) Lock this terminal.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a X (remove) Kill the current region.
See also split, only,
focus.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a z, (suspend) Suspend screen. Your
C-a C-z system must support BSD-
style job-control.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a Z (reset) Reset the virtual termi-
nal to its power-on val-
ues.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a . (dumptermcap) Write out a .termcap
file.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a ? (help) Show key bindings.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a \ (quit) Kill all windows and
terminate screen.
--------------------------------------------------------------

C-a : (colon) Enter command line mode.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a [, (copy) Enter copy/scrollback
C-a C-[, mode.
C-a esc
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a C-], (paste .) Write the contents of
C-a ] the paste buffer to the
stdin queue of the cur-
rent window.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a {, (history) Copy and paste a previ-
C-a } ous (command) line.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a > (writebuf) Write paste buffer to a
file.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a < (readbuf) Reads the screen-ex-
change file into the
paste buffer.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a = (removebuf) Removes the file used by
C-a < and C-a >.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a , (license) Shows where screen comes
from, where it went to
and why you can use it.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a _ (silence) Start/stop monitoring
the current window for
inactivity.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a | (split -v) Split the current region
vertically into two new
ones.
--------------------------------------------------------------
C-a * (displays) Show a listing of all
currently attached dis-
plays.
--------------------------------------------------------------

CUSTOMIZATION
The socket directory defaults either to $HOME/.screen or simply to /tmp/screens or prefer-
ably to /run/screen chosen at compile-time. If screen is installed setuid-root, then the
administrator should compile screen with an adequate (not NFS mounted) socket directory.
If screen is not running setuid-root, the user can specify any mode 700 directory in the
environment variable $SCREENDIR.

When screen is invoked, it executes initialization commands from the files /etc/screenrc
and defaults that can be overridden in the following ways: for the global screenrc file
screen searches for the environment variable $SYSSCREENRC (this override feature may be
disabled at compile-time). The user specific screenrc file is searched in $SCREENRC, then
$HOME/.screenrc. The command line option -c takes precedence over the above user screenrc
files.

Commands in these files are used to set options, bind functions to keys, and to automati-
cally establish one or more windows at the beginning of your screen session. Commands are
listed one per line, with empty lines being ignored. A command's arguments are separated
by tabs or spaces, and may be surrounded by single or double quotes. A `#' turns the rest
of the line into a comment, except in quotes. Unintelligible lines are warned about and
ignored. Commands may contain references to environment variables. The syntax is the
shell-like "$VAR " or "${VAR}". Note that this causes incompatibility with previous screen
versions, as now the '$'-character has to be protected with '\' if no variable substitu-
tion shall be performed. A string in single-quotes is also protected from variable substi-
tution.

Two configuration files are shipped as examples with your screen distribution:
etc/screenrc and etc/etcscreenrc. They contain a number of useful examples for various
commands.

Customization can also be done 'on-line'. To enter the command mode type `C-a :'. Note
that commands starting with def change default values, while others change current set-
tings.

The following commands are available:

acladd usernames [crypted-pw]

addacl usernames

Enable users to fully access this screen session. Usernames can be one user or a comma
separated list of users. This command enables to attach to the screen session and performs
the equivalent of `aclchg usernames +rwx "#?"'. executed. To add a user with restricted
access, use the `aclchg' command below. If an optional second parameter is supplied, it
should be a crypted password for the named user(s). `Addacl' is a synonym to `acladd'.
Multi user mode only.

aclchg usernames permbits list

chacl usernames permbits list

Change permissions for a comma separated list of users. Permission bits are represented as
`r', `w' and `x'. Prefixing `+' grants the permission, `-' removes it. The third parameter
is a comma separated list of commands and/or windows (specified either by number or ti-
tle). The special list `#' refers to all windows, `?' to all commands. if usernames con-
sists of a single `*', all known users are affected.

A command can be executed when the user has the `x' bit for it. The user can type input
to a window when he has its `w' bit set and no other user obtains a writelock for this
window. Other bits are currently ignored. To withdraw the writelock from another user in
window 2: `aclchg username -w+w 2'. To allow read-only access to the session: `aclchg
username -w "#"'. As soon as a user's name is known to screen he can attach to the session
and (per default) has full permissions for all command and windows. Execution permission
for the acl commands, `at' and others should also be removed or the user may be able to
regain write permission. Rights of the special username nobody cannot be changed (see the
su command). `Chacl' is a synonym to `aclchg'. Multi user mode only.

acldel username

Remove a user from screen's access control list. If currently attached, all the user's
displays are detached from the session. He cannot attach again. Multi user mode only.

aclgrp username [groupname]

Creates groups of users that share common access rights. The name of the group is the
username of the group leader. Each member of the group inherits the permissions that are
granted to the group leader. That means, if a user fails an access check, another check is
made for the group leader. A user is removed from all groups the special value none is
used for groupname. If the second parameter is omitted all groups the user is in are
listed.

aclumask [[ users ] +bits | [ users ] -bits... ]

umask [[ users ] +bits | [ users ] -bits... ]

This specifies the access other users have to windows that will be created by the caller
of the command. Users may be no, one or a comma separated list of known usernames. If no
users are specified, a list of all currently known users is assumed. Bits is any combina-
tion of access control bits allowed defined with the aclchg command. The special username
? predefines the access that not yet known users will be granted to any window initially.
The special username ?? predefines the access that not yet known users are granted to any
command. Rights of the special username nobody cannot be changed (see the su command).
`Umask' is a synonym to `aclumask'.

activity message

When any activity occurs in a background window that is being monitored, screen displays a
notification in the message line. The notification message can be re-defined by means of
the activity command. Each occurrence of `%' in message is replaced by the number of the
window in which activity has occurred, and each occurrence of `^G' is replaced by the def-
inition for bell in your termcap (usually an audible bell). The default message is

'Activity in window %n'

Note that monitoring is off for all windows by default, but can be altered by use of the
monitor command (C-a M).

allpartial [ on | off ]

If set to on, only the current cursor line is refreshed on window change. This affects
all windows and is useful for slow terminal lines. The previous setting of full/partial
refresh for each window is restored with allpartial off. This is a global flag that imme-
diately takes effect on all windows overriding the partial settings. It does not change
the default redraw behavior of newly created windows.

altscreen [ on | off ]

If set to on, "alternate screen" support is enabled in virtual terminals, just like in
xterm. Initial setting is `off'.

at [identifier][#|*|%] command [args ... ]

Execute a command at other displays or windows as if it had been entered there. At
changes the context (the `current window' or `current display' setting) of the command. If
the first parameter describes a non-unique context, the command will be executed multiple
times. If the first parameter is of the form `identifier*' then identifier is matched
against user names. The command is executed once for each display of the selected
user(s). If the first parameter is of the form `identifier%' identifier is matched against
displays. Displays are named after the ttys they attach. The prefix `/dev/' or `/dev/tty'
may be omitted from the identifier. If identifier has a `#' or nothing appended it is
matched against window numbers and titles. Omitting an identifier in front of the `#', `*'
or `%'-character selects all users, displays or windows because a prefix-match is per-
formed. Note that on the affected display(s) a short message will describe what happened.
Permission is checked for initiator of the at command, not for the owners of the affected
display(s). Note that the '#' character works as a comment introducer when it is preceded
by whitespace. This can be escaped by prefixing a '\'. Permission is checked for the ini-
tiator of the at command, not for the owners of the affected display(s).

Caveat: When matching against windows, the command is executed at least once per window.
Commands that change the internal arrangement of windows (like other) may be called again.
In shared windows the command will be repeated for each attached display. Beware, when is-
suing toggle commands like login! Some commands (e.g. process) require that a display is
associated with the target windows. These commands may not work correctly under at loop-
ing over windows.

attrcolor attrib [attribute/color-modifier]

This command can be used to highlight attributes by changing the color of the text. If the
attribute attrib is in use, the specified attribute/color modifier is also applied. If no
modifier is given, the current one is deleted. See the STRING ESCAPES chapter for the syn-
tax of the modifier. Screen understands two pseudo-attributes, i stands for high-intensity
foreground color and I for high-intensity background color.

Examples:

attrcolor b "R"

Change the color to bright red if bold text is to be printed.

attrcolor u "-u b"

Use blue text instead of underline.

attrcolor b ".I"

Use bright colors for bold text. Most terminal emulators do this already.

attrcolor i "+b"

Make bright colored text also bold.

autodetach [ on | off ]

Sets whether screen will automatically detach upon hangup, which saves all your running
programs until they are resumed with a screen -r command. When turned off, a hangup sig-
nal will terminate screen and all the processes it contains. Autodetach is on by default.

autonuke [ on | off ]

Sets whether a clear screen sequence should nuke all the output that has not been written
to the terminal. See also obuflimit.

backtick id lifespan autorefresh cmd args...

backtick id

Program the backtick command with the numerical id id. The output of such a command is
used for substitution of the %` string escape. The specified lifespan is the number of
seconds the output is considered valid. After this time, the command is run again if a
corresponding string escape is encountered. The autorefresh parameter triggers an auto-
matic refresh for caption and hardstatus strings after the specified number of seconds.
Only the last line of output is used for substitution.

If both the lifespan and the autorefresh parameters are zero, the backtick program is ex-
pected to stay in the background and generate output once in a while. In this case, the
command is executed right away and screen stores the last line of output. If a new line
gets printed screen will automatically refresh the hardstatus or the captions.

The second form of the command deletes the backtick command with the numerical id id.

bce [ on | off ]

Change background-color-erase setting. If bce is set to on, all characters cleared by an
erase/insert/scroll/clear operation will be displayed in the current background color.
Otherwise the default background color is used.

bell_msg [message]

When a bell character is sent to a background window, screen displays a notification in
the message line. The notification message can be re-defined by this command. Each oc-
currence of `%' in message is replaced by the number of the window to which a bell has
been sent, and each occurrence of `^G' is replaced by the definition for bell in your
termcap (usually an audible bell). The default message is

'Bell in window %n'

An empty message can be supplied to the bell_msg command to suppress output of a message
line (bell_msg ""). Without parameter, the current message is shown.

bind [class] key [command [args]]

Bind a command to a key. By default, most of the commands provided by screen are bound to
one or more keys as indicated in the DEFAULT KEY BINDINGS section, e.g. the command to
create a new window is bound to C-c and c. The bind command can be used to redefine the
key bindings and to define new bindings. The key argument is either a single character, a
two-character sequence of the form ^x (meaning C-x), a backslash followed by an octal num-
ber (specifying the ASCII code of the character), or a backslash followed by a second
character, such as \^ or \\. The argument can also be quoted, if you like. If no further
argument is given, any previously established binding for this key is removed. The com-
mand argument can be any command listed in this section.

If a command class is specified via the -c option, the key is bound for the specified
class. Use the command command to activate a class. Command classes can be used to create
multiple command keys or multi-character bindings.

Some examples:

bind ' ' windows
bind ^k
bind k
bind K kill
bind ^f screen telnet foobar
bind \033 screen -ln -t root -h 1000 9 su

would bind the space key to the command that displays a list of windows (so that the com-
mand usually invoked by C-a C-w would also be available as C-a space). The next three
lines remove the default kill binding from C-a C-k and C-a k. C-a K is then bound to the
kill command. Then it binds C-f to the command create a window with a TELNET connection to
foobar, and bind escape to the command that creates an non-login window with a.k.a. root
in slot #9, with a superuser shell and a scrollback buffer of 1000 lines.

bind -c demo1 0 select 10
bind -c demo1 1 select 11
bind -c demo1 2 select 12
bindkey "^B" command -c demo1

makes C-b 0 select window 10, C-b 1 window 11, etc.

bind -c demo2 0 select 10
bind -c demo2 1 select 11
bind -c demo2 2 select 12
bind - command -c demo2

makes C-a - 0 select window 10, C-a - 1 window 11, etc.

bindkey [-d] [-m] [-a] [[-k|-t] string [cmd-args]]

This command manages screen's input translation tables. Every entry in one of the tables
tells screen how to react if a certain sequence of characters is encountered. There are
three tables: one that should contain actions programmed by the user, one for the default
actions used for terminal emulation and one for screen's copy mode to do cursor movement.
See section INPUT TRANSLATION for a list of default key bindings.

If the -d option is given, bindkey modifies the default table, -m changes the copy mode
table and with neither option the user table is selected. The argument string is the se-
quence of characters to which an action is bound. This can either be a fixed string or a
termcap keyboard capability name (selectable with the -k option).

Some keys on a VT100 terminal can send a different string if application mode is turned on
(e.g the cursor keys). Such keys have two entries in the translation table. You can se-
lect the application mode entry by specifying the -a option.

The -t option tells screen not to do inter-character timing. One cannot turn off the tim-
ing if a termcap capability is used.

Cmd can be any of screen's commands with an arbitrary number of args. If cmd is omitted
the key-binding is removed from the table.

Here are some examples of keyboard bindings:

bindkey -d

Show all of the default key bindings. The application mode entries are marked with [A].

bindkey -k k1 select 1

Make the "F1" key switch to window one.

bindkey -t foo stuff barfoo

Make "foo" an abbreviation of the word "barfoo". Timeout is disabled so that users can
type slowly.

bindkey "\024" mapdefault

This key-binding makes ^T an escape character for key-bindings. If you did the above stuff
barfoo binding, you can enter the word foo by typing ^Tfoo. If you want to insert a ^T you
have to press the key twice (i.e., escape the escape binding).

bindkey -k F1 command

Make the F11 (not F1!) key an alternative screen escape (besides ^A).

break [duration]

Send a break signal for duration*0.25 seconds to this window. For non-Posix systems the
time interval may be rounded up to full seconds. Most useful if a character device is at-
tached to the window rather than a shell process (See also chapter WINDOW TYPES). The max-
imum duration of a break signal is limited to 15 seconds.

blanker

Activate the screen blanker. First the screen is cleared. If no blanker program is de-
fined, the cursor is turned off, otherwise, the program is started and it's output is
written to the screen. The screen blanker is killed with the first keypress, the read key
is discarded.

