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GROFF_DIFF(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual GROFF_DIFF(7)
NAME
groff_diff - differences between GNU troff and classical troff
DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the language differences between groff, the GNU roff text pro-
cessing system, and the classical roff formatter of the freely available Unix 7 of the
1970s, documented in the Troff User's Manual by Ossanna and Kernighan. This includes the
roff language as well as the intermediate output format (troff output).
Section "See Also" below gives pointers to both the classical roff and the modern groff
documentation.
GROFF LANGUAGE
In this section, all additional features of groff compared to the classical Unix 7 troff
are described in detail.
Long names
The names of number registers, fonts, strings/macros/diversions, special characters
(glyphs), and colors can be of any length. In escape sequences, additionally to the clas-
sical '(xx' construction for a two-character glyph name, you can use '[xxx]' for a name of
arbitrary length.
\[xxx] Print the special character (glyph) called xxx.
\[comp1 comp2 ...]
Print composite glyph consisting of multiple components. Example: '\[A ho]' is
capital letter A with ogonek which finally maps to glyph name 'u0041_0328'. See
Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, the groff Texinfo manual, for details of
how a glyph name for a composite glyph is constructed, and groff_char(7) for a list
of glyph name components used in composite glyph names.
\f[xxx]
Set font xxx. Additionally, \f[] is a new syntax form equal to \fP, i.e., to re-
turn to the previous font.
\*[xxx arg1 arg2 ...]
Interpolate string xxx, taking arg1, arg2, ..., as arguments.
\n[xxx]
Interpolate number register xxx.
Fractional point sizes
A scaled point is equal to 1/sizescale points, where sizescale is specified in the DESC
file (1 by default). There is a new scale indicator z that has the effect of multiplying
by sizescale. Requests and escape sequences in troff interpret arguments that represent a
point size as being in units of scaled points, but they evaluate each such argument using
a default scale indicator of z. Arguments treated in this way are the argument to the ps
request, the third argument to the cs request, the second and fourth arguments to the tkf
request, the argument to the \H escape sequence, and those variants of the \s escape se-
quence that take a numeric expression as their argument.
For example, suppose sizescale is 1000; then a scaled point is equivalent to a millipoint;
the call .ps 10.25 is equivalent to .ps 10.25z and so sets the point size to 10250 scaled
points, which is equal to 10.25 points.
The number register \n[.s] returns the point size in points as decimal fraction. There is
also a new number register \n[.ps] that returns the point size in scaled points.
It would make no sense to use the z scale indicator in a numeric expression whose default
scale indicator was neither u nor z, and so troff disallows this. Similarly it would make
no sense to use a scaling indicator other than z or u in a numeric expression whose de-
fault scale indicator was z, and so troff disallows this as well.
There is also new scale indicator s which multiplies by the number of units in a scaled
point. So, for example, \n[.ps]s is equal to 1m. Be sure not to confuse the s and
z scale indicators.
Numeric expressions
Spaces are permitted in a number expression within parentheses.
M indicates a scale of 100ths of an em. f indicates a scale of 65536 units, providing
fractions for color definitions with the defcolor request. For example, 0.5f = 32768u.
e1>?e2 The maximum of e1 and e2.
e1<?e2 The minimum of e1 and e2.
(c;e) Evaluate e using c as the default scaling indicator. If c is missing, ignore scal-
ing indicators in the evaluation of e.
New escape sequences
\A'anything'
This expands to 1 or 0, depending on whether anything is or is not acceptable as
the name of a string, macro, diversion, number register, environment, font, or
color. It returns 0 if anything is empty. This is useful if you want to look up
user input in some sort of associative table.
\B'anything'
This expands to 1 or 0, depending on whether anything is or is not a valid numeric
expression. It returns 0 if anything is empty.
\C'xxx'
Typeset glyph named xxx. Normally it is more convenient to use \[xxx]. But \C has
the advantage that it is compatible with recent versions of Unix and is available
in compatibility mode.
\E This is equivalent to an escape character, but it is not interpreted in copy mode.
For example, strings to start and end superscripting could be defined like this
.ds { \v'-.3m'\s'\En[.s]*6u/10u'
.ds } \s0\v'.3m'
The use of \E ensures that these definitions work even if \*{ gets interpreted in
copy mode (for example, by being used in a macro argument).
\Ff
\F(fm
\F[fam]
Change font family. This is the same as the fam request. \F[] switches back to
the previous font family (note that \FP won't work; it selects font family 'P' in-
stead).
