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AppConfig(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation AppConfig(3pm)
NAME
AppConfig - Perl5 module for reading configuration files and parsing command line
arguments.
SYNOPSIS
use AppConfig;
# create a new AppConfig object
my $config = AppConfig->new( \%cfg );
# define a new variable
$config->define( $varname => \%varopts );
# create/define combined
my $config = AppConfig->new( \%cfg,
$varname => \%varopts,
$varname => \%varopts,
...
);
# set/get the value
$config->set( $varname, $value );
$config->get($varname);
# shortcut form
$config->varname($value);
$config->varname;
# read configuration file
$config->file($file);
# parse command line options
$config->args(\@args); # default to \@ARGV
# advanced command line options with Getopt::Long
$config->getopt(\@args); # default to \@ARGV
# parse CGI parameters (GET method)
$config->cgi($query); # default to $ENV{ QUERY_STRING }
OVERVIEW
AppConfig is a Perl5 module for managing application configuration information. It
maintains the state of any number of variables and provides methods for parsing
configuration files, command line arguments and CGI script parameters.
Variables values may be set via configuration files. Variables may be flags (On/Off),
take a single value, or take multiple values stored as a list or hash. The number of
arguments a variable expects is determined by its configuration when defined.
# flags
verbose
nohelp
debug = On
# single value
home = /home/abw/
# multiple list value
file = /tmp/file1
file = /tmp/file2
# multiple hash value
book camel = Programming Perl
book llama = Learning Perl
The '-' prefix can be used to reset a variable to its default value and the '+' prefix can
be used to set it to 1
-verbose
+debug
Variable, environment variable and tilde (home directory) expansions can be applied
(selectively, if necessary) to the values read from configuration files:
home = ~ # home directory
nntp = ${NNTPSERVER} # environment variable
html = $home/html # internal variables
img = $html/images
Configuration files may be arranged in blocks as per the style of Win32 "INI" files.
[file]
site = kfs
src = ~/websrc/docs/$site
lib = ~/websrc/lib
dest = ~/public_html/$site
[page]
header = $lib/header
footer = $lib/footer
You can also use Perl's "heredoc" syntax to define a large block of text in a
configuration file.
multiline = <<FOOBAR
line 1
line 2
FOOBAR
paths exe = "${PATH}:${HOME}/.bin"
paths link = <<'FOO'
${LD_LIBARRAY_PATH}:${HOME}/lib
FOO
Variables may also be set by parsing command line arguments.
myapp -verbose -site kfs -file f1 -file f2
AppConfig provides a simple method (args()) for parsing command line arguments. A second
method (getopt()) allows more complex argument processing by delegation to Johan Vroman's
Getopt::Long module.
AppConfig also allows variables to be set by parameters passed to a CGI script via the URL
(GET method).
http://www.nowhere.com/cgi-bin/myapp?verbose&site=kfs
PREREQUISITES
AppConfig requires Perl 5.005 or later.
The Getopt::Long and Test::More modules should be installed. If you are using a recent
version of Perl (e.g. 5.8.0) then these should already be installed.
OBTAINING AND INSTALLING THE AppConfig MODULE BUNDLE
The AppConfig module bundle is available from CPAN. As the 'perlmod' manual page
explains:
CPAN stands for the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network.
This is a globally replicated collection of all known Perl
materials, including hundreds of unbundled modules.
[...]
For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, see
http://www.perl.com/perl/ or ftp://ftp.perl.com/perl/ .
Within the CPAN archive, AppConfig is in the category:
12) Option, Argument, Parameter and Configuration File Processing
The module is available in the following directories:
/modules/by-module/AppConfig/AppConfig-<version>.tar.gz
/authors/id/ABW/AppConfig-<version>.tar.gz
AppConfig is distributed as a single gzipped tar archive file:
AppConfig-<version>.tar.gz
Note that "<version>" represents the current AppConfig version number, of the form "n.nn",
e.g. "3.14". See the REVISION section below to determine the current version number for
AppConfig.