This command is normally used together with the idle command.

blankerprg [program-args]

Defines a blanker program. Disables the blanker program if an empty argument is given.
Shows the currently set blanker program if no arguments are given.

breaktype [tcsendbreak|TIOCSBRK|TCSBRK]

Choose one of the available methods of generating a break signal for terminal devices.
This command should affect the current window only. But it still behaves identical to
defbreaktype. This will be changed in the future. Calling breaktype with no parameter
displays the break method for the current window.

bufferfile [exchange-file]

Change the filename used for reading and writing with the paste buffer. If the optional
argument to the bufferfile command is omitted, the default setting (/tmp/screen-exchange)
is reactivated. The following example will paste the system's password file into the
screen window (using the paste buffer, where a copy remains):

C-a : bufferfile /etc/passwd
C-a < C-a ]
C-a : bufferfile

bumpleft

Swaps window with previous one on window list.

bumpright

Swaps window with next one on window list.

c1 [ on | off ]

Change c1 code processing. C1 on tells screen to treat the input characters between 128
and 159 as control functions. Such an 8-bit code is normally the same as ESC followed by
the corresponding 7-bit code. The default setting is to process c1 codes and can be
changed with the defc1 command. Users with fonts that have usable characters in the c1
positions may want to turn this off.

caption [ top | bottom ] always|splitonly[string]

caption string [string]

This command controls the display of the window captions. Normally a caption is only used
if more than one window is shown on the display (split screen mode). But if the type is
set to always screen shows a caption even if only one window is displayed. The default is
splitonly.

The second form changes the text used for the caption. You can use all escapes from the
STRING ESCAPES chapter. Screen uses a default of `%3n %t'.

You can mix both forms by providing a string as an additional argument.

You can have the caption displayed either at the top or bottom of the window. The default
is bottom.

charset set

Change the current character set slot designation and charset mapping. The first four
character of set are treated as charset designators while the fifth and sixth character
must be in range '0' to '3' and set the GL/GR charset mapping. On every position a '.' may
be used to indicate that the corresponding charset/mapping should not be changed (set is
padded to six characters internally by appending '.' chars). New windows have "BBBB02" as
default charset, unless a encoding command is active.
The current setting can be viewed with the info command.

chdir [directory]

Change the current directory of screen to the specified directory or, if called without an
argument, to your home directory (the value of the environment variable $HOME). All win-
dows that are created by means of the screen command from within .screenrc or by means of
C-a : screen ... or C-a c use this as their default directory. Without a chdir command,
this would be the directory from which screen was invoked.

Hardcopy and log files are always written to the window's default directory, not the cur-
rent directory of the process running in the window. You can use this command multiple
times in your .screenrc to start various windows in different default directories, but the
last chdir value will affect all the windows you create interactively.

cjkwidth [ on | off ]

Treat ambiguous width characters as full/half width.

clear

Clears the current window and saves its image to the scrollback buffer.

collapse

Reorders window on window list, removing number gaps between them.

colon [prefix]

Allows you to enter .screenrc command lines. Useful for on-the-fly modification of key
bindings, specific window creation and changing settings. Note that the set keyword no
longer exists! Usually commands affect the current window rather than default settings for
future windows. Change defaults with commands starting with 'def...'.

If you consider this as the `Ex command mode' of screen, you may regard C-a esc (copy
mode) as its `Vi command mode'.

command [ -c class"]"

This command has the same effect as typing the screen escape character (^A). It is proba-
bly only useful for key bindings. If the -c option is given, select the specified command
class. See also bind and bindkey.

compacthist [ on | off ]

This tells screen whether to suppress trailing blank lines when scrolling up text into the
history buffer.

console [ on | off ]

Grabs or un-grabs the machines console output to a window. Note: Only the owner of
/dev/console can grab the console output. This command is only available if the machine
supports the ioctl TIOCCONS.

copy

Enter copy/scrollback mode. This allows you to copy text from the current window and its
history into the paste buffer. In this mode a vi-like `full screen editor' is active:
The editor's movement keys are:

----------------------------------------------------------------
h, C-h, move the cursor left.
left arrow
----------------------------------------------------------------
j, C-n, move the cursor down.
down arrow
----------------------------------------------------------------
k, C-p, move the cursor up.
up arrow
----------------------------------------------------------------
l ('el'), move the cursor right.
right arrow
----------------------------------------------------------------
0 (zero) C-a move to the leftmost column.
----------------------------------------------------------------
+ and - positions one line up and down.
----------------------------------------------------------------
H, M and L move the cursor to the leftmost column of the
top, center or bottom line of the window.
----------------------------------------------------------------
| moves to the specified absolute column.
----------------------------------------------------------------
g or home moves to the beginning of the buffer.
----------------------------------------------------------------
G or end moves to the specified absolute line (default:
end of buffer).
----------------------------------------------------------------
% jumps to the specified percentage of the buffer.
----------------------------------------------------------------
^ or $ move to the leftmost column, to the first or
last non-whitespace character on the line.
----------------------------------------------------------------
w, b, and e move the cursor word by word.
----------------------------------------------------------------
B, E move the cursor WORD by WORD (as in vi).
----------------------------------------------------------------
f/F, t/T move the cursor forward/backward to the next oc-
currence of the target. (eg, '3fy' will move the
cursor to the 3rd 'y' to the right.)
----------------------------------------------------------------
; and , Repeat the last f/F/t/T command in the same/op-
posite direction.
----------------------------------------------------------------
C-e and C-y scroll the display up/down by one line while
preserving the cursor position.
----------------------------------------------------------------

C-u and C-d scroll the display up/down by the specified
amount of lines while preserving the cursor po-
sition. (Default: half screen-full).
----------------------------------------------------------------
C-b and C-f scroll the display up/down a full screen.
----------------------------------------------------------------

Note: Emacs style movement keys can be customized by a .screenrc command. (E.g. markkeys
"h=^B:l=^F:$=^E") There is no simple method for a full emacs-style keymap, as this in-
volves multi-character codes.

Some keys are defined to do mark and replace operations.

The copy range is specified by setting two marks. The text between these marks will be
highlighted. Press:

space or enter to set the first or second mark respectively. If mousetrack is set
to `on', marks can also be set using left mouse click.

Y and y used to mark one whole line or to mark from start of line.

W marks exactly one word.

Any of these commands can be prefixed with a repeat count number by pressing digits

0..9 which is taken as a repeat count.

Example: C-a C-[ H 10 j 5 Y will copy lines 11 to 15 into the paste buffer.

The following search keys are defined:

/ Vi-like search forward.

? Vi-like search backward.

C-a s Emacs style incremental search forward.

C-r Emacs style reverse i-search.

n Find next search pattern.

N Find previous search pattern.

There are however some keys that act differently than in vi. Vi does not allow one to
yank rectangular blocks of text, but screen does. Press: c or C to set the left or right
margin respectively. If no repeat count is given, both default to the current cursor posi-
tion.

Example: Try this on a rather full text screen:

C-a [ M 20 l SPACE c 10 l 5 j C SPACE.

This moves one to the middle line of the screen, moves in 20 columns left, marks the be-
ginning of the paste buffer, sets the left column, moves 5 columns down, sets the right
column, and then marks the end of the paste buffer. Now try:

C-a [ M 20 l SPACE 10 l 5 j SPACE

and notice the difference in the amount of text copied.

J joins lines. It toggles between 4 modes: lines separated by a newline character (012),
lines glued seamless, lines separated by a single whitespace and comma separated lines.
Note that you can prepend the newline character with a carriage return character, by issu-
ing a crlf on.

v or V is for all the vi users with :set numbers - it toggles the left margin between col-
umn 9 and 1. Press

a before the final space key to toggle in append mode. Thus the contents of the paste buf-
fer will not be overwritten, but is appended to.

A toggles in append mode and sets a (second) mark.

> sets the (second) mark and writes the contents of the paste buffer to the screen-ex-
change file (/tmp/screen-exchange per default) once copy-mode is finished.

This example demonstrates how to dump the whole scrollback buffer to that file: C-A [ g
SPACE G $ >.

C-g gives information about the current line and column.

x or o exchanges the first mark and the current cursor position. You can use this to ad-
just an already placed mark.

C-l ('el') will redraw the screen.

@ does nothing. Does not even exit copy mode.

All keys not described here exit copy mode.

copy_reg [key]

No longer exists, use readreg instead.

crlf [ on | off ]

This affects the copying of text regions with the `C-a [' command. If it is set to `on',
lines will be separated by the two character sequence `CR' - `LF'. Otherwise (default)
only `LF' is used. When no parameter is given, the state is toggled.

debug [ on | off ]

Turns runtime debugging on or off. If screen has been compiled with option -DDEBUG debug-
ging available and is turned on per default. Note that this command only affects debugging
output from the main SCREEN process correctly. Debug output from attacher processes can
only be turned off once and forever.

defc1 [ on | off ]

Same as the c1 command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial
setting is `on'.

defautonuke [ on | off ]

Same as the autonuke command except that the default setting for new displays is changed.
Initial setting is `off'. Note that you can use the special `AN' terminal capability if
you want to have a dependency on the terminal type.

defbce [ on | off ]

Same as the bce command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Ini-
tial setting is `off'.

defbreaktype [tcsendbreak|TIOCSBRK|TCSBRK]

Choose one of the available methods of generating a break signal for terminal devices. The
preferred methods are tcsendbreak and TIOCSBRK. The third, TCSBRK, blocks the complete
screen session for the duration of the break, but it may be the only way to generate long
breaks. Tcsendbreak and TIOCSBRK may or may not produce long breaks with spikes (e.g. 4
per second). This is not only system-dependent, this also differs between serial board
drivers. Calling defbreaktype with no parameter displays the current setting.

defcharset [set]

Like the charset command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Shows
current default if called without argument.

defdynamictitle [ on | off ]

Set default behaviour for new windows regarding if screen should change window title when
seeing proper escape sequence. See also "TITLES (naming windows)" section.

defescape xy

Set the default command characters. This is equivalent to the escape except that it is
useful multiuser sessions only. In a multiuser session escape changes the command charac-
ter of the calling user, where defescape changes the default command characters for users
that will be added later.

defflow [ on | off | auto [ interrupt ]]

Same as the flow command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Ini-
tial setting is `auto'. Specifying defflow auto interrupt is the same as the command-line
options -fa and -i.

defgr [ on | off ]

Same as the gr command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Initial
setting is `off'.

defhstatus [status]

The hardstatus line that all new windows will get is set to status. This command is use-
ful to make the hardstatus of every window display the window number or title or the like.
Status may contain the same directives as in the window messages, but the directive escape
character is '^E' (octal 005) instead of '%'. This was done to make a misinterpretation
of program generated hardstatus lines impossible. If the parameter status is omitted, the
current default string is displayed. Per default the hardstatus line of new windows is
empty.

defencoding enc

Same as the encoding command except that the default setting for new windows is changed.
Initial setting is the encoding taken from the terminal.

deflog [ on | off ]

Same as the log command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Ini-
tial setting is `off'.

deflogin [ on | off ]

Same as the login command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. This
is initialized with `on' as distributed (see config.h.in).

defmode mode

The mode of each newly allocated pseudo-tty is set to mode. Mode is an octal number.
When no defmode command is given, mode 0622 is used.

defmonitor [ on | off]

Same as the monitor command except that the default setting for new windows is changed.
Initial setting is `off'.

defmousetrack [ on | off ]

Same as the mousetrack command except that the default setting for new windows is changed.
Initial setting is `off'.

defnonblock [ on | off | numsecs]

Same as the nonblock command except that the default setting for displays is changed. Ini-
tial setting is `off'.

defobuflimit limit

Same as the obuflimit command except that the default setting for new displays is changed.
Initial setting is 256 bytes. Note that you can use the special 'OL' terminal capability
if you want to have a dependency on the terminal type.

defscrollback num

Same as the scrollback command except that the default setting for new windows is changed.
Initial setting is 100.

defshell command

Synonym to the shell .screenrc command. See there.

defsilence [ on | off ]

Same as the silence command except that the default setting for new windows is changed.
Initial setting is `off'.

defslowpaste msec

Same as the slowpaste command except that the default setting for new windows is changed.
Initial setting is 0 milliseconds, meaning `off'.

defutf8 [ on | off ]

Same as the utf8 command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Ini-
tial setting is `on' if screen was started with -U, otherwise `off'.

defwrap [ on | off ]

Same as the wrap command except that the default setting for new windows is changed. Ini-
tially line-wrap is on and can be toggled with the wrap command (C-a r) or by means of "C-
a : wrap on|off".

defwritelock [ on | off | auto ]

Same as the writelock command except that the default setting for new windows is changed.
Initially writelocks will off.

detach [-h]

Detach the screen session (disconnect it from the terminal and put it into the back-
ground). This returns you to the shell where you invoked screen. A detached screen can
be resumed by invoking screen with the -r option (see also section COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS).
The -h option tells screen to immediately close the connection to the terminal (hangup).

dinfo

Show what screen thinks about your terminal. Useful if you want to know why features like
color or the alternate charset don't work.

displays

Shows a tabular listing of all currently connected user front-ends (displays). This is
most useful for multiuser sessions. The following keys can be used in displays list:

---------------------------------------------------------
k, C-p, or up Move up one line.
---------------------------------------------------------
j, C-n, or down Move down one line.
---------------------------------------------------------
C-a or home Move to the first line.
---------------------------------------------------------
C-e or end Move to the last line.
---------------------------------------------------------

C-u or C-d Move one half page up or down.
---------------------------------------------------------
C-b or C-f Move one full page up or down.
---------------------------------------------------------
mouseclick Move to the selected line.
Available when mousetrack is set
to on.
---------------------------------------------------------
space Refresh the list
---------------------------------------------------------
d Detach that display
---------------------------------------------------------
D Power detach that display
---------------------------------------------------------
C-g, enter, or escape Exit the list
---------------------------------------------------------

The following is an example of what displays could look like:
xterm 80x42 jnweiger@/dev/ttyp4 0(m11) &rWx
facit 80x24 mlschroe@/dev/ttyhf nb 11(tcsh) rwx
xterm 80x42 jnhollma@/dev/ttyp5 0(m11) &R.x
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F)(G) (H)(I)

The legend is as follows:

(A) The terminal type known by screen for this display.