\mx
\m(xx
\m[xxx]
Set drawing color. \m[] switches back to the previous color.
\Mx
\M(xx
\M[xxx]
Set background color for filled objects drawn with the \D'...' commands. \M[]
switches back to the previous color.
\N'n' Typeset the glyph with index n in the current font. n can be any integer. Most
devices only have glyphs with indices between 0 and 255. If the current font does
not contain a glyph with that code, special fonts are not searched. The \N escape
sequence can be conveniently used in conjunction with the char request, for example
.char \[phone] \f(ZD\N'37'
The index of each glyph is given in the fourth column in the font description file
after the charset command. It is possible to include unnamed glyphs in the font
description file by using a name of ---; the \N escape sequence is the only way to
use these.
\On
\O[n] Suppress troff output. The escapes \O2, \O3, \O4, and \O5 are intended for inter-
nal use by grohtml.
\O0 Disable any ditroff glyphs from being emitted to the device driver, provided
that the escape occurs at the outer level (see \O3 and \O4).
\O1 Enable output of glyphs, provided that the escape occurs at the outer level.
\O0 and \O1 also reset the registers \n[opminx], \n[opminy], \n[opmaxx], and
\n[opmaxy] to -1. These four registers mark the top left and bottom right
hand corners of a box which encompasses all written glyphs.
\O2 Provided that the escape occurs at the outer level, enable output of glyphs
and also write out to stderr the page number and four registers encompassing
the glyphs previously written since the last call to \O.
\O3 Begin a nesting level. At start-up, troff is at outer level. This is re-
ally an internal mechanism for grohtml while producing images. They are
generated by running the troff source through troff to the PostScript device
and ghostscript to produce images in PNG format. The \O3 escape starts a
new page if the device is not html (to reduce the possibility of images
crossing a page boundary).
\O4 End a nesting level.
\O5[Pfilename]
This escape is grohtml specific. Provided that this escape occurs at the
outer nesting level, write filename to stderr. The position of the image,
P, must be specified and must be one of l, r, c, or i (left, right, cen-
tered, inline). filename is associated with the production of the next in-
line image.
\R'name +-n'
This has the same effect as
.nr name +-n
\s(nn
\s+-(nn
Set the point size to nn points; nn must be exactly two digits.
\s[+-n]
\s+-[n]
\s'+-n'
\s+-'n'
Set the point size to n scaled points; n is a numeric expression with a default
scale indicator of z.
\Vx
\V(xx
\V[xxx]
Interpolate the contents of the environment variable xxx, as returned by getenv(3).
\V is interpreted in copy mode.
\Yx
\Y(xx
\Y[xxx]
This is approximately equivalent to \X'\*[xxx]'. However the contents of the
string or macro xxx are not interpreted; also it is permitted for xxx to have been
defined as a macro and thus contain newlines (it is not permitted for the argument
to \X to contain newlines). The inclusion of newlines requires an extension to the
Unix troff output format, and confuses drivers that do not know about this exten-
sion.
\Z'anything'
Print anything and then restore the horizontal and vertical position; anything may
not contain tabs or leaders.
\$0 The name by which the current macro was invoked. The als request can make a macro
have more than one name.
\$* In a macro or string, the concatenation of all the arguments separated by spaces.
\$@ In a macro or string, the concatenation of all the arguments with each surrounded
by double quotes, and separated by spaces.
\$^ In a macro, the representation of all parameters as if they were an argument to the
ds request.
\$(nn
\$[nnn]
In a macro or string, this gives the nn-th or nnn-th argument. Macros and strings
can have an unlimited number of arguments.
\?anything\?
When used in a diversion, this transparently embeds anything in the diversion.
anything is read in copy mode. When the diversion is reread, anything is inter-
preted. anything may not contain newlines; use \! if you want to embed newlines in
a diversion. The escape sequence \? is also recognized in copy mode and turned
into a single internal code; it is this code that terminates anything. Thus
.nr x 1
.nf
.di d
\?\\?\\\\?\\\\\\\\nx\\\\?\\?\?
.di
.nr x 2
.di e
.d
.di
.nr x 3
.di f
.e
.di
.nr x 4
.f
prints 4.
\/ This increases the width of the preceding glyph so that the spacing between that
glyph and the following glyph is correct if the following glyph is a roman glyph.
It is a good idea to use this escape sequence whenever an italic glyph is immedi-
ately followed by a roman glyph without any intervening space.