Unpack the archive to create a AppConfig installation directory:
gunzip AppConfig-<version>.tar.gz
tar xvf AppConfig-<version>.tar
'cd' into that directory, make, test and install the modules:
cd AppConfig-<version>
perl Makefile.PL
make
make test
make install
The 't' sub-directory contains a number of test scripts that are run when a 'make test' is
run.
The 'make install' will install the module on your system. You may need administrator
privileges to perform this task. If you install the module in a local directory (for
example, by executing "perl Makefile.PL LIB=~/lib" in the above - see "perldoc MakeMaker"
for full details), you will need to ensure that the PERL5LIB environment variable is set
to include the location, or add a line to your scripts explicitly naming the library
location:
use lib '/local/path/to/lib';
The 'examples' sub-directory contains some simple examples of using the AppConfig modules.
DESCRIPTION
USING THE AppConfig MODULE
To import and use the AppConfig module the following line should appear in your Perl
script:
use AppConfig;
To import constants defined by the AppConfig module, specify the name of one or more of
the constant or tag sets as parameters to "use":
use AppConfig qw(:expand :argcount);
See "CONSTANT DEFINITIONS" below for more information on the constant tagsets defined by
AppConfig.
AppConfig is implemented using object-oriented methods. A new AppConfig object is created
and initialized using the new() method. This returns a reference to a new AppConfig
object.
my $config = AppConfig->new();
This will create and return a reference to a new AppConfig object.
In doing so, the AppConfig object also creates an internal reference to an
AppConfig::State object in which to store variable state. All arguments passed into the
AppConfig constructor are passed directly to the AppConfig::State constructor.
The first (optional) parameter may be a reference to a hash array containing configuration
information.
my $config = AppConfig->new( {
CASE => 1,
ERROR => \&my_error,
GLOBAL => {
DEFAULT => "<unset>",
ARGCOUNT => ARGCOUNT_ONE,
},
} );
See AppConfig::State for full details of the configuration options available. These are,
in brief:
CASE
Used to set case sensitivity for variable names (default: off).
CREATE
Used to indicate that undefined variables should be created automatically (default:
off).
GLOBAL
Reference to a hash array of global values used by default when defining variables.
Valid global values are DEFAULT, ARGCOUNT, EXPAND, VALIDATE and ACTION.
PEDANTIC
Used to indicate that command line and configuration file parsing routines should
return immediately on encountering an error.
ERROR
Used to provide a error handling routine. Arguments as per printf().
Subsequent parameters may be variable definitions. These are passed to the define()
method, described below in "DEFINING VARIABLES".
my $config = AppConfig->new("foo", "bar", "baz");
my $config = AppConfig->new( { CASE => 1 }, qw(foo bar baz) );
Note that any unresolved method calls to AppConfig are automatically delegated to the
AppConfig::State object. In practice, it means that it is possible to treat the AppConfig
object as if it were an AppConfig::State object:
# create AppConfig
my $config = AppConfig->new('foo', 'bar');
# methods get passed through to internal AppConfig::State
$config->foo(100);
$config->set('bar', 200);
$config->define('baz');
$config->baz(300);
DEFINING VARIABLES
The "define()" method (delegated to AppConfig::State) is used to pre-declare a variable
and specify its configuration.
$config->define("foo");
Variables may also be defined directly from the AppConfig new() constructor.
my $config = AppConfig->new("foo");
In both simple examples above, a new variable called "foo" is defined. A reference to a
hash array may also be passed to specify configuration information for the variable:
$config->define("foo", {
DEFAULT => 99,
ALIAS => 'metavar1',
});
Configuration items specified in the GLOBAL option to the module constructor are applied
by default when variables are created. e.g.
my $config = AppConfig->new( {
GLOBAL => {
DEFAULT => "<undef>",
ARGCOUNT => ARGCOUNT_ONE,
}
} );
$config->define("foo");
$config->define("bar", { ARGCOUNT => ARGCOUNT_NONE } );
is equivalent to:
my $config = AppConfig->new();
$config->define( "foo", {
DEFAULT => "<undef>",
ARGCOUNT => ARGCOUNT_ONE,
} );
$config->define( "bar",
DEFAULT => "<undef>",
ARGCOUNT => ARGCOUNT_NONE,
} );
Multiple variables may be defined in the same call to define(). Configuration hashes for
variables can be omitted.