(B) Displays geometry as width x height.

(D) Device name of the display or the attached device

(E) Display is in blocking or nonblocking mode. The available modes are "nb",
"NB", "Z<", "Z>", and "BL".

(F) Number of the window

(G) Name/title of window

(H) Whether the window is shared

(I) Window permissions. Made up of three characters.

+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Window permissions indicators |
+-----------------+------------------+-------------------+
| 1st character | 2nd character | 3rd character |
+----+------------+-----+------------+-----+-------------+
|- |no read | - |no write | - |no execute |
+----+------------+-----+------------+-----+-------------+
|r |read | w |write | x |execute |
+----+------------+-----+------------+-----+-------------+
| | | W |own wlock | | |
+----+------------+-----+------------+-----+-------------+
|Indicators of permissions suppressed by a foreign wlock |
+----+------------+-----+------------+-----+-------------+
|R |read only | . |no write | | |
+----+------------+-----+------------+-----+-------------+
displays needs a region size of at least 10 characters wide and 5 characters high
in order to display.

digraph [preset[unicode-value]]

This command prompts the user for a digraph sequence. The next two characters typed are
looked up in a builtin table and the resulting character is inserted in the input stream.
For example, if the user enters 'a"', an a-umlaut will be inserted. If the first character
entered is a 0 (zero), screen will treat the following characters (up to three) as an oc-
tal number instead. The optional argument preset is treated as user input, thus one can
create an umlaut key. For example the command "bindkey ^K digraph '"'" enables the user
to generate an a-umlaut by typing CTRL-K a. When a non-zero unicode-value is specified, a
new digraph is created with the specified preset. The digraph is unset if a zero value is
provided for the unicode-value.

dumptermcap

Write the termcap entry for the virtual terminal optimized for the currently active window
to the file .termcap in the user's $HOME/.screen directory (or wherever screen stores its
sockets. See the FILES section below). This termcap entry is identical to the value of
the environment variable $TERMCAP that is set up by screen for each window. For terminfo
based systems you will need to run a converter like captoinfo and then compile the entry
with tic.

dynamictitle [ on | off ]

Change behaviour for windows regarding if screen should change window title when seeing
proper escape sequence. See also "TITLES (naming windows)" section.

echo [-n] message

The echo command may be used to annoy screen users with a 'message of the day'. Typically
installed in a global /etc/screenrc. The option -n may be used to suppress the line feed.
See also sleep. Echo is also useful for online checking of environment variables.

encoding enc [enc]

Tell screen how to interpret the input/output. The first argument sets the encoding of the
current window. Each window can emulate a different encoding. The optional second parame-
ter overwrites the encoding of the connected terminal. It should never be needed as screen
uses the locale setting to detect the encoding. There is also a way to select a terminal
encoding depending on the terminal type by using the KJ termcap entry.

Supported encodings are eucJP, SJIS, eucKR, eucCN, Big5, GBK, KOI8-R, KOI8-U, CP1251,
UTF-8, ISO8859-2, ISO8859-3, ISO8859-4, ISO8859-5, ISO8859-6, ISO8859-7, ISO8859-8,
ISO8859-9, ISO8859-10, ISO8859-15, jis.

See also defencoding, which changes the default setting of a new window.

escape xy

Set the command character to x and the character generating a literal command character
(by triggering the meta command) to y (similar to the -e option). Each argument is either
a single character, a two-character sequence of the form ^x (meaning C-x), a backslash
followed by an octal number (specifying the ASCII code of the character), or a backslash
followed by a second character, such as \^ or \\. The default is ^Aa.

eval command1[command2 ...]

Parses and executes each argument as separate command.

exec [[fdpat]newcommand [args ...]]

Run a unix subprocess (specified by an executable path newcommand and its optional argu-
ments) in the current window. The flow of data between newcommands stdin/stdout/stderr,
the process originally started in the window (let us call it "application-process") and
screen itself (window) is controlled by the file descriptor pattern fdpat. This pattern
is basically a three character sequence representing stdin, stdout and stderr of newcom-
mand. A dot (.) connects the file descriptor to screen. An exclamation mark (!) causes
the file descriptor to be connected to the application-process. A colon (:) combines both.
User input will go to newcommand unless newcommand receives the application-process' out-
put (fdpats first character is `!' or `:') or a pipe symbol (|) is added (as a fourth
character) to the end of fdpat.

Invoking `exec' without arguments shows name and arguments of the currently running sub-
process in this window. Only one subprocess a time can be running in each window.

When a subprocess is running the `kill' command will affect it instead of the windows
process.

Refer to the postscript file `doc/fdpat.ps' for a confusing illustration of all 21 possi-
ble combinations. Each drawing shows the digits 2,1,0 representing the three file descrip-
tors of newcommand. The box marked `W' is the usual pty that has the application-process
on its slave side. The box marked `P' is the secondary pty that now has screen at its
master side.

Abbreviations: Whitespace between the word `exec' and fdpat and the command can be omit-
ted. Trailing dots and a fdpat consisting only of dots can be omitted. A simple `|' is
synonymous for the pattern `!..|'; the word exec can be omitted here and can always be re-
placed by `!'.

Examples:

exec ... /bin/sh

exec /bin/sh

!/bin/sh

Creates another shell in the same window, while the original shell is still
running. Output of both shells is displayed and user input is sent to the
new /bin/sh.

exec !.. stty 19200

exec ! stty 19200

!!stty 19200

Set the speed of the window's tty. If your stty command operates on stdout,
then add another `!'.

exec !..| less

|less

This adds a pager to the window output. The special character `|' is needed
to give the user control over the pager although it gets its input from the
window's process. This works, because less listens on stderr (a behavior
that screen would not expect without the `|') when its stdin is not a tty.
Less versions newer than 177 fail miserably here; good old pg still works.

!:sed -n s/.*Error.*/\007/p

Sends window output to both, the user and the sed command. The sed inserts
an additional bell character (oct. 007) to the window output seen by screen.
This will cause "Bell in window x" messages, whenever the string "Error" ap-
pears in the window.

fit

Change the window size to the size of the current region. This command is needed because
screen doesn't adapt the window size automatically if the window is displayed more than
once.

flow [ on | off | auto]

Sets the flow-control mode for this window. Without parameters it cycles the current win-
dow's flow-control setting from "automatic" to "on" to "off". See the discussion on FLOW-
CONTROL later on in this document for full details and note, that this is subject to
change in future releases. Default is set by `defflow'.

Move the input focus to the next region. This is done in a cyclic way so that the top left
region is selected after the bottom right one. If no option is given it defaults to
`next'. The next region to be selected is determined by how the regions are layered. Nor-
mally, the next region in the same layer would be selected. However, if that next region
contains one or more layers, the first region in the highest layer is selected first. If
you are at the last region of the current layer, `next' will move the focus to the next
region in the lower layer (if there is a lower layer). `Prev' cycles in the opposite or-
der. See split for more information about layers.

The rest of the options (`up', `down', `left', `right', `top', and `bottom') are more in-
different to layers. The option `up' will move the focus upward to the region that is
touching the upper left corner of the current region. `Down' will move downward to the
region that is touching the lower left corner of the current region. The option `left'
will move the focus leftward to the region that is touching the upper left corner of the
current region, while `right' will move rightward to the region that is touching the upper
right corner of the current region. Moving left from a left most region or moving right
from a right most region will result in no action.

The option `top' will move the focus to the very first region in the upper list corner of
the screen, and `bottom' will move to the region in the bottom right corner of the screen.
Moving up from a top most region or moving down from a bottom most region will result in
no action.

Useful bindings are (h, j, k, and l as in vi)
bind h focus left
bind j focus down
bind k focus up
bind l focus right
bind t focus top
bind b focus bottom
Note that k is traditionally bound to the kill command.

focusminsize [ ( width|max|_ ) ( height|max|_ ) ]

This forces any currently selected region to be automatically resized at least a certain
width and height. All other surrounding regions will be resized in order to accommodate.
This constraint follows every time the focus command is used. The resize command can be
used to increase either dimension of a region, but never below what is set with focusmin-
size. The underscore `_' is a synonym for max. Setting a width and height of `0 0' (zero
zero) will undo any constraints and allow for manual resizing. Without any parameters,
the minimum width and height is shown.

gr [ on | off ]

Turn GR charset switching on/off. Whenever screen sees an input character with the 8th bit
set, it will use the charset stored in the GR slot and print the character with the 8th
bit stripped. The default (see also defgr) is not to process GR switching because other-
wise the ISO88591 charset would not work.

group [grouptitle]

Change or show the group the current window belongs to. Windows can be moved around be-
tween different groups by specifying the name of the destination group. Without specifying
a group, the title of the current group is displayed.

hardcopy [-h] [file]

Writes out the currently displayed image to the file file, or, if no filename is speci-
fied, to hardcopy.n in the default directory, where n is the number of the current window.
This either appends or overwrites the file if it exists. See below. If the option -h is
specified, dump also the contents of the scrollback buffer.

hardcopy_append [ on | off ]

If set to "on", screen will append to the "hardcopy.n" files created by the command C-a h,
otherwise these files are overwritten each time. Default is `off'.

hardcopydir directory

Defines a directory where hardcopy files will be placed. If unset, hardcopys are dumped in
screen's current working directory.

hardstatus [ on | off ]

hardstatus [ always ] firstline | lastline | message | ignore [ string ]

hardstatus string [ string ]

This command configures the use and emulation of the terminal's hardstatus line. The first
form toggles whether screen will use the hardware status line to display messages. If the
flag is set to `off', these messages are overlaid in reverse video mode at the display
line. The default setting is `on'.

The second form tells screen what to do if the terminal doesn't have a hardstatus line
(i.e. the termcap/terminfo capabilities "hs", "ts", "fs" and "ds" are not set). When
firstline/lastline is used, screen will reserve the first/last line of the display for the
hardstatus. message uses screen's message mechanism and ignore tells screen never to dis-
play the hardstatus. If you prepend the word always to the type (e.g., alwayslastline),
screen will use the type even if the terminal supports a hardstatus.

The third form specifies the contents of the hardstatus line. '%h' is used as default
string, i.e., the stored hardstatus of the current window (settable via ESC]0;<string>^G
or ESC_<string>ESC\) is displayed. You can customize this to any string you like includ-
ing the escapes from the STRING ESCAPES chapter. If you leave out the argument string, the
current string is displayed.

You can mix the second and third form by providing the string as additional argument.

height [-w|-d] [lines [cols]]

Set the display height to a specified number of lines. When no argument is given it tog-
gles between 24 and 42 lines display. You can also specify a width if you want to change
both values. The -w option tells screen to leave the display size unchanged and just set
the window size, -d vice versa.

help[class]

Not really a online help, but displays a help screen showing you all the key bindings.
The first pages list all the internal commands followed by their current bindings. Subse-
quent pages will display the custom commands, one command per key. Press space when
you're done reading each page, or return to exit early. All other characters are ignored.
If the -c option is given, display all bound commands for the specified command class.
See also DEFAULT KEY BINDINGS section.

history

Usually users work with a shell that allows easy access to previous commands. For example
csh has the command !! to repeat the last command executed. Screen allows you to have a
primitive way of re-calling the command that started ...: You just type the first letter
of that command, then hit `C-a {' and screen tries to find a previous line that matches
with the `prompt character' to the left of the cursor. This line is pasted into this win-
dow's input queue. Thus you have a crude command history (made up by the visible window
and its scrollback buffer).

hstatus status

Change the window's hardstatus line to the string status.

idle [timeout[cmd-args]]

Sets a command that is run after the specified number of seconds inactivity is reached.
This command will normally be the blanker command to create a screen blanker, but it can
be any screen command. If no command is specified, only the timeout is set. A timeout of
zero (or the special timeout off) disables the timer. If no arguments are given, the cur-
rent settings are displayed.

ignorecase [ on | off ]

Tell screen to ignore the case of characters in searches. Default is `off'. Without any
options, the state of ignorecase is toggled.

info

Uses the message line to display some information about the current window: the cursor po-
sition in the form (column,row) starting with (1,1), the terminal width and height plus
the size of the scrollback buffer in lines, like in (80,24)+50, the current state of win-
dow XON/XOFF flow control is shown like this (See also section FLOW CONTROL):

+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
|+flow | automatic flow control, currently on. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
|-flow | automatic flow control, currently off. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
|+(+)flow | flow control enabled. Agrees with automatic control. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
|-(+)flow | flow control disabled. Disagrees with automatic control. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
|+(-)flow | flow control enabled. Disagrees with automatic control. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
|-(-)flow | flow control disabled. Agrees with automatic control. |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
The current line wrap setting (`+wrap' indicates enabled, `-wrap' not) is also shown. The
flags `ins', `org', `app', `log', `mon' or `nored' are displayed when the window is in in-
sert mode, origin mode, application-keypad mode, has output logging, activity monitoring
or partial redraw enabled.

The currently active character set (G0, G1, G2, or G3) and in square brackets the terminal
character sets that are currently designated as G0 through G3 is shown. If the window is
in UTF-8 mode, the string UTF-8 is shown instead.

Additional modes depending on the type of the window are displayed at the end of the sta-
tus line (See also chapter WINDOW TYPES).

If the state machine of the terminal emulator is in a non-default state, the info line is
started with a string identifying the current state.

For system information use the time command.

ins_reg [key]

No longer exists, use paste instead.

kill

Kill current window.

If there is an `exec' command running then it is killed. Otherwise the process (shell)
running in the window receives a HANGUP condition, the window structure is removed and
screen (your display) switches to another window. When the last window is destroyed,
screen exits. After a kill screen switches to the previously displayed window.

