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BUNDLE-EXEC(1) BUNDLE-EXEC(1)
NAME
bundle-exec - Execute a command in the context of the bundle
SYNOPSIS
bundle exec [--keep-file-descriptors] command
DESCRIPTION
This command executes the command, making all gems specified in the [Gemfile(5)][Gem-
file(5)] available to require in Ruby programs.
Essentially, if you would normally have run something like rspec spec/my_spec.rb, and you
want to use the gems specified in the [Gemfile(5)][Gemfile(5)] and installed via bundle
install(1) bundle-install.1.html, you should run bundle exec rspec spec/my_spec.rb.
Note that bundle exec does not require that an executable is available on your shell's
$PATH.
OPTIONS
--keep-file-descriptors
Exec in Ruby 2.0 began discarding non-standard file descriptors. When this flag is
passed, exec will revert to the 1.9 behaviour of passing all file descriptors to
the new process.
BUNDLE INSTALL --BINSTUBS
If you use the --binstubs flag in bundle install(1) bundle-install.1.html, Bundler will
automatically create a directory (which defaults to app_root/bin) containing all of the
executables available from gems in the bundle.
After using --binstubs, bin/rspec spec/my_spec.rb is identical to bundle exec rspec
spec/my_spec.rb.
ENVIRONMENT MODIFICATIONS
bundle exec makes a number of changes to the shell environment, then executes the command
you specify in full.
o make sure that it's still possible to shell out to bundle from inside a command in-
voked by bundle exec (using $BUNDLE_BIN_PATH)
o put the directory containing executables (like rails, rspec, rackup) for your bundle
on $PATH
o make sure that if bundler is invoked in the subshell, it uses the same Gemfile (by
setting BUNDLE_GEMFILE)
o add -rbundler/setup to $RUBYOPT, which makes sure that Ruby programs invoked in the
subshell can see the gems in the bundle
It also modifies Rubygems:
o disallow loading additional gems not in the bundle
o modify the gem method to be a no-op if a gem matching the requirements is in the bun-
dle, and to raise a Gem::LoadError if it's not
o Define Gem.refresh to be a no-op, since the source index is always frozen when using
bundler, and to prevent gems from the system leaking into the environment
o Override Gem.bin_path to use the gems in the bundle, making system executables work
o Add all gems in the bundle into Gem.loaded_specs
Finally, bundle exec also implicitly modifies Gemfile.lock if the lockfile and the Gemfile
do not match. Bundler needs the Gemfile to determine things such as a gem's groups, au-
torequire, and platforms, etc., and that information isn't stored in the lockfile. The
Gemfile and lockfile must be synced in order to bundle exec successfully, so bundle exec
updates the lockfile beforehand.
Loading
By default, when attempting to bundle exec to a file with a ruby shebang, Bundler will
Kernel.load that file instead of using Kernel.exec. For the vast majority of cases, this
is a performance improvement. In a rare few cases, this could cause some subtle side-ef-
fects (such as dependence on the exact contents of $0 or __FILE__) and the optimization
can be disabled by enabling the disable_exec_load setting.
Shelling out
Any Ruby code that opens a subshell (like system, backticks, or %x{}) will automatically
use the current Bundler environment. If you need to shell out to a Ruby command that is
not part of your current bundle, use the with_clean_env method with a block. Any subshells
created inside the block will be given the environment present before Bundler was acti-
vated. For example, Homebrew commands run Ruby, but don't work inside a bundle:
Bundler.with_clean_env do
`brew install wget`
end
Using with_clean_env is also necessary if you are shelling out to a different bundle. Any
Bundler commands run in a subshell will inherit the current Gemfile, so commands that need
to run in the context of a different bundle also need to use with_clean_env.
Bundler.with_clean_env do
Dir.chdir "/other/bundler/project" do
`bundle exec ./script`
end
end
Bundler provides convenience helpers that wrap system and exec, and they can be used like
this:
Bundler.clean_system('brew install wget')
Bundler.clean_exec('brew install wget')
RUBYGEMS PLUGINS
At present, the Rubygems plugin system requires all files named rubygems_plugin.rb on the
load path of any installed gem when any Ruby code requires rubygems.rb. This includes exe-
cutables installed into the system, like rails, rackup, and rspec.
Since Rubygems plugins can contain arbitrary Ruby code, they commonly end up activating
themselves or their dependencies.
For instance, the gemcutter 0.5 gem depended on json_pure. If you had that version of gem-
cutter installed (even if you also had a newer version without this problem), Rubygems
would activate gemcutter 0.5 and json_pure <latest>.
If your Gemfile(5) also contained json_pure (or a gem with a dependency on json_pure), the
latest version on your system might conflict with the version in your Gemfile(5), or the
snapshot version in your Gemfile.lock.
If this happens, bundler will say:
You have already activated json_pure 1.4.6 but your Gemfile
requires json_pure 1.4.3. Consider using bundle exec.
In this situation, you almost certainly want to remove the underlying gem with the prob-
lematic gem plugin. In general, the authors of these plugins (in this case, the gemcutter
gem) have released newer versions that are more careful in their plugins.
You can find a list of all the gems containing gem plugins by running
ruby -rrubygems -e "puts Gem.find_files('rubygems_plugin.rb')"
At the very least, you should remove all but the newest version of each gem plugin, and
also remove all gem plugins that you aren't using (gem uninstall gem_name).
December 2021 BUNDLE-EXEC(1)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
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