$config->define("foo", "bar" => { ALIAS = "boozer" }, "baz");
See AppConfig::State for full details of the configuration options available when defining
variables. These are, in brief:
DEFAULT
The default value for the variable (default: undef).
ALIAS
One or more (list reference or "list|like|this") alternative names for the variable.
ARGCOUNT
Specifies the number and type of arguments that the variable expects. Constants in
":argcount" tag set define ARGCOUNT_NONE - simple on/off flag (default), ARGCOUNT_ONE
- single value, ARGCOUNT_LIST - multiple values accessed via list reference,
ARGCOUNT_HASH - hash table, "key=value", accessed via hash reference.
ARGS
Used to provide an argument specification string to pass to Getopt::Long via
AppConfig::Getopt. E.g. "=i", ":s", "=s@". This can also be used to implicitly set
the ARGCOUNT value ("/^!/" = ARGCOUNT_NONE, "/@/" = ARGCOUNT_LIST, "/%/" =
ARGCOUNT_HASH, "/[=:].*/" = ARGCOUNT_ONE)
EXPAND
Specifies which variable expansion policies should be used when parsing configuration
files. Constants in ":expand" tag set define:
EXPAND_NONE - no expansion (default)
EXPAND_VAR - expand C<$var> or C<$(var)> as other variables
EXPAND_UID - expand C<~> and C<~uid> as user's home directory
EXPAND_ENV - expand C<${var}> as environment variable
EXPAND_ALL - do all expansions.
VALIDATE
Regex which the intended variable value should match or code reference which returns 1
to indicate successful validation (variable may now be set).
ACTION
Code reference to be called whenever variable value changes.
COMPACT FORMAT DEFINITION
Variables can be specified using a compact format. This is identical to the specification
format of Getopt::Long and is of the form:
"name|alias|alias<argopts>"
The first element indicates the variable name and subsequent ALIAS values may be added,
each separated by a vertical bar '|'.
The <argopts> element indicates the ARGCOUNT value and may be one of the following;
! ARGCOUNT_NONE
=s ARGCOUNT_ONE
=s@ ARGCOUNT_LIST
=s% ARGCOUNT_HASH
Additional constructs supported by Getopt::Long may be specified instead of the "=s"
element (e.g. "=f"). The entire <argopts> element is stored in the ARGS parameter for the
variable and is passed intact to Getopt::Long when the getopt() method is called.
The following examples demonstrate use of the compact format, with their equivalent full
specifications:
$config->define("foo|bar|baz!");
$config->define(
"foo" => {
ALIAS => "bar|baz",
ARGCOUNT => ARGCOUNT_NONE,
});
$config->define("name=s");
$config->define(
"name" => {
ARGCOUNT => ARGCOUNT_ONE,
});
$config->define("file|filelist|f=s@");
$config->define(
"file" => {
ALIAS => "filelist|f",
ARGCOUNT => ARGCOUNT_LIST,
});
$config->define("user|u=s%");
$config->define(
"user" => {
ALIAS => "u",
ARGCOUNT => ARGCOUNT_HASH,
});
Additional configuration options may be specified by hash reference, as per normal. The
compact definition format will override any configuration values provided for ARGS and
ARGCOUNT.
$config->define("file|filelist|f=s@", { VALIDATE => \&check_file } );
READING AND MODIFYING VARIABLE VALUES
AppConfig defines two methods (via AppConfig::State) to manipulate variable values
set($variable, $value);
get($variable);
Once defined, variables may be accessed directly as object methods where the method name
is the same as the variable name. i.e.