Note: Emacs users should keep this command in mind, when killing a line. It is recom-
mended not to use C-a as the screen escape key or to rebind kill to C-a K.

lastmsg

Redisplay the last contents of the message/status line. Useful if you're typing when a
message appears, because the message goes away when you press a key (unless your terminal
has a hardware status line). Refer to the commands msgwait and msgminwait for fine tun-
ing.

layout new [title]

Create a new layout. The screen will change to one whole region and be switched to the
blank window. From here, you build the regions and the windows they show as you desire.
The new layout will be numbered with the smallest available integer, starting with zero.
You can optionally give a title to your new layout. Otherwise, it will have a default ti-
tle of layout. You can always change the title later by using the command layout title.

layout remove [n|title]

Remove, or in other words, delete the specified layout. Either the number or the title can
be specified. Without either specification, screen will remove the current layout.

Removing a layout does not affect your set windows or regions.

layout next

Switch to the next layout available

layout prev

Switch to the previous layout available

layout select [n|title]

Select the desired layout. Either the number or the title can be specified. Without either
specification, screen will prompt and ask which screen is desired. To see which layouts
are available, use the layout show command.

layout show

List on the message line the number(s) and title(s) of the available layout(s). The cur-
rent layout is flagged.

layout title [title]

Change or display the title of the current layout. A string given will be used to name the
layout. Without any options, the current title and number is displayed on the message
line.

layout number [n]

Change or display the number of the current layout. An integer given will be used to num-
ber the layout. Without any options, the current number and title is displayed on the mes-
sage line.

layout attach [title|:last]

Change or display which layout to reattach back to. The default is :last, which tells
screen to reattach back to the last used layout just before detachment. By supplying a ti-
tle, You can instruct screen to reattach to a particular layout regardless which one was
used at the time of detachment. Without any options, the layout to reattach to will be
shown in the message line.

layout save [n|title]

Remember the current arrangement of regions. When used, screen will remember the arrange-
ment of vertically and horizontally split regions. This arrangement is restored when a
screen session is reattached or switched back from a different layout. If the session ends
or the screen process dies, the layout arrangements are lost. The layout dump command
should help in this siutation. If a number or title is supplied, screen will remember the
arrangement of that particular layout. Without any options, screen will remember the cur-
rent layout.

Saving your regions can be done automatically by using the layout autosave command.

layout autosave [ on | off]

Change or display the status of automatcally saving layouts. The default is on, meaning
when screen is detached or changed to a different layout, the arrangement of regions and
windows will be remembered at the time of change and restored upon return. If autosave is
set to off, that arrangement will only be restored to either to the last manual save, us-
ing layout save, or to when the layout was first created, to a single region with a single
window. Without either an on or off, the current status is displayed on the message line.

layout dump [filename]

Write to a file the order of splits made in the current layout. This is useful to recreate
the order of your regions used in your current layout. Only the current layout is
recorded. While the order of the regions are recorded, the sizes of those regions and
which windows correspond to which regions are not. If no filename is specified, the de-
fault is layout-dump, saved in the directory that the screen process was started in. If
the file already exists, layout dump will append to that file. As an example:

C-a : layout dump /home/user/.screenrc

will save or append the layout to the user's .screenrc file.

license

Display the disclaimer page. This is done whenever screen is started without options,
which should be often enough. See also the startup_message command.

lockscreen

Lock this display. Call a screenlock program (/local/bin/lck or /usr/bin/lock or a
builtin if no other is available). Screen does not accept any command keys until this pro-
gram terminates. Meanwhile processes in the windows may continue, as the windows are in
the `detached' state. The screenlock program may be changed through the environment vari-
able $LOCKPRG (which must be set in the shell from which screen is started) and is exe-
cuted with the user's uid and gid.

Warning: When you leave other shells unlocked and you have no password set on screen, the
lock is void: One could easily re-attach from an unlocked shell. This feature should
rather be called `lockterminal'.

log [ on | off ]

Start/stop writing output of the current window to a file screenlog.n in the window's de-
fault directory, where n is the number of the current window. This filename can be changed
with the `logfile' command. If no parameter is given, the state of logging is toggled. The
session log is appended to the previous contents of the file if it already exists. The
current contents and the contents of the scrollback history are not included in the ses-
sion log. Default is `off'.

logfile filename

logfile flush secs

Defines the name the log files will get. The default is screenlog.%n. The second form
changes the number of seconds screen will wait before flushing the logfile buffer to the
file-system. The default value is 10 seconds.

Adds or removes the entry in the utmp database file for the current window. This controls
if the window is `logged in'. When no parameter is given, the login state of the window
is toggled. Additionally to that toggle, it is convenient having a `log in' and a `log
out' key. E.g. `bind I login on' and `bind O login off' will map these keys to be C-a I
and C-a O. The default setting (in config.h.in) should be on for a screen that runs under
suid-root. Use the deflogin command to change the default login state for new windows.
Both commands are only present when screen has been compiled with utmp support.

logtstamp [on|off]

logtstamp after [secs]

logtstamp string
[string]

This command controls logfile time-stamp mechanism of screen. If time-stamps are turned
on, screen adds a string containing the current time to the logfile after two minutes of
inactivity. When output continues and more than another two minutes have passed, a second
time-stamp is added to document the restart of the output. You can change this timeout
with the second form of the command. The third form is used for customizing the time-stamp
string (`-- %n:%t -- time-stamp -- %M/%d/%y %c:%s --\n' by default).

mapdefault

Tell screen that the next input character should only be looked up in the default bindkey
table. See also bindkey.

mapnotnext

Like mapdefault, but don't even look in the default bindkey table.

maptimeout [timeout]

Set the inter-character timer for input sequence detection to a timeout of timeout ms. The
default timeout is 300ms. Maptimeout with no arguments shows the current setting. See
also bindkey.

markkeys string

This is a method of changing the keymap used for copy/history mode. The string is made up
of oldchar=newchar pairs which are separated by `:'. Example: The string B=^B:F=^F will
change the keys `C-b' and `C-f' to the vi style binding (scroll up/down fill page). This
happens to be the default binding for `B' and `F'. The command markkeys h=^B:l=^F:$=^E
would set the mode for an emacs-style binding. If your terminal sends characters, that
cause you to abort copy mode, then this command may help by binding these characters to do
nothing. The no-op character is `@' and is used like this: markkeys @=L=H if you do not
want to use the `H' or `L' commands any longer. As shown in this example, multiple keys
can be assigned to one function in a single statement.

maxwin num

Set the maximum window number screen will create. Doesn't affect already existing windows.
The number can be increased only when there are no existing windows.

meta

Insert the command character (C-a) in the current window's input stream.

monitor [ on | off ]

Toggles activity monitoring of windows. When monitoring is turned on and an affected win-
dow is switched into the background, you will receive the activity notification message in
the status line at the first sign of output and the window will also be marked with an `@'
in the window-status display. Monitoring is initially off for all windows.

mousetrack [ on | off ]

This command determines whether screen will watch for mouse clicks. When this command is
enabled, regions that have been split in various ways can be selected by pointing to them
with a mouse and left-clicking them. Without specifying on or off, the current state is
displayed. The default state is determined by the defmousetrack command.

msgminwait sec

Defines the time screen delays a new message when one message is currently displayed. The
default is 1 second.

msgwait sec

Defines the time a message is displayed if screen is not disturbed by other activity. The
default is 5 seconds.

multiuser [ on | off ]

Switch between singleuser and multiuser mode. Standard screen operation is singleuser. In
multiuser mode the commands `acladd', `aclchg', `aclgrp' and `acldel' can be used to en-
able (and disable) other users accessing this screen session.

nethack [ on | off ]

Changes the kind of error messages used by screen. When you are familiar with the game
nethack, you may enjoy the nethack-style messages which will often blur the facts a lit-
tle, but are much funnier to read. Anyway, standard messages often tend to be unclear as
well.
This option is only available if screen was compiled with the NETHACK flag defined. The
default setting is then determined by the presence of the environment variable $NETHACKOP-
TIONS and the file ~/.nethackrc - if either one is present, the default is on.

Switch to the next window. This command can be used repeatedly to cycle through the list
of windows.

nonblock [ on | off | numsecs ]

Tell screen how to deal with user interfaces (displays) that cease to accept output. This
can happen if a user presses ^S or a TCP/modem connection gets cut but no hangup is re-
ceived. If nonblock is off (this is the default) screen waits until the display restarts
to accept the output. If nonblock is on, screen waits until the timeout is reached (on is
treated as 1s). If the display still doesn't receive characters, screen will consider it
blocked and stop sending characters to it. If at some time it restarts to accept charac-
ters, screen will unblock the display and redisplay the updated window contents.

number [[+|-]n]

Change the current window's number. If the given number n is already used by another win-
dow, both windows exchange their numbers. If no argument is specified, the current window
number (and title) is shown. Using `+' or `-' will change the window's number by the rela-
tive amount specified.

obuflimit [limit]

If the output buffer contains more bytes than the specified limit, no more data will be
read from the windows. The default value is 256. If you have a fast display (like xterm),
you can set it to some higher value. If no argument is specified, the current setting is
displayed.

only

Kill all regions but the current one.

other

Switch to the window displayed previously. If this window does no longer exist, other has
the same effect as next.

partial [ on | off ]

Defines whether the display should be refreshed (as with redisplay) after switching to the
current window. This command only affects the current window. To immediately affect all
windows use the allpartial command. Default is `off', of course. This default is fixed,
as there is currently no defpartial command.

password [crypted_pw]

Present a crypted password in your .screenrc file and screen will ask for it, whenever
someone attempts to resume a detached. This is useful if you have privileged programs
running under screen and you want to protect your session from reattach attempts by an-
other user masquerading as your uid (i.e. any superuser.) If no crypted password is spec-
ified, screen prompts twice for typing a password and places its encryption in the paste
buffer. Default is `none', this disables password checking.

paste [registers [dest_reg]]

Write the (concatenated) contents of the specified registers to the stdin queue of the
current window. The register '.' is treated as the paste buffer. If no parameter is given
the user is prompted for a single register to paste. The paste buffer can be filled with
the copy, history and readbuf commands. Other registers can be filled with the register,
readreg and paste commands. If paste is called with a second argument, the contents of
the specified registers is pasted into the named destination register rather than the win-
dow. If '.' is used as the second argument, the displays paste buffer is the destination.
Note, that paste uses a wide variety of resources: Whenever a second argument is specified
no current window is needed. When the source specification only contains registers (not
the paste buffer) then there need not be a current display (terminal attached), as the
registers are a global resource. The paste buffer exists once for every user.

pastefont [ on | off ]

Tell screen to include font information in the paste buffer. The default is not to do so.
This command is especially useful for multi character fonts like kanji.

pow_break

Reopen the window's terminal line and send a break condition. See `break'.

pow_detach

Power detach. Mainly the same as detach, but also sends a HANGUP signal to the parent
process of screen. CAUTION: This will result in a logout, when screen was started from
your login-shell.

pow_detach_msg [message]

The message specified here is output whenever a `Power detach' was performed. It may be
used as a replacement for a logout message or to reset baud rate, etc. Without parameter,
the current message is shown.

Switch to the window with the next lower number. This command can be used repeatedly to
cycle through the list of windows.

printcmd [cmd]

If cmd is not an empty string, screen will not use the terminal capabilities po/pf if it
detects an ansi print sequence ESC [ 5 i, but pipe the output into cmd. This should nor-
mally be a command like lpr or printcmd without a command displays the current setting.
The ansi sequence ESC \ ends printing and closes the pipe.

Warning: Be careful with this command! If other user have write access to your terminal,
they will be able to fire off print commands.

process [key]

Stuff the contents of the specified register into screen's input queue. If no argument is
given you are prompted for a register name. The text is parsed as if it had been typed in
from the user's keyboard. This command can be used to bind multiple actions to a single
key.

quit

Kill all windows and terminate screen. Note that on VT100-style terminals the keys C-4
and C-\ are identical. This makes the default bindings dangerous: Be careful not to type
C-a C-4 when selecting window no. 4. Use the empty bind command (as in bind '^\') to re-
move a key binding.

readbuf [encoding] [filename]

Reads the contents of the specified file into the paste buffer. You can tell screen the
encoding of the file via the -e option. If no file is specified, the screen-exchange
filename is used. See also bufferfile command.

readreg [encoding] [register [filename]]

Does one of two things, dependent on number of arguments: with zero or one arguments it
duplicates the paste buffer contents into the register specified or entered at the prompt.
With two arguments it reads the contents of the named file into the register, just as
readbuf reads the screen-exchange file into the paste buffer. You can tell screen the en-
coding of the file via the -e option. The following example will paste the system's pass-
word file into the screen window (using register p, where a copy remains):

C-a : readreg p /etc/passwd
C-a : paste p

redisplay

Redisplay the current window. Needed to get a full redisplay when in partial redraw mode.

Save the specified string to the register key. The encoding of the string can be speci-
fied via the -e option. See also the paste command.

remove

Kill the current region. This is a no-op if there is only one region.

removebuf

Unlinks the screen-exchange file used by the commands writebuf and readbuf.

rendition [ bell | monitor | silence | so ] attr [ color ]

Change the way screen renders the titles of windows that have monitor or bell flags set in
caption or hardstatus or windowlist. See the STRING ESCAPES chapter for the syntax of the
modifiers. The default for monitor is currently =b (bold, active colors), for bell =ub
(underline, bold and active colors), and =u for silence.

reset

Reset the virtual terminal to its power-on values. Useful when strange settings (like
scroll regions or graphics character set) are left over from an application.

resize [-h|-v|-b|-l|-p] [[+|-] n[%] |=|max|min|_|0]

Resize the current region. The space will be removed from or added to the surrounding re-
gions depending on the order of the splits. The available options for resizing are
`-h'(horizontal), `-v'(vertical), `-b'(both), `-l'(local to layer), and `-p'(perpendicu-
lar). Horizontal resizes will add or remove width to a region, vertical will add or remove
height, and both will add or remove size from both dimensions. Local and perpendicular are
similar to horizontal and vertical, but they take in account of how a region was split.
If a region's last split was horizontal, a local resize will work like a vertical resize.
If a region's last split was vertical, a local resize will work like a horizontal resize.
Perpendicular resizes work in opposite of local resizes. If no option is specified, local
is the default.

