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SED(1) User Commands SED(1)
NAME
sed - stream editor for filtering and transforming text
SYNOPSIS
sed [OPTION]... {script-only-if-no-other-script} [input-file]...
DESCRIPTION
Sed is a stream editor. A stream editor is used to perform basic text transformations on
an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline). While in some ways similar to an edi-
tor which permits scripted edits (such as ed), sed works by making only one pass over the
input(s), and is consequently more efficient. But it is sed's ability to filter text in a
pipeline which particularly distinguishes it from other types of editors.
-n, --quiet, --silent
suppress automatic printing of pattern space
--debug
annotate program execution
-e script, --expression=script
add the script to the commands to be executed
-f script-file, --file=script-file
add the contents of script-file to the commands to be executed
--follow-symlinks
follow symlinks when processing in place
-i[SUFFIX], --in-place[=SUFFIX]
edit files in place (makes backup if SUFFIX supplied)
-l N, --line-length=N
specify the desired line-wrap length for the `l' command
--posix
disable all GNU extensions.
-E, -r, --regexp-extended
use extended regular expressions in the script (for portability use POSIX -E).
-s, --separate
consider files as separate rather than as a single, continuous long stream.
--sandbox
operate in sandbox mode (disable e/r/w commands).
-u, --unbuffered
load minimal amounts of data from the input files and flush the output buffers more
often
-z, --null-data
separate lines by NUL characters
--help
display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
If no -e, --expression, -f, or --file option is given, then the first non-option argument
is taken as the sed script to interpret. All remaining arguments are names of input
files; if no input files are specified, then the standard input is read.
GNU sed home page: <https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/>. General help using GNU software:
<https://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>. E-mail bug reports to: <bug-sed AT gnu.org>.
COMMAND SYNOPSIS
This is just a brief synopsis of sed commands to serve as a reminder to those who already
know sed; other documentation (such as the texinfo document) must be consulted for fuller
descriptions.
Zero-address ``commands''
: label
Label for b and t commands.
#comment
The comment extends until the next newline (or the end of a -e script fragment).
} The closing bracket of a { } block.
Zero- or One- address commands
= Print the current line number.
a \
text Append text, which has each embedded newline preceded by a backslash.
i \
text Insert text, which has each embedded newline preceded by a backslash.
q [exit-code]
Immediately quit the sed script without processing any more input, except that if
auto-print is not disabled the current pattern space will be printed. The exit
code argument is a GNU extension.
Q [exit-code]
Immediately quit the sed script without processing any more input. This is a GNU
extension.
r filename
Append text read from filename.
R filename
Append a line read from filename. Each invocation of the command reads a line from
the file. This is a GNU extension.
Commands which accept address ranges
{ Begin a block of commands (end with a }).
b label
Branch to label; if label is omitted, branch to end of script.
c \
text Replace the selected lines with text, which has each embedded newline preceded by a
backslash.
d Delete pattern space. Start next cycle.
D If pattern space contains no newline, start a normal new cycle as if the d command
was issued. Otherwise, delete text in the pattern space up to the first newline,
and restart cycle with the resultant pattern space, without reading a new line of
input.
h H Copy/append pattern space to hold space.
g G Copy/append hold space to pattern space.
l List out the current line in a ``visually unambiguous'' form.
l width
List out the current line in a ``visually unambiguous'' form, breaking it at width
characters. This is a GNU extension.
n N Read/append the next line of input into the pattern space.
p Print the current pattern space.
P Print up to the first embedded newline of the current pattern space.
s/regexp/replacement/
Attempt to match regexp against the pattern space. If successful, replace that
portion matched with replacement. The replacement may contain the special charac-
ter & to refer to that portion of the pattern space which matched, and the special
escapes \1 through \9 to refer to the corresponding matching sub-expressions in the
regexp.
t label
If a s/// has done a successful substitution since the last input line was read and
since the last t or T command, then branch to label; if label is omitted, branch to
end of script.
T label
If no s/// has done a successful substitution since the last input line was read
and since the last t or T command, then branch to label; if label is omitted,
branch to end of script. This is a GNU extension.
w filename
Write the current pattern space to filename.
W filename
Write the first line of the current pattern space to filename. This is a GNU ex-
tension.
x Exchange the contents of the hold and pattern spaces.
y/source/dest/
Transliterate the characters in the pattern space which appear in source to the
corresponding character in dest.
Addresses
Sed commands can be given with no addresses, in which case the command will be executed
for all input lines; with one address, in which case the command will only be executed for
input lines which match that address; or with two addresses, in which case the command
will be executed for all input lines which match the inclusive range of lines starting
from the first address and continuing to the second address. Three things to note about
address ranges: the syntax is addr1,addr2 (i.e., the addresses are separated by a comma);
the line which addr1 matched will always be accepted, even if addr2 selects an earlier
line; and if addr2 is a regexp, it will not be tested against the line that addr1 matched.
After the address (or address-range), and before the command, a ! may be inserted, which
specifies that the command shall only be executed if the address (or address-range) does
not match.
The following address types are supported:
number Match only the specified line number (which increments cumulatively across files,
unless the -s option is specified on the command line).
first~step
Match every step'th line starting with line first. For example, ``sed -n 1~2p''
will print all the odd-numbered lines in the input stream, and the address 2~5 will
match every fifth line, starting with the second. first can be zero; in this case,
sed operates as if it were equal to step. (This is an extension.)
$ Match the last line.
/regexp/
Match lines matching the regular expression regexp. Matching is performed on the
current pattern space, which can be modified with commands such as ``s///''.
\cregexpc
Match lines matching the regular expression regexp. The c may be any character.
GNU sed also supports some special 2-address forms:
0,addr2
Start out in "matched first address" state, until addr2 is found. This is similar
to 1,addr2, except that if addr2 matches the very first line of input the 0,addr2
form will be at the end of its range, whereas the 1,addr2 form will still be at the
beginning of its range. This works only when addr2 is a regular expression.
addr1,+N
Will match addr1 and the N lines following addr1.
addr1,~N
Will match addr1 and the lines following addr1 until the next line whose input line
number is a multiple of N.
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
POSIX.2 BREs should be supported, but they aren't completely because of performance prob-
lems. The \n sequence in a regular expression matches the newline character, and simi-
larly for \a, \t, and other sequences. The -E option switches to using extended regular
expressions instead; it has been supported for years by GNU sed, and is now included in
POSIX.
BUGS
E-mail bug reports to bug-sed AT gnu.org. Also, please include the output of ``sed --ver-
sion'' in the body of your report if at all possible.
AUTHOR
Written by Jay Fenlason, Tom Lord, Ken Pizzini, Paolo Bonzini, Jim Meyering, and Assaf
Gordon.
This sed program was built with SELinux support. SELinux is enabled on this system.
GNU sed home page: <https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/>. General help using GNU software:
<https://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>. E-mail bug reports to: <bug-sed AT gnu.org>.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or
later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY,
to the extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO
awk(1), ed(1), grep(1), tr(1), perlre(1), sed.info, any of various books on sed, the sed
FAQ (http://sed.sf.net/grabbag/tutorials/sedfaq.txt), http://sed.sf.net/grabbag/.
The full documentation for sed is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and sed
programs are properly installed at your site, the command
info sed
should give you access to the complete manual.
sed 4.8 January 2020 SED(1)
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On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
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