$config->set("verbose", 1);
is equivalent to
$config->verbose(1);
Note that AppConfig defines the following methods:
new();
file();
args();
getopt();
And also, through delegation to AppConfig::State:
define()
get()
set()
varlist()
If you define a variable with one of the above names, you will not be able to access it
directly as an object method. i.e.
$config->file();
This will call the file() method, instead of returning the value of the 'file' variable.
You can work around this by explicitly calling get() and set() on a variable whose name
conflicts:
$config->get('file');
or by defining a "safe" alias by which the variable can be accessed:
$config->define("file", { ALIAS => "fileopt" });
or
$config->define("file|fileopt");
...
$config->fileopt();
Without parameters, the current value of the variable is returned. If a parameter is
specified, the variable is set to that value and the result of the set() operation is
returned.
$config->age(29); # sets 'age' to 29, returns 1 (ok)
print $config->age(); # prints "29"
The varlist() method can be used to extract a number of variables into a hash array. The
first parameter should be a regular expression used for matching against the variable
names.
my %vars = $config->varlist("^file"); # all "file*" variables
A second parameter may be specified (any true value) to indicate that the part of the
variable name matching the regex should be removed when copied to the target hash.
$config->file_name("/tmp/file");
$config->file_path("/foo:/bar:/baz");
my %vars = $config->varlist("^file_", 1);
# %vars:
# name => /tmp/file
# path => "/foo:/bar:/baz"
READING CONFIGURATION FILES
The AppConfig module provides a streamlined interface for reading configuration files with
the AppConfig::File module. The file() method automatically loads the AppConfig::File
module and creates an object to process the configuration file or files. Variables stored
in the internal AppConfig::State are automatically updated with values specified in the
configuration file.
$config->file($filename);
Multiple files may be passed to file() and should indicate the file name or be a reference
to an open file handle or glob.
$config->file($filename, $filehandle, \*STDIN, ...);
The file may contain blank lines and comments (prefixed by '#') which are ignored.
Continutation lines may be marked by ending the line with a '\'.
# this is a comment
callsign = alpha bravo camel delta echo foxtrot golf hipowls \
india juliet kilo llama mike november oscar papa \
quebec romeo sierra tango umbrella victor whiskey \
x-ray yankee zebra
Variables that are simple flags and do not expect an argument (ARGCOUNT = ARGCOUNT_NONE)
can be specified without any value. They will be set with the value 1, with any value
explicitly specified (except "0" and "off") being ignored. The variable may also be
specified with a "no" prefix to implicitly set the variable to 0.
verbose # on (1)
verbose = 1 # on (1)
verbose = 0 # off (0)
verbose off # off (0)
verbose on # on (1)
verbose mumble # on (1)
noverbose # off (0)
Variables that expect an argument (ARGCOUNT = ARGCOUNT_ONE) will be set to whatever
follows the variable name, up to the end of the current line (including any continuation
lines). An optional equals sign may be inserted between the variable and value for
clarity.
room = /home/kitchen
room /home/bedroom
Each subsequent re-definition of the variable value overwrites the previous value.
print $config->room(); # prints "/home/bedroom"
Variables may be defined to accept multiple values (ARGCOUNT = ARGCOUNT_LIST). Each
subsequent definition of the variable adds the value to the list of previously set values
for the variable.
drink = coffee
drink = tea
A reference to a list of values is returned when the variable is requested.
my $beverages = $config->drink();
print join(", ", @$beverages); # prints "coffee, tea"
Variables may also be defined as hash lists (ARGCOUNT = ARGCOUNT_HASH). Each subsequent
definition creates a new key and value in the hash array.
alias l="ls -CF"
alias e="emacs"
A reference to the hash is returned when the variable is requested.
my $aliases = $config->alias();
foreach my $k (keys %$aliases) {
print "$k => $aliases->{ $k }\n";
}
The '-' prefix can be used to reset a variable to its default value and the '+' prefix can
be used to set it to 1
-verbose
+debug
VARIABLE EXPANSION
Variable values may contain references to other AppConfig variables, environment variables
and/or users' home directories. These will be expanded depending on the EXPAND value for
each variable or the GLOBAL EXPAND value.