The amount of lines to add or remove can be expressed a couple of different ways. By spec-
ifying a number n by itself will resize the region by that absolute amount. You can spec-
ify a relative amount by prefixing a plus `+' or minus `-' to the amount, such as adding
+n lines or removing -n lines. Resizing can also be expressed as an absolute or relative
percentage by postfixing a percent sign `%'. Using zero `0' is a synonym for `min' and us-
ing an underscore `_' is a synonym for `max'.

Some examples are:

resize +N
increase current region by N

resize -N
decrease current region by N

resize N
set current region to N

resize 20%
set current region to 20% of original size

resize +20%
increase current region by 20%

resize -b =
make all windows equally

resize max
maximize current region

resize min
minimize current region

Without any arguments, screen will prompt for how you would like to resize the current re-
gion.

See focusminsize if you want to restrict the minimum size a region can have.

screen [-opts] [n] [cmd [args]|//group]

Establish a new window. The flow-control options (-f, -fn and -fa), title (a.k.a.) option
(-t), login options (-l and -ln) , terminal type option (-T <term>), the all-capability-
flag (-a) and scrollback option (-h <num>) may be specified with each command. The option
(-M) turns monitoring on for this window. The option (-L) turns output logging on for
this window. If an optional number n in the range 0..MAXWIN-1 is given, the window number
n is assigned to the newly created window (or, if this number is already in-use, the next
available number). If a command is specified after screen, this command (with the given
arguments) is started in the window; otherwise, a shell is created. If //group is sup-
plied, a container-type window is created in which other windows may be created inside it.

Thus, if your .screenrc contains the lines

# example for .screenrc:
screen 1
screen -fn -t foobar -L 2 telnet foobar

screen creates a shell window (in window #1) and a window with a TELNET connection to the
machine foobar (with no flow-control using the title foobar in window #2) and will write a
logfile (screenlog.2) of the telnet session. Note, that unlike previous versions of
screen no additional default window is created when screen commands are included in your
.screenrc file. When the initialization is completed, screen switches to the last window
specified in your .screenrc file or, if none, opens a default window #0.

Screen has built in some functionality of cu and telnet. See also chapter WINDOW TYPES.

scrollback num

Set the size of the scrollback buffer for the current windows to num lines. The default
scrollback is 100 lines. See also the defscrollback command and use info to view the cur-
rent setting. To access and use the contents in the scrollback buffer, use the copy com-
mand.

select [WindowID]

Switch to the window identified by WindowID. This can be a prefix of a window title (al-
phanumeric window name) or a window number. The parameter is optional and if omitted, you
get prompted for an identifier. When a new window is established, the first available
number is assigned to this window. Thus, the first window can be activated by select 0.
The number of windows is limited at compile-time by the MAXWIN configuration parameter
(which defaults to 40). There are two special WindowIDs, - selects the internal blank
window and . selects the current window. The latter is useful if used with screen's -X op-
tion.

sessionname [name]

Rename the current session. Note, that for screen -list the name shows up with the
process-id prepended. If the argument name is omitted, the name of this session is dis-
played. Caution: The $STY environment variables will still reflect the old name in pre-ex-
isting shells. This may result in confusion. Use of this command is generally discouraged.
Use the -S command-line option if you want to name a new session. The default is con-
structed from the tty and host names.

setenv [var [string]]

Set the environment variable var to value string. If only var is specified, the user will
be prompted to enter a value. If no parameters are specified, the user will be prompted
for both variable and value. The environment is inherited by all subsequently forked
shells.

setsid [ on | off ]

Normally screen uses different sessions and process groups for the windows. If setsid is
turned off, this is not done anymore and all windows will be in the same process group as
the screen backend process. This also breaks job-control, so be careful. The default is
on, of course. This command is probably useful only in rare circumstances.

shell command

Set the command to be used to create a new shell. This overrides the value of the envi-
ronment variable $SHELL. This is useful if you'd like to run a tty-enhancer which is ex-
pecting to execute the program specified in $SHELL. If the command begins with a '-'
character, the shell will be started as a login-shell. Typical shells do only minimal ini-
tialization when not started as a login-shell. E.g. Bash will not read your ~/.bashrc un-
less it is a login-shell.

shelltitle title

Set the title for all shells created during startup or by the C-A C-c command. For de-
tails about what a title is, see the discussion entitled TITLES (naming windows).

silence [ on | off | sec ]

Toggles silence monitoring of windows. When silence is turned on and an affected window
is switched into the background, you will receive the silence notification message in the
status line after a specified period of inactivity (silence). The default timeout can be
changed with the `silencewait' command or by specifying a number of seconds instead of
`on' or `off'. Silence is initially off for all windows.

silencewait sec

Define the time that all windows monitored for silence should wait before displaying a
message. Default 30 seconds.

sleep num

This command will pause the execution of a .screenrc file for num seconds. Keyboard ac-
tivity will end the sleep. It may be used to give users a chance to read the messages
output by echo.

slowpaste msec

Define the speed at which text is inserted into the current window by the paste ("C-a ]")
command. If the slowpaste value is nonzero text is written character by character.
screen will make a pause of msec milliseconds after each single character write to allow
the application to process its input. Only use slowpaste if your underlying system exposes
flow control problems while pasting large amounts of text.

sort

Sort the windows in alphabetical order of the window tiles.

source file

Read and execute commands from file file. Source commands may be nested to a maximum re-
cursion level of ten. If file is not an absolute path and screen is already processing a
source command, the parent directory of the running source command file is used to search
for the new command file before screen's current directory.

Note that termcap/terminfo/termcapinfo commands only work at startup and reattach time, so
they must be reached via the default screenrc files to have an effect.

sorendition [attr[color]]

This command is deprecated. See "rendition so" instead.

split[-v]

Split the current region into two new ones. All regions on the display are resized to make
room for the new region. The blank window is displayed in the new region. The default is
to create a horizontal split, putting the new regions on the top and bottom of each other.
Using `-v' will create a vertical split, causing the new regions to appear side by side of
each other. Use the remove or the only command to delete regions. Use focus to toggle
between regions.

When a region is split opposite of how it was previously split (that is, vertical then
horizontal or horizontal then vertical), a new layer is created. The layer is used to
group together the regions that are split the same. Normally, as a user, you should not
see nor have to worry about layers, but they will affect how some commands (focus and re-
size) behave.

With this current implementation of screen, scrolling data will appear much slower in a
vertically split region than one that is not. This should be taken into consideration if
you need to use system commands such as cat or tail -f.

startup_message [ on | off ]

Select whether you want to see the copyright notice during startup. Default is `on', as
you probably noticed.

status [ top | up | down | bottom ] [ left | right ]

The status window by default is in bottom-left corner. This command can move status mes-
sages to any corner of the screen. top is the same as up, down is the same as bottom.

stuff [string]

Stuff the string string in the input buffer of the current window. This is like the paste
command but with much less overhead. Without a parameter, screen will prompt for a string
to stuff. You cannot paste large buffers with the stuff command. It is most useful for
key bindings. See also bindkey.

su [username [password [password2]]]

Substitute the user of a display. The command prompts for all parameters that are omitted.
If passwords are specified as parameters, they have to be specified un-crypted. The first
password is matched against the systems passwd database, the second password is matched
against the screen password as set with the commands acladd or password. Su may be useful
for the screen administrator to test multiuser setups. When the identification fails, the
user has access to the commands available for user nobody. These are detach, license,
version, help and displays.

suspend

Suspend screen. The windows are in the `detached' state, while screen is suspended. This
feature relies on the shell being able to do job control.

term term

In each window's environment screen opens, the $TERM variable is set to screen by default.
But when no description for screen is installed in the local termcap or terminfo data
base, you set $TERM to - say - vt100. This won't do much harm, as screen is VT100/ANSI
compatible. The use of the term command is discouraged for non-default purpose. That is,
one may want to specify special $TERM settings (e.g. vt100) for the next screen rlogin
othermachine command. Use the command screen -T vt100 rlogin othermachine rather than set-
ting and resetting the default.

termcap term terminal-tweaks[window-tweaks]

terminfo term terminal-tweaks[window-tweaks]

termcapinfo term terminal-tweaks[window-tweaks]

Use this command to modify your terminal's termcap entry without going through all the
hassles involved in creating a custom termcap entry. Plus, you can optionally customize
the termcap generated for the windows. You have to place these commands in one of the
screenrc startup files, as they are meaningless once the terminal emulator is booted.

If your system uses the terminfo database rather than termcap, screen will understand the
`terminfo' command, which has the same effects as the `termcap' command. Two separate
commands are provided, as there are subtle syntactic differences, e.g. when parameter in-
terpolation (using `%') is required. Note that termcap names of the capabilities have to
be used with the `terminfo' command.

In many cases, where the arguments are valid in both terminfo and termcap syntax, you can
use the command `termcapinfo', which is just a shorthand for a pair of `termcap' and `ter-
minfo' commands with identical arguments.

The first argument specifies which terminal(s) should be affected by this definition. You
can specify multiple terminal names by separating them with `|'s. Use `*' to match all
terminals and `vt*' to match all terminals that begin with vt.

Each tweak argument contains one or more termcap defines (separated by `:'s) to be in-
serted at the start of the appropriate termcap entry, enhancing it or overriding existing
values. The first tweak modifies your terminal's termcap, and contains definitions that
your terminal uses to perform certain functions. Specify a null string to leave this un-
changed (e.g. ''). The second (optional) tweak modifies all the window termcaps, and
should contain definitions that screen understands (see the VIRTUAL TERMINAL section).

Some examples:

termcap xterm* LP:hs@

Informs screen that all terminals that begin with `xterm' have firm auto-margins that al-
low the last position on the screen to be updated (LP), but they don't really have a sta-
tus line (no 'hs' - append `@' to turn entries off). Note that we assume `LP' for all
terminal names that start with vt, but only if you don't specify a termcap command for
that terminal.
termcap vt* LP

termcap vt102|vt220 Z0=\E[?3h:Z1=\E[?3l

Specifies the firm-margined `LP' capability for all terminals that begin with `vt', and
the second line will also add the escape-sequences to switch into (Z0) and back out of
(Z1) 132-character-per-line mode if this is a VT102 or VT220. (You must specify Z0 and Z1
in your termcap to use the width-changing commands.)

termcap vt100 "" l0=PF1:l1=PF2:l2=PF3:l3=PF4

This leaves your vt100 termcap alone and adds the function key labels to each window's
termcap entry.

termcap h19|z19 am@:im=\E@:ei=\EO dc=\E[P

Takes a h19 or z19 termcap and turns off auto-margins (am@) and enables the insert mode
(im) and end-insert (ei) capabilities (the `@' in the `im' string is after the `=', so it
is part of the string). Having the `im' and `ei' definitions put into your terminal's
termcap will cause screen to automatically advertise the character-insert capability in
each window's termcap. Each window will also get the delete-character capability (dc)
added to its termcap, which screen will translate into a line-update for the terminal
(we're pretending it doesn't support character deletion).

If you would like to fully specify each window's termcap entry, you should instead set the
$SCREENCAP variable prior to running screen. See the discussion on the VIRTUAL TERMINAL
in this manual, and the termcap(5) man page for more information on termcap definitions.

time [string]

Uses the message line to display the time of day, the host name, and the load averages
over 1, 5, and 15 minutes (if this is available on your system). For window specific in-
formation, use info.

If a string is specified, it changes the format of the time report like it is described in
the STRING ESCAPES chapter. Screen uses a default of "%c:%s %M %d %H%? %l%?".

title [windowtitle]

Set the name of the current window to windowtitle. If no name is specified, screen prompts
for one. This command was known as `aka' in previous releases.

unbindall

Unbind all the bindings. This can be useful when screen is used solely for its detaching
abilities, such as when letting a console application run as a daemon. If, for some rea-
son, it is necessary to bind commands after this, use 'screen -X'.

unsetenv var

Unset an environment variable.

utf8 [ on | off [ on | off ]]

Change the encoding used in the current window. If utf8 is enabled, the strings sent to
the window will be UTF-8 encoded and vice versa. Omitting the parameter toggles the set-
ting. If a second parameter is given, the display's encoding is also changed (this should
rather be done with screen's -U option). See also defutf8, which changes the default set-
ting of a new window.

vbell [ on | off ]

Sets the visual bell setting for this window. Omitting the parameter toggles the setting.
If vbell is switched on, but your terminal does not support a visual bell, a `vbell-mes-
sage' is displayed in the status line when the bell character (^G) is received. Visual
bell support of a terminal is defined by the termcap variable `vb' (terminfo: 'flash').

Per default, vbell is off, thus the audible bell is used. See also `bell_msg'.

vbell_msg [message]

Sets the visual bell message. message is printed to the status line if the window receives
a bell character (^G), vbell is set to on, but the terminal does not support a visual
bell. The default message is Wuff, Wuff!!. Without a parameter, the current message is
shown.

vbellwait sec

Define a delay in seconds after each display of screen's visual bell message. The default
is 1 second.

verbose [ on | off ]

If verbose is switched on, the command name is echoed, whenever a window is created (or
resurrected from zombie state). Default is off. Without a parameter, the current setting
is shown.

version

Print the current version and the compile date in the status line.

wall message

Write a message to all displays. The message will appear in the terminal's status line.

width [-w|-d] [cols [lines]]

Toggle the window width between 80 and 132 columns or set it to cols columns if an argu-
ment is specified. This requires a capable terminal and the termcap entries Z0 and Z1.
See the termcap command for more information. You can also specify a new height if you
want to change both values. The -w option tells screen to leave the display size un-
changed and just set the window size, -d vice versa.

windowlist [ -b ] [ -m ] [ -g ]

windowlist string [string]

windowlist title [title]

Display all windows in a table for visual window selection. If screen was in a window
group, screen will back out of the group and then display the windows in that group. If
the -b option is given, screen will switch to the blank window before presenting the list,
so that the current window is also selectable. The -m option changes the order of the
windows, instead of sorting by window numbers screen uses its internal most-recently-used
list. The -g option will show the windows inside any groups in that level and downwards.

The following keys are used to navigate in windowlist:

---------------------------------------------------------------------
k, C-p, or up Move up one line.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
j, C-n, or down Move down one line.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
C-g or escape Exit windowlist.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
C-a or home Move to the first line.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
C-e or end Move to the last line.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
C-u or C-d Move one half page up or down.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
C-b or C-f Move one full page up or down.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
0..9 Using the number keys, move to the selected line.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
mouseclick Move to the selected line. Available when mouse-
track is set to on
---------------------------------------------------------------------
/ Search.
---------------------------------------------------------------------

n Repeat search in the forward direction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
N Repeat search in the backward direction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
m Toggle MRU.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
g Toggle group nesting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
a All window view.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
C-h or backspace Back out the group.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
, Switch numbers with the previous window.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
. Switch numbers with the next window.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
K Kill that window.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
space or enter Select that window.
---------------------------------------------------------------------

The table format can be changed with the string and title option, the title is displayed
as table heading, while the lines are made by using the string setting. The default set-
ting is Num Name%=Flags for the title and %3n %t%=%f for the lines. See the STRING ES-
CAPES chapter for more codes (e.g. color settings).

Windowlist needs a region size of at least 10 characters wide and 6 characters high in or-
der to display.

windows [ string ]

Uses the message line to display a list of all the windows. Each window is listed by num-
ber with the name of process that has been started in the window (or its title); the cur-
rent window is marked with a `*'; the previous window is marked with a `-'; all the win-
dows that are logged in are marked with a `$'; a background window that has received a
bell is marked with a `!'; a background window that is being monitored and has had activ-
ity occur is marked with an `@'; a window which has output logging turned on is marked
with `(L)'; windows occupied by other users are marked with `&'; windows in the zombie
state are marked with `Z'. If this list is too long to fit on the terminal's status line
only the portion around the current window is displayed. The optional string parameter
follows the STRING ESCAPES format. If string parameter is passed, the output size is un-
limited. The default command without any parameter is limited to a size of 1024 bytes.

wrap [ on | off ]

Sets the line-wrap setting for the current window. When line-wrap is on, the second con-
secutive printable character output at the last column of a line will wrap to the start of
the following line. As an added feature, backspace (^H) will also wrap through the left
margin to the previous line. Default is `on'. Without any options, the state of wrap is
toggled.

writebuf [-e encoding] [filename]

Writes the contents of the paste buffer to the specified file, or the public accessible
screen-exchange file if no filename is given. This is thought of as a primitive means of
communication between screen users on the same host. If an encoding is specified the paste
buffer is recoded on the fly to match the encoding. The filename can be set with the
bufferfile command and defaults to /tmp/screen-exchange.

writelock [ on | off | auto]

In addition to access control lists, not all users may be able to write to the same window
at once. Per default, writelock is in `auto' mode and grants exclusive input permission to
the user who is the first to switch to the particular window. When he leaves the window,
other users may obtain the writelock (automatically). The writelock of the current window
is disabled by the command writelock off. If the user issues the command writelock on he
keeps the exclusive write permission while switching to other windows.

xoff

xon

Insert a CTRL-s / CTRL-q character to the stdin queue of the current window.

zmodem [ off | auto | catch | pass ]

zmodem sendcmd [string]

zmodem recvcmd [string]

Define zmodem support for screen. Screen understands two different modes when it detects a
zmodem request: pass and catch. If the mode is set to pass, screen will relay all data to
the attacher until the end of the transmission is reached. In catch mode screen acts as a
zmodem endpoint and starts the corresponding rz/sz commands. If the mode is set to auto,
screen will use catch if the window is a tty (e.g. a serial line), otherwise it will use
pass.

You can define the templates screen uses in catch mode via the second and the third form.

Note also that this is an experimental feature.

zombie [keys[onerror]]

Per default screen windows are removed from the window list as soon as the windows process
(e.g. shell) exits. When a string of two keys is specified to the zombie command, `dead'
windows will remain in the list. The kill command may be used to remove such a window.
Pressing the first key in the dead window has the same effect. When pressing the second
key, screen will attempt to resurrect the window. The process that was initially running
in the window will be launched again. Calling zombie without parameters will clear the
zombie setting, thus making windows disappear when their process exits.

As the zombie-setting is manipulated globally for all windows, this command should proba-
bly be called defzombie, but it isn't.

Optionally you can put the word onerror after the keys. This will cause screen to monitor
exit status of the process running in the window. If it exits normally ('0'), the window
disappears. Any other exit value causes the window to become a zombie.

zombie_timeout[seconds]

Per default screen windows are removed from the window list as soon as the windows process
(e.g. shell) exits. If zombie keys are defined (compare with above zombie command), it is
possible to also set a timeout when screen tries to automatically reconnect a dead screen
window.

THE MESSAGE LINE
Screen displays informational messages and other diagnostics in a message line. While
this line is distributed to appear at the bottom of the screen, it can be defined to ap-
pear at the top of the screen during compilation. If your terminal has a status line de-
fined in its termcap, screen will use this for displaying its messages, otherwise a line
of the current screen will be temporarily overwritten and output will be momentarily in-
terrupted. The message line is automatically removed after a few seconds delay, but it can
also be removed early (on terminals without a status line) by beginning to type.

The message line facility can be used by an application running in the current window by
means of the ANSI Privacy message control sequence. For instance, from within the shell,
try something like:

echo '<esc>^Hello world from window '$WINDOW'<esc>\\'

where '<esc>' is an escape, '^' is a literal up-arrow, and '\\' turns into a single back-
slash.

WINDOW TYPES
Screen provides three different window types. New windows are created with screen's screen
command (see also the entry in chapter CUSTOMIZATION). The first parameter to the screen
command defines which type of window is created. The different window types are all spe-
cial cases of the normal type. They have been added in order to allow screen to be used
efficiently as a console multiplexer with 100 or more windows.

o The normal window contains a shell (default, if no parameter is given) or any other
system command that could be executed from a shell (e.g. slogin, etc...)

o If a tty (character special device) name (e.g. /dev/ttya) is specified as the first pa-
rameter, then the window is directly connected to this device. This window type is
similar to screen cu -l /dev/ttya. Read and write access is required on the device
node, an exclusive open is attempted on the node to mark the connection line as busy.
An optional parameter is allowed consisting of a comma separated list of flags in the
notation used by stty(1):

<baud_rate>
Usually 300, 1200, 9600 or 19200. This affects transmission as well as receive
speed.

cs8 or cs7
Specify the transmission of eight (or seven) bits per byte.

ixon or -ixon
Enables (or disables) software flow-control (CTRL-S/CTRL-Q) for sending data.

ixoff or -ixoff
Enables (or disables) software flow-control for receiving data.

istrip or -istrip
Clear (or keep) the eight bit in each received byte.

You may want to specify as many of these options as applicable. Unspecified options
cause the terminal driver to make up the parameter values of the connection. These
values are system dependent and may be in defaults or values saved from a previous con-
nection.

For tty windows, the info command shows some of the modem control lines in the status
line. These may include `RTS', `CTS', 'DTR', `DSR', `CD' and more. This depends on the
available ioctl()'s and system header files as well as the on the physical capabilities
of the serial board. Signals that are logical low (inactive) have their name preceded
by an exclamation mark (!), otherwise the signal is logical high (active). Signals not
supported by the hardware but available to the ioctl() interface are usually shown low.

When the CLOCAL status bit is true, the whole set of modem signals is placed inside
curly braces ({ and }). When the CRTSCTS or TIOCSOFTCAR bit is set, the signals `CTS'
or `CD' are shown in parenthesis, respectively.

For tty windows, the command break causes the Data transmission line (TxD) to go low
for a specified period of time. This is expected to be interpreted as break signal on
the other side. No data is sent and no modem control line is changed when a break is
issued.

o If the first parameter is //telnet, the second parameter is expected to be a host name,
and an optional third parameter may specify a TCP port number (default decimal 23).
Screen will connect to a server listening on the remote host and use the telnet proto-
col to communicate with that server.

For telnet windows, the command info shows details about the connection in square brackets
([ and ]) at the end of the status line.

b BINARY. The connection is in binary mode.

e ECHO. Local echo is disabled.

c SGA. The connection is in `character mode' (default: `line mode').

t TTYPE. The terminal type has been requested by the remote host. Screen
sends the name screen unless instructed otherwise (see also the command
`term').

w NAWS. The remote site is notified about window size changes.

f LFLOW. The remote host will send flow control information. (Ignored at the
moment.)

Additional flags for debugging are x, t and n (XDISPLOC, TSPEED and NEWENV).

For telnet windows, the command break sends the telnet code IAC BREAK (decimal 243)
to the remote host.

This window type is only available if screen was compiled with the ENABLE_TELNET
option defined.

STRING ESCAPES
Screen provides an escape mechanism to insert information like the current time into mes-
sages or file names. The escape character is '%' with one exception: inside of a window's
hardstatus '^%' ('^E') is used instead.

Here is the full list of supported escapes:

% the escape character itself

E sets %? to true if the escape character has been pressed.

e encoding

f flags of the window, see windows for meanings of the various flags

F sets %? to true if the window has the focus

h hardstatus of the window

H hostname of the system

n window number

P sets %? to true if the current region is in copy/paste mode

S session name

s window size

t window title

u all other users on this window

w all window numbers and names. With '-' qualifier: up to the current window; with
'+' qualifier: starting with the window after the current one.

W all window numbers and names except the current one

x the executed command including arguments running in this windows

X the executed command without arguments running in this windows

? the part to the next '%?' is displayed only if a '%' escape inside the part expands
to a non-empty string

: else part of '%?'

= pad the string to the display's width (like TeX's hfill). If a number is specified,
pad to the percentage of the window's width. A '0' qualifier tells screen to treat
the number as absolute position. You can specify to pad relative to the last abso-
lute pad position by adding a '+' qualifier or to pad relative to the right margin
by using '-'. The padding truncates the string if the specified position lies be-
fore the current position. Add the 'L' qualifier to change this.

< same as '%=' but just do truncation, do not fill with spaces

> mark the current text position for the next truncation. When screen needs to do
truncation, it tries to do it in a way that the marked position gets moved to the
specified percentage of the output area. (The area starts from the last absolute
pad position and ends with the position specified by the truncation operator.) The
'L' qualifier tells screen to mark the truncated parts with '...'.

{ attribute/color modifier string terminated by the next }

` Substitute with the output of a 'backtick' command. The length qualifier is misused
to identify one of the commands.

The 'c' and 'C' escape may be qualified with a '0' to make screen use zero instead of
space as fill character. The '0' qualifier also makes the '=' escape use absolute posi-
tions. The 'n' and '=' escapes understand a length qualifier (e.g. '%3n'), 'D' and 'M' can
be prefixed with 'L' to generate long names, 'w' and 'W' also show the window flags if 'L'
is given.

An attribute/color modifier is used to change the attributes or the color settings. Its
format is [attribute modifier] [color description]. The attribute modifier must be pre-
fixed by a change type indicator if it can be confused with a color description. The fol-
lowing change types are known:

+ add the specified set to the current attributes

- remove the set from the current attributes

! invert the set in the current attributes

= change the current attributes to the specified set

The attribute set can either be specified as a hexadecimal number or a combination of the
following letters:

d dim
u underline
b bold
r reverse
s /standout
B blinking

Colors are coded either as a hexadecimal number or two letters specifying the desired
background and foreground color (in that order). The following colors are known:

k black
r red
g green
y yellow
b blue
m magenta
c cyan
w white
d default color
. leave color unchanged

The capitalized versions of the letter specify bright colors. You can also use the pseudo-
color 'i' to set just the brightness and leave the color unchanged.
A one digit/letter color description is treated as foreground or background color depen-
dent on the current attributes: if reverse mode is set, the background color is changed
instead of the foreground color. If you don't like this, prefix the color with a .. If
you want the same behavior for two-letter color descriptions, also prefix them with a ..
As a special case, %{-} restores the attributes and colors that were set before the last
change was made (i.e., pops one level of the color-change stack).

Examples:

G set color to bright green

+b r use bold red

= yd clear all attributes, write in default color on yellow background.

%-Lw%{= BW}%50>%n%f* %t%{-}%+Lw%<
The available windows centered at the current window and truncated to the available
width. The current window is displayed white on blue. This can be used with hard-
status alwayslastline.

%?%F%{.R.}%?%3n %t%? [%h]%?
The window number and title and the window's hardstatus, if one is set. Also use a
red background if this is the active focus. Useful for caption string.

FLOW-CONTROL
Each window has a flow-control setting that determines how screen deals with the XON and
XOFF characters (and perhaps the interrupt character). When flow-control is turned off,
screen ignores the XON and XOFF characters, which allows the user to send them to the cur-
rent program by simply typing them (useful for the emacs editor, for instance). The
trade-off is that it will take longer for output from a normal program to pause in re-
sponse to an XOFF. With flow-control turned on, XON and XOFF characters are used to imme-
diately pause the output of the current window. You can still send these characters to
the current program, but you must use the appropriate two-character screen commands (typi-
cally C-a q (xon) and C-a s (xoff)). The xon/xoff commands are also useful for typing C-s
and C-q past a terminal that intercepts these characters.

Each window has an initial flow-control value set with either the -f option or the defflow
.screenrc command. Per default the windows are set to automatic flow-switching. It can
then be toggled between the three states 'fixed on', 'fixed off' and 'automatic' interac-
tively with the flow command bound to "C-a f".

The automatic flow-switching mode deals with flow control using the TIOCPKT mode (like
rlogin does). If the tty driver does not support TIOCPKT, screen tries to find out the
right mode based on the current setting of the application keypad - when it is enabled,
flow-control is turned off and visa versa. Of course, you can still manipulate flow-con-
trol manually when needed.