Three different expansion types may be applied:
bin = ~/bin # expand '~' to home dir if EXPAND_UID
tmp = ~abw/tmp # as above, but home dir for user 'abw'
perl = $bin/perl # expand value of 'bin' variable if EXPAND_VAR
ripl = $(bin)/ripl # as above with explicit parens
home = ${HOME} # expand HOME environment var if EXPAND_ENV
See AppConfig::State for more information on expanding variable values.
The configuration files may have variables arranged in blocks. A block header, consisting
of the block name in square brackets, introduces a configuration block. The block name
and an underscore are then prefixed to the names of all variables subsequently referenced
in that block. The block continues until the next block definition or to the end of the
current file.
[block1]
foo = 10 # block1_foo = 10
[block2]
foo = 20 # block2_foo = 20
PARSING COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
There are two methods for processing command line options. The first, args(), is a small
and efficient implementation which offers basic functionality. The second, getopt(),
offers a more powerful and complete facility by delegating the task to Johan Vroman's
Getopt::Long module. The trade-off between args() and getopt() is essentially one of
speed/size against flexibility. Use as appropriate. Both implement on-demand loading of
modules and incur no overhead until used.
The args() method is used to parse simple command line options. It automatically loads
the AppConfig::Args module and creates an object to process the command line arguments.
Variables stored in the internal AppConfig::State are automatically updated with values
specified in the arguments.
The method should be passed a reference to a list of arguments to parse. The @ARGV array
is used if args() is called without parameters.
$config->args(\@myargs);
$config->args(); # uses @ARGV
Arguments are read and shifted from the array until the first is encountered that is not
prefixed by '-' or '--'. At that point, the method returns 1 to indicate success, leaving
any unprocessed arguments remaining in the list.
Each argument should be the name or alias of a variable prefixed by '-' or '--'.
Arguments that are not prefixed as such (and are not an additional parameter to a previous
argument) will cause a warning to be raised. If the PEDANTIC option is set, the method
will return 0 immediately. With PEDANTIC unset (default), the method will continue to
parse the rest of the arguments, returning 0 when done.
If the variable is a simple flag (ARGCOUNT = ARGCOUNT_NONE) then it is set to the value 1.
The variable may be prefixed by "no" to set its value to 0.
myprog -verbose --debug -notaste # $config->verbose(1)
# $config->debug(1)
# $config->taste(0)
Variables that expect an additional argument (ARGCOUNT != 0) will be set to the value of
the argument following it.
myprog -f /tmp/myfile # $config->file('/tmp/file');
Variables that expect multiple values (ARGCOUNT = ARGCOUNT_LIST or ARGCOUNT_HASH) will
have successive values added each time the option is encountered.
myprog -file /tmp/foo -file /tmp/bar # $config->file('/tmp/foo')
# $config->file('/tmp/bar')
# file => [ '/tmp/foo', '/tmp/bar' ]
myprog -door "jim=Jim Morrison" -door "ray=Ray Manzarek"
# $config->door("jim=Jim Morrison");
# $config->door("ray=Ray Manzarek");
# door => { 'jim' => 'Jim Morrison', 'ray' => 'Ray Manzarek' }
See AppConfig::Args for further details on parsing command line arguments.
The getopt() method provides a way to use the power and flexibility of the Getopt::Long
module to parse command line arguments and have the internal values of the AppConfig
object updates automatically.
The first (non-list reference) parameters may contain a number of configuration string to
pass to Getopt::Long::Configure. A reference to a list of arguments may additionally be
passed or @ARGV is used by default.