If you're running with flow-control enabled and find that pressing the interrupt key (usu-
ally C-c) does not interrupt the display until another 6-8 lines have scrolled by, try
running screen with the interrupt option (add the interrupt flag to the flow command in
your .screenrc, or use the -i command-line option). This causes the output that screen
has accumulated from the interrupted program to be flushed. One disadvantage is that the
virtual terminal's memory contains the non-flushed version of the output, which in rare
cases can cause minor inaccuracies in the output. For example, if you switch screens and
return, or update the screen with C-a l you would see the version of the output you would
have gotten without interrupt being on. Also, you might need to turn off flow-control (or
use auto-flow mode to turn it off automatically) when running a program that expects you
to type the interrupt character as input, as it is possible to interrupt the output of the
virtual terminal to your physical terminal when flow-control is enabled. If this happens,
a simple refresh of the screen with C-a l will restore it. Give each mode a try, and use
whichever mode you find more comfortable.

TITLES (naming windows)
You can customize each window's name in the window display (viewed with the windows com-
mand (C-a w)) by setting it with one of the title commands. Normally the name displayed
is the actual command name of the program created in the window. However, it is sometimes
useful to distinguish various programs of the same name or to change the name on-the-fly
to reflect the current state of the window.

The default name for all shell windows can be set with the shelltitle command in the
.screenrc file, while all other windows are created with a screen command and thus can
have their name set with the -t option. Interactively, there is the title-string escape-
sequence (<esc>kname<esc>\) and the title command (C-a A). The former can be output from
an application to control the window's name under software control, and the latter will
prompt for a name when typed. You can also bind pre-defined names to keys with the title
command to set things quickly without prompting. Changing title by this escape sequence
can be controlled by defdynamictitle and dynamictitle commands.

Finally, screen has a shell-specific heuristic that is enabled by setting the window's
name to search|name and arranging to have a null title escape-sequence output as a part of
your prompt. The search portion specifies an end-of-prompt search string, while the name
portion specifies the default shell name for the window. If the name ends in a `:' screen
will add what it believes to be the current command running in the window to the end of
the window's shell name (e.g. name:cmd). Otherwise the current command name supersedes
the shell name while it is running.

Here's how it works: you must modify your shell prompt to output a null title-escape-se-
quence (<esc>k<esc>\) as a part of your prompt. The last part of your prompt must be the
same as the string you specified for the search portion of the title. Once this is set
up, screen will use the title-escape-sequence to clear the previous command name and get
ready for the next command. Then, when a newline is received from the shell, a search is
made for the end of the prompt. If found, it will grab the first word after the matched
string and use it as the command name. If the command name begins with either '!', '%',
or '^' screen will use the first word on the following line (if found) in preference to
the just-found name. This helps csh users get better command names when using job control
or history recall commands.

Here's some .screenrc examples:

screen -t top 2 nice top

Adding this line to your .screenrc would start a nice-d version of the top command in win-
dow 2 named top rather than nice.

shelltitle '> |csh'
screen 1

These commands would start a shell with the given shelltitle. The title specified is an
auto-title that would expect the prompt and the typed command to look something like the
following:

/usr/joe/src/dir> trn

(it looks after the '> ' for the command name). The window status would show the name trn
while the command was running, and revert to csh upon completion.

bind R screen -t '% |root:' su

Having this command in your .screenrc would bind the key sequence C-a R to the su command
and give it an auto-title name of root:. For this auto-title to work, the screen could
look something like this:

% !em
emacs file.c

Here the user typed the csh history command !em which ran the previously entered emacs
command. The window status would show root:emacs during the execution of the command, and
revert to simply root: at its completion.

bind o title
bind E title ""
bind u title (unknown)

The first binding doesn't have any arguments, so it would prompt you for a title when you
type C-a o. The second binding would clear an auto-title's current setting (C-a E). The
third binding would set the current window's title to (unknown) (C-a u).

One thing to keep in mind when adding a null title-escape-sequence to your prompt is that
some shells (like the csh) count all the non-control characters as part of the prompt's
length. If these invisible characters aren't a multiple of 8 then backspacing over a tab
will result in an incorrect display. One way to get around this is to use a prompt like
this:

set prompt='^[[0000m^[k^[\% '

The escape-sequence <esc>[0000m not only normalizes the character attributes, but all the
zeros round the length of the invisible characters up to 8. Bash users will probably want
to echo the escape sequence in the PROMPT_COMMAND:

PROMPT_COMMAND='printf "\033k\033\134"'

(I used \134 to output a `\' because of a bug in bash v1.04).

THE VIRTUAL TERMINAL
Each window in a screen session emulates a VT100 terminal, with some extra functions
added. The VT100 emulator is hard-coded, no other terminal types can be emulated.
Usually screen tries to emulate as much of the VT100/ANSI standard as possible. But if
your terminal lacks certain capabilities, the emulation may not be complete. In these
cases screen has to tell the applications that some of the features are missing. This is
no problem on machines using termcap, because screen can use the $TERMCAP variable to cus-
tomize the standard screen termcap.

But if you do a rlogin on another machine or your machine supports only terminfo this
method fails. Because of this, screen offers a way to deal with these cases. Here is how
it works:

When screen tries to figure out a terminal name for itself, it first looks for an entry
named screen.<term>, where <term> is the contents of your $TERM variable. If no such en-
try exists, screen tries screen (or screen-w if the terminal is wide (132 cols or more)).
If even this entry cannot be found, vt100 is used as a substitute.

The idea is that if you have a terminal which doesn't support an important feature (e.g.
delete char or clear to EOS) you can build a new termcap/terminfo entry for screen (named
screen.<dumbterm>) in which this capability has been disabled. If this entry is installed
on your machines you are able to do a rlogin and still keep the correct termcap/terminfo
entry. The terminal name is put in the $TERM variable of all new windows. Screen also
sets the $TERMCAP variable reflecting the capabilities of the virtual terminal emulated.
Notice that, however, on machines using the terminfo database this variable has no effect.
Furthermore, the variable $WINDOW is set to the window number of each window.

The actual set of capabilities supported by the virtual terminal depends on the capabili-
ties supported by the physical terminal. If, for instance, the physical terminal does not
support underscore mode, screen does not put the `us' and `ue' capabilities into the win-
dow's $TERMCAP variable, accordingly. However, a minimum number of capabilities must be
supported by a terminal in order to run screen; namely scrolling, clear screen, and direct
cursor addressing (in addition, screen does not run on hardcopy terminals or on terminals
that over-strike).

Also, you can customize the $TERMCAP value used by screen by using the termcap .screenrc
command, or by defining the variable $SCREENCAP prior to startup. When the latter is de-
fined, its value will be copied verbatim into each window's $TERMCAP variable. This can
either be the full terminal definition, or a filename where the terminal screen (and/or
screen-w) is defined.

Note that screen honors the terminfo .screenrc command if the system uses the terminfo
database rather than termcap.

When the boolean `G0' capability is present in the termcap entry for the terminal on which
screen has been called, the terminal emulation of screen supports multiple character sets.
This allows an application to make use of, for instance, the VT100 graphics character set
or national character sets. The following control functions from ISO 2022 are supported:
lock shift G0 (SI), lock shift G1 (SO), lock shift G2, lock shift G3, single shift G2, and
single shift G3. When a virtual terminal is created or reset, the ASCII character set is
designated as G0 through G3. When the `G0' capability is present, screen evaluates the
capabilities `S0', `E0', and `C0' if present. `S0' is the sequence the terminal uses to
enable and start the graphics character set rather than SI. `E0' is the corresponding re-
placement for SO. `C0' gives a character by character translation string that is used dur-
ing semi-graphics mode. This string is built like the `acsc' terminfo capability.

When the `po' and `pf' capabilities are present in the terminal's termcap entry, applica-
tions running in a screen window can send output to the printer port of the terminal.
This allows a user to have an application in one window sending output to a printer con-
nected to the terminal, while all other windows are still active (the printer port is en-
abled and disabled again for each chunk of output). As a side-effect, programs running in
different windows can send output to the printer simultaneously. Data sent to the printer
is not displayed in the window. The info command displays a line starting `PRIN' while
the printer is active.

Screen maintains a hardstatus line for every window. If a window gets selected, the dis-
play's hardstatus will be updated to match the window's hardstatus line. If the display
has no hardstatus the line will be displayed as a standard screen message. The hardstatus
line can be changed with the ANSI Application Program Command (APC): ESC_<string>ESC\. As
a convenience for xterm users the sequence ESC]0..2;<string>^G is also accepted.

Some capabilities are only put into the $TERMCAP variable of the virtual terminal if they
can be efficiently implemented by the physical terminal. For instance, `dl' (delete line)
is only put into the $TERMCAP variable if the terminal supports either delete line itself
or scrolling regions. Note that this may provoke confusion, when the session is reattached
on a different terminal, as the value of $TERMCAP cannot be modified by parent processes.

The "alternate screen" capability is not enabled by default. Set the altscreen .screenrc
command to enable it.

The following is a list of control sequences recognized by screen. (V) and (A) indicate
VT100-specific and ANSI- or ISO-specific functions, respectively.

ESC E Next Line

ESC D Index

ESC M Reverse Index

ESC H Horizontal Tab Set

ESC Z Send VT100 Identification String

ESC 7 (V) Save Cursor and Attributes

ESC 8 (V) Restore Cursor and Attributes

ESC [s (A) Save Cursor and Attributes

ESC [u (A) Restore Cursor and Attributes

ESC c Reset to Initial State

ESC g Visual Bell

ESC Pn p Cursor Visibility (97801)

Pn = 6 Invisible

Pn = 7 Visible

ESC = (V) Application Keypad Mode

ESC > (V) Numeric Keypad Mode

ESC # 8 (V) Fill Screen with E's

ESC \ (A) String Terminator

ESC ^ (A) Privacy Message String (Message Line)

ESC ! Global Message String (Message Line)

ESC k A.k.a. Definition String

ESC P (A) Device Control String. Outputs a string directly to the host
terminal without interpretation.

ESC _ (A) Application Program Command (Hardstatus)

ESC ] 0 ; string ^G (A) Operating System Command (Hardstatus, xterm title hack)

ESC ] 83 ; cmd ^G (A) Execute screen command. This only works if multi-user support
is compiled into screen. The pseudo-user :window: is used to
check the access control list. Use addacl :window: -rwx #? to
create a user with no rights and allow only the needed com-
mands.

Control-N (A) Lock Shift G1 (SO)

Control-O (A) Lock Shift G0 (SI)

ESC n (A) Lock Shift G2

ESC o (A) Lock Shift G3

ESC N (A) Single Shift G2

ESC O (A) Single Shift G3

ESC ( Pcs (A) Designate character set as G0

ESC ) Pcs (A) Designate character set as G1

ESC * Pcs (A) Designate character set as G2

ESC + Pcs (A) Designate character set as G3

ESC [ Pn ; Pn H Direct Cursor Addressing

ESC [ Pn ; Pn f same as above

ESC [ Pn J Erase in Display

Pn = None or 0 From Cursor to End of Screen

Pn = 1 From Beginning of Screen to Cursor

Pn = 2 Entire Screen

ESC [ Pn K Erase in Line

Pn = None or 0 From Cursor to End of Line

Pn = 1 From Beginning of Line to Cursor

Pn = 2 Entire Line

ESC [ Pn X Erase character

ESC [ Pn A Cursor Up

ESC [ Pn B Cursor Down

ESC [ Pn C Cursor Right

ESC [ Pn D Cursor Left

ESC [ Pn E Cursor next line

ESC [ Pn F Cursor previous line

ESC [ Pn G Cursor horizontal position

ESC [ Pn ` same as above

ESC [ Pn d Cursor vertical position

ESC [ Ps ;...; Ps m Select Graphic Rendition

Ps = None or 0 Default Rendition

Ps = 1 Bold

Ps = 2 (A) Faint

Ps = 3 (A) Standout Mode (ANSI: Italicized)

Ps = 4 Underlined

Ps = 5 Blinking

Ps = 7 Negative Image

Ps = 22 (A) Normal Intensity

Ps = 23 (A) Standout Mode off (ANSI: Italicized
off)

Ps = 24 (A) Not Underlined

Ps = 25 (A) Not Blinking

Ps = 27 (A) Positive Image

Ps = 30 (A) Foreground Black

Ps = 31 (A) Foreground Red

Ps = 32 (A) Foreground Green

Ps = 33 (A) Foreground Yellow

Ps = 34 (A) Foreground Blue

Ps = 35 (A) Foreground Magenta

Ps = 36 (A) Foreground Cyan

Ps = 37 (A) Foreground White

Ps = 39 (A) Foreground Default

Ps = 40 (A) Background Black

Ps = ...

Ps = 49 (A) Background Default

ESC [ Pn g Tab Clear

Pn = None or 0 Clear Tab at Current Position

Pn = 3 Clear All Tabs

ESC [ Pn ; Pn r (V) Set Scrolling Region

ESC [ Pn I (A) Horizontal Tab

ESC [ Pn Z (A) Backward Tab

ESC [ Pn L (A) Insert Line

ESC [ Pn M (A) Delete Line

ESC [ Pn @ (A) Insert Character

ESC [ Pn P (A) Delete Character

ESC [ Pn S Scroll Scrolling Region Up

ESC [ Pn T Scroll Scrolling Region Down

ESC [ Pn ^ same as above

ESC [ Ps ;...; Ps h Set Mode

ESC [ Ps ;...; Ps l Reset Mode

Ps = 4 (A) Insert Mode

Ps = 20 (A) Automatic Linefeed Mode

Ps = 34 Normal Cursor Visibility

Ps = ?1 (V) Application Cursor Keys

Ps = ?3 (V) Change Terminal Width to 132 columns

Ps = ?5 (V) Reverse Video

Ps = ?6 (V) Origin Mode

Ps = ?7 (V) Wrap Mode

Ps = ?9 X10 mouse tracking

Ps = ?25 (V) Visible Cursor

Ps = ?47 Alternate Screen (old xterm code)

Ps = ?1000 (V) VT200 mouse tracking

Ps = ?1047 Alternate Screen (new xterm code)

Ps = ?1049 Alternate Screen (new xterm code)

ESC [ 5 i (A) Start relay to printer (ANSI Media Copy)

ESC [ 4 i (A) Stop relay to printer (ANSI Media Copy)

ESC [ 8 ; Ph ; Pw t Resize the window to `Ph' lines and `Pw' columns (SunView spe-
cial)

ESC [ c Send VT100 Identification String

ESC [ x Send Terminal Parameter Report

ESC [ > c Send VT220 Secondary Device Attributes String

ESC [ 6 n Send Cursor Position Report

INPUT TRANSLATION
In order to do a full VT100 emulation screen has to detect that a sequence of characters
in the input stream was generated by a keypress on the user's keyboard and insert the
VT100 style escape sequence. Screen has a very flexible way of doing this by making it
possible to map arbitrary commands on arbitrary sequences of characters. For standard
VT100 emulation the command will always insert a string in the input buffer of the window
(see also command stuff in the command table). Because the sequences generated by a key-
press can change after a reattach from a different terminal type, it is possible to bind
commands to the termcap name of the keys. Screen will insert the correct binding after
each reattach. See the bindkey command for further details on the syntax and examples.

Here is the table of the default key bindings. The fourth is what command is executed if
the keyboard is switched into application mode.

+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Key name | Termcap name | Command | App mode |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Cursor up | ku | \033[A | \033OA |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Cursor down | kd | \033[B | \033OB |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Cursor right | kr | \033[C | \033OC |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Cursor left | kl | \033[D | \033OD |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 0 | k0 | \033[10~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 1 | k1 | \033OP | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 2 | k2 | \033OQ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 3 | k3 | \033OR | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 4 | k4 | \033OS | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 5 | k5 | \033[15~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 6 | k6 | \033[17~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 7 | k7 | \033[18~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 8 | k8 | \033[19~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 9 | k9 | \033[20~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 10 | k; | \033[21~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 11 | F1 | \033[23~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Function key 12 | F2 | \033[24~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Home | kh | \033[1~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|End | kH | \033[4~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Insert | kI | \033[2~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Delete | kD | \033[3~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Page up | kP | \033[5~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Page down | kN | \033[6~ | |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad 0 | f0 | 0 | \033Op |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad 1 | f1 | 1 | \033Oq |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad 2 | f2 | 2 | \033Or |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad 3 | f3 | 3 | \033Os |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad 4 | f4 | 4 | \033Ot |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad 5 | f5 | 5 | \033Ou |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad 6 | f6 | 6 | \033Ov |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad 7 | f7 | 7 | \033Ow |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad 8 | f8 | 8 | \033Ox |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad 9 | f9 | 9 | \033Oy |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad + | f+ | + | \033Ok |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad - | f- | - | \033Om |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad * | f* | * | \033Oj |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad / | f/ | / | \033Oo |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad = | fq | = | \033OX |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad . | f. | . | \033On |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad , | f, | , | \033Ol |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+
|Keypad enter | fe | \015 | \033OM |
+----------------+--------------+----------+----------+

SPECIAL TERMINAL CAPABILITIES
The following table describes all terminal capabilities that are recognized by screen and
are not in the termcap(5) manual. You can place these capabilities in your termcap en-
tries (in `/etc/termcap') or use them with the commands `termcap', `terminfo' and `term-
capinfo' in your screenrc files. It is often not possible to place these capabilities in
the terminfo database.

LP (bool) Terminal has VT100 style margins (`magic margins'). Note that this capability
is obsolete because screen uses the standard 'xn' instead.

Z0 (str) Change width to 132 columns.

Z1 (str) Change width to 80 columns.

WS (str) Resize display. This capability has the desired width and height as argu-
ments. SunView(tm) example: '\E[8;%d;%dt'.

NF (bool) Terminal doesn't need flow control. Send ^S and ^Q direct to the application.
Same as 'flow off'. The opposite of this capability is 'nx'.

G0 (bool) Terminal can deal with ISO 2022 font selection sequences.

S0 (str) Switch charset 'G0' to the specified charset. Default is '\E(%.'.

E0 (str) Switch charset 'G0' back to standard charset. Default is '\E(B'.

C0 (str) Use the string as a conversion table for font '0'. See the 'ac' capability
for more details.

CS (str) Switch cursor-keys to application mode.

CE (str) Switch cursor-keys back to normal mode.

AN (bool) Turn on autonuke. See the 'autonuke' command for more details.

OL (num) Set the output buffer limit. See the 'obuflimit' command for more details.

KJ (str) Set the encoding of the terminal. See the 'encoding' command for valid encod-
ings.

AF (str) Change character foreground color in an ANSI conform way. This capability
will almost always be set to '\E[3%dm' ('\E[3%p1%dm' on terminfo machines).

AB (str) Same as 'AF', but change background color.

AX (bool) Does understand ANSI set default fg/bg color (\E[39m / \E[49m).

XC (str) Describe a translation of characters to strings depending on the current
font. More details follow in the next section.

XT (bool) Terminal understands special xterm sequences (OSC, mouse tracking).

C8 (bool) Terminal needs bold to display high-intensity colors (e.g. Eterm).

TF (bool) Add missing capabilities to the termcap/info entry. (Set by default).

CHARACTER TRANSLATION
Screen has a powerful mechanism to translate characters to arbitrary strings depending on
the current font and terminal type. Use this feature if you want to work with a common
standard character set (say ISO8851-latin1) even on terminals that scatter the more un-
usual characters over several national language font pages.

Syntax:
XC=<charset-mapping>{,,<charset-mapping>}
<charset-mapping> := <designator><template>{,<mapping>}
<mapping> := <char-to-be-mapped><template-arg>

The things in braces may be repeated any number of times.

A <charset-mapping> tells screen how to map characters in font <designator> ('B': Ascii,
'A': UK, 'K': German, etc.) to strings. Every <mapping> describes to what string a single
character will be translated. A template mechanism is used, as most of the time the codes
have a lot in common (for example strings to switch to and from another charset). Each oc-
currence of '%' in <template> gets substituted with the <template-arg> specified together
with the character. If your strings are not similar at all, then use '%' as a template and
place the full string in <template-arg>. A quoting mechanism was added to make it possible
to use a real '%'. The '\' character quotes the special characters '\', '%', and ','.

Here is an example:

termcap hp700 'XC=B\E(K%\E(B,\304[,\326\\\\,\334]'

This tells screen how to translate ISOlatin1 (charset 'B') upper case umlaut characters on
a hp700 terminal that has a German charset. '\304' gets translated to '\E(K[\E(B' and so
on. Note that this line gets parsed *three* times before the internal lookup table is
built, therefore a lot of quoting is needed to create a single '\'.

Another extension was added to allow more emulation: If a mapping translates the unquoted
'%' char, it will be sent to the terminal whenever screen switches to the corresponding
<designator>. In this special case the template is assumed to be just '%' because the
charset switch sequence and the character mappings normally haven't much in common.

This example shows one use of the extension:

termcap xterm 'XC=K%,%\E(B,[\304,\\\\\326,]\334'

Here, a part of the German ('K') charset is emulated on an xterm. If screen has to change
to the 'K' charset, '\E(B' will be sent to the terminal, i.e. the ASCII charset is used
instead. The template is just '%', so the mapping is straightforward: '[' to '\304', '\'
to '\326', and ']' to '\334'.

ENVIRONMENT
COLUMNS Number of columns on the terminal (overrides termcap entry).
HOME Directory in which to look for .screenrc.
LINES Number of lines on the terminal (overrides termcap entry).
LOCKPRG Screen lock program.
NETHACKOPTIONS Turns on nethack option.
PATH Used for locating programs to run.
SCREENCAP For customizing a terminal's TERMCAP value.
SCREENDIR Alternate socket directory.
SCREENRC Alternate user screenrc file.
SHELL Default shell program for opening windows (default /bin/sh). See also
shell .screenrc command.
STY Alternate socket name.
SYSSCREENRC Alternate system screenrc file.
TERM Terminal name.
TERMCAP Terminal description.
WINDOW Window number of a window (at creation time).

FILES
.../screen-4.?.??/etc/screenrc
.../screen-4.?.??/etc/etcscreenrc Examples in the screen distribution package for private
and global initialization files.
$SYSSCREENRC
/etc/screenrc screen initialization commands
$SCREENRC
$HOME/.screenrc Read in after /etc/screenrc
$SCREENDIR/S-<login>
/run/screen/S-<login> Socket directories (default)
/usr/tmp/screens/S-<login> Alternate socket directories.
<socket directory>/.termcap Written by the "termcap" output function
/usr/tmp/screens/screen-exchange or
/tmp/screen-exchange screen `interprocess communication buffer'
hardcopy.[0-9] Screen images created by the hardcopy function
screenlog.[0-9] Output log files created by the log function
/usr/lib/terminfo/?/* or
/etc/termcap Terminal capability databases
/run/utmp Login records
$LOCKPRG Program that locks a terminal.

AUTHORS
Originally created by Oliver Laumann. For a long time maintained and developed by Juergen
Weigert, Michael Schroeder, Micah Cowan and Sadrul Habib Chowdhury. Since 2015 maintained
and developed by Amadeusz Slawinski <amade AT asmblr.net> and Alexander Naumov <alexan-
der_naumov AT opensuse.org>.

COPYLEFT
Copyright (c) 2018-2022
Alexander Naumov <alexander_naumov AT opensuse.org>
Amadeusz Slawinski <amade AT asmblr.net>
Copyright (c) 2015-2017
Juergen Weigert <jnweiger AT immd4.de>
Alexander Naumov <alexander_naumov AT opensuse.org>
Amadeusz Slawinski <amade AT asmblr.net>
Copyright (c) 2010-2015
Juergen Weigert <jnweiger AT immd4.de>
Sadrul Habib Chowdhury <sadrul AT users.net>
Copyright (c) 2008, 2009
Juergen Weigert <jnweiger AT immd4.de>
Michael Schroeder <mlschroe AT immd4.de>
Micah Cowan <micah AT cowan.name>
Sadrul Habib Chowdhury <sadrul AT users.net>
Copyright (C) 1993-2003
Juergen Weigert <jnweiger AT immd4.de>
Michael Schroeder <mlschroe AT immd4.de>
Copyright (C) 1987 Oliver Laumann

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of
the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either ver-
sion 3, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program
(see the file COPYING); if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple
Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA

CONTRIBUTORS
Maarten ter Huurne <maarten AT treewalker.org>,
Jussi Kukkonen <jussi.kukkonen AT intel.com>,
Eric S. Raymond <esr AT thyrsus.com>,
Thomas Renninger <treen AT suse.com>,
Axel Beckert <abe AT deuxchevaux.org>,
Ken Beal <kbeal AT amber.com>,
Rudolf Koenig <rfkoenig AT immd4.de>,
Toerless Eckert <eckert AT immd4.de>,
Wayne Davison <davison AT borland.com>,
Patrick Wolfe <pat AT kai.com, kailand!pat>,
Bart Schaefer <schaefer AT cse.edu>,
Nathan Glasser <nathan AT brokaw.edu>,
Larry W. Virden <lvirden AT cas.org>,
Howard Chu <hyc AT hanauma.gov>,
Tim MacKenzie <tym AT dibbler.au>,
Markku Jarvinen <mta@{cc,cs,ee}.tut.fi>,
Marc Boucher <marc AT CAM.ORG>,
Doug Siebert <dsiebert AT isca.edu>,
Ken Stillson <stillson AT tsfsrv.org>,
Ian Frechett <frechett AT spot.EDU>,
Brian Koehmstedt <bpk AT gnu.edu>,
Don Smith <djs6015 AT ultb.edu>,
Frank van der Linden <vdlinden AT fwi.nl>,
Martin Schweikert <schweik AT cpp.de>,
David Vrona <dave AT sashimi.com>,
E. Tye McQueen <tye%spillman.UUCP AT uunet.net>,
Matthew Green <mrg AT eterna.au>,
Christopher Williams <cgw AT pobox.com>,
Matt Mosley <mattm AT access.net>,
Gregory Neil Shapiro <gshapiro AT wpi.EDU>,
Johannes Zellner <johannes AT zellner.org>,
Pablo Averbuj <pablo AT averbuj.com>.

AVAILABILITY
The latest official release of screen available via anonymous ftp from
ftp.gnu.org/gnu/screen/ or any other GNU distribution site. The home page of screen is
https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/screen/ and the git repo is https://git.savan-
nah.gnu.org/cgit/screen.git. If you want to help, send a note to screen-devel AT gnu.org.

BUGS
o `dm' (delete mode) and `xs' are not handled correctly (they are ignored). `xn' is
treated as a magic-margin indicator.

o Screen has no clue about double-high or double-wide characters. But this is the only
area where vttest is allowed to fail.

o It is not possible to change the environment variable $TERMCAP when reattaching under a
different terminal type.

o The support of terminfo based systems is very limited. Adding extra capabilities to
$TERMCAP may not have any effects.

o Screen does not make use of hardware tabs.

o Screen must be installed as set-uid with owner root on most systems in order to be able
to correctly change the owner of the tty device file for each window. Special permis-
sion may also be required to write the file /run/utmp.

o Entries in /run/utmp are not removed when screen is killed with SIGKILL. This will
cause some programs (like "w" or "rwho") to advertise that a user is logged on who re-
ally isn't.

o Screen may give a strange warning when your tty has no utmp entry.

o When the modem line was hung up, screen may not automatically detach (or quit) unless
the device driver is configured to send a HANGUP signal. To detach a screen session
use the -D or -d command line option.

o If a password is set, the command line options -d and -D still detach a session without
asking.

o Both breaktype and defbreaktype change the break generating method used by all terminal
devices. The first should change a window specific setting, where the latter should
change only the default for new windows.

o When attaching to a multiuser session, the user's .screenrc file is not sourced. Each
user's personal settings have to be included in the .screenrc file from which the ses-
sion is booted, or have to be changed manually.

o A weird imagination is most useful to gain full advantage of all the features.

Send bug-reports, fixes, enhancements, t-shirts, money, beer & pizza to screen-de-
vel AT gnu.org.

SEE ALSO
termcap(5), utmp(5), vi(1), captoinfo(1), tic(1), tty(4), pty(7)

GNU Screen 4.9.0 2022 Jan 30 SCREEN(1)

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