$config->getopt(); # uses @ARGV
$config->getopt(\@myargs);
$config->getopt(qw(auto_abbrev debug)); # uses @ARGV
$config->getopt(qw(debug), \@myargs);
See Getopt::Long for details of the configuration options available.
The getopt() method constructs a specification string for each internal variable and then
initializes Getopt::Long with these values. The specification string is constructed from
the name, any aliases (delimited by a vertical bar '|') and the value of the ARGS
parameter.
$config->define("foo", {
ARGS => "=i",
ALIAS => "bar|baz",
});
# Getopt::Long specification: "foo|bar|baz=i"
Errors and warning generated by the Getopt::Long module are trapped and handled by the
AppConfig error handler. This may be a user-defined routine installed with the ERROR
configuration option.
Please note that the AppConfig::Getopt interface is still experimental and may not be 100%
operational. This is almost undoubtedly due to problems in AppConfig::Getopt rather than
Getopt::Long.
PARSING CGI PARAMETERS
The cgi() method provides an interface to the AppConfig::CGI module for updating variable
values based on the parameters appended to the URL for a CGI script. This is commonly
known as the CGI "GET" method. The CGI "POST" method is currently not supported.
Parameter definitions are separated from the CGI script name by a question mark and from
each other by ampersands. Where variables have specific values, these are appended to the
variable with an equals sign:
http://www.here.com/cgi-bin/myscript?foo=bar&baz=qux&verbose
# $config->foo('bar');
# $config->baz('qux');
# $config->verbose(1);
Certain values specified in a URL must be escaped in the appropriate manner (see CGI
specifications at http://www.w3c.org/ for full details). The AppConfig::CGI module
automatically unescapes the CGI query string to restore the parameters to their intended
values.
http://where.com/mycgi?title=%22The+Wrong+Trousers%22
# $config->title('"The Wrong Trousers"');
Please be considerate of the security implications of providing writable access to script
variables via CGI.
http://rebel.alliance.com/cgi-bin/...
.../send_report?file=%2Fetc%2Fpasswd&email=darth%40empire.com
To avoid any accidental or malicious changing of "private" variables, define only the
"public" variables before calling the cgi() (or any other) method. Further variables can
subsequently be defined which can not be influenced by the CGI parameters.
$config->define('verbose', 'debug')
$config->cgi(); # can only set verbose and debug
$config->define('email', 'file');
$config->file($cfgfile); # can set verbose, debug, email + file
CONSTANT DEFINITIONS
A number of constants are defined by the AppConfig module. These may be accessed directly
(e.g. AppConfig::EXPAND_VARS) or by first importing them into the caller's package.
Constants are imported by specifying their names as arguments to "use AppConfig" or by
importing a set of constants identified by its "tag set" name.
use AppConfig qw(ARGCOUNT_NONE ARGCOUNT_ONE);
use AppConfig qw(:argcount);
The following tag sets are defined:
:expand
The ':expand' tagset defines the following constants:
EXPAND_NONE
EXPAND_VAR
EXPAND_UID
EXPAND_ENV
EXPAND_ALL # EXPAND_VAR | EXPAND_UID | EXPAND_ENV
EXPAND_WARN
See AppConfig::File for full details of the use of these constants.
:argcount
The ':argcount' tagset defines the following constants:
ARGCOUNT_NONE
ARGCOUNT_ONE
ARGCOUNT_LIST
ARGCOUNT_HASH
See AppConfig::State for full details of the use of these constants.
REPOSITORY
<https://github.com/neilbowers/AppConfig>
AUTHOR
Andy Wardley, <abw AT wardley.org>
With contributions from Dave Viner, Ijon Tichy, Axel Gerstmair and many others whose names
have been lost to the sands of time (reminders welcome).
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 1997-2007 Andy Wardley. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (C) 1997,1998 Canon Research Centre Europe Ltd.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself.
SEE ALSO
AppConfig::State, AppConfig::File, AppConfig::Args, AppConfig::Getopt, AppConfig::CGI,
Getopt::Long
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