\, This modifies the spacing of the following glyph so that the spacing between that
glyph and the preceding glyph is correct if the preceding glyph is a roman glyph.
It is a good idea to use this escape sequence whenever a roman glyph is immediately
followed by an italic glyph without any intervening space.
\) Like \& except that it behaves like a character declared with the cflags request to
be transparent for the purposes of end-of-sentence recognition.
\~ This produces an unbreakable space that stretches like a normal inter-word space
when a line is adjusted.
\: This causes the insertion of a zero-width break point. It is equal to \% within a
word but without insertion of a soft hyphen glyph.
\# Everything up to and including the next newline is ignored. This is interpreted in
copy mode. It is like \" except that \" does not ignore the terminating newline.
New requests
.aln xx yy
Create an alias xx for number register object named yy. The new name and the old
name are exactly equivalent. If yy is undefined, a warning of type reg is gener-
ated, and the request is ignored.
.als xx yy
Create an alias xx for request, string, macro, or diversion object named yy. The
new name and the old name are exactly equivalent (it is similar to a hard rather
than a soft link). If yy is undefined, a warning of type mac is generated, and the
request is ignored. The de, am, di, da, ds, and as requests only create a new ob-
ject if the name of the macro, diversion or string is currently undefined or if it
is defined to be a request; normally they modify the value of an existing object.
.am1 xx yy
Similar to .am, but compatibility mode is switched off during execution. To be
more precise, a 'compatibility save' token is inserted at the beginning of the
macro addition, and a 'compatibility restore' token at the end. As a consequence,
the requests am, am1, de, and de1 can be intermixed freely since the compatibility
save/restore tokens only affect the macro parts defined by .am1 and .ds1.
.ami xx yy
Append to macro indirectly. See the dei request below for more information.
.ami1 xx yy
Same as the ami request but compatibility mode is switched off during execution.
.as1 xx yy
Similar to .as, but compatibility mode is switched off during expansion. To be
more precise, a 'compatibility save' token is inserted at the beginning of the
string, and a 'compatibility restore' token at the end. As a consequence, the re-
quests as, as1, ds, and ds1 can be intermixed freely since the compatibility save/
restore tokens only affect the (sub)strings defined by as1 and ds1.
.asciify xx
This request 'unformats' the diversion xx in such a way that ASCII and space char-
acters (and some escape sequences) that were formatted and diverted into xx are
treated like ordinary input characters when xx is reread. Useful for diversions in
conjunction with the writem request. It can be also used for gross hacks; for ex-
ample, this
.tr @.
.di x
@nr n 1
.br
.di
.tr @@
.asciify x
.x
sets register n to 1. Note that glyph information (font, font size, etc.) is not
preserved; use .unformat instead.
.backtrace
Print a backtrace of the input stack on stderr.
.blm xx
Set the blank line macro to xx. If there is a blank line macro, it is invoked when
a blank line is encountered instead of the usual troff behaviour.
.box xx
.boxa xx
These requests are similar to the di and da requests with the exception that a par-
tially filled line does not become part of the diversion (i.e., the diversion al-
ways starts with a new line) but is restored after ending the diversion, discarding
the partially filled line which possibly comes from the diversion.
.break Break out of a while loop. See also the while and continue requests. Be sure not
to confuse this with the br request.
.brp This is the same as \p.
.cflags n c1 c2 ...
Characters c1, c2, ..., have properties determined by n, which is ORed from the
following:
1 The character ends sentences (initially characters .?! have this property).
2 Lines can be broken before the character (initially no characters have this
property); a line is not broken at a character with this property unless the
characters on each side both have non-zero hyphenation codes. This can be
overridden with value 64.
4 Lines can be broken after the character (initially characters -\[hy]\[em]
have this property); a line is not broken at a character with this property
unless the characters on each side both have non-zero hyphenation codes.
This can be overridden with value 64.
8 The glyph associated with this character overlaps horizontally (initially
characters \[ul]\[rn]\[ru]\[radicalex]\[sqrtex] have this property).
16 The glyph associated with this character overlaps vertically (initially
glyph \[br] has this property).
32 An end-of-sentence character followed by any number of characters with this
property is treated as the end of a sentence if followed by a newline or two
spaces; in other words the character is transparent for the purposes of end-
of-sentence recognition; this is the same as having a zero space factor in
TeX (initially characters "')]*\[dg]\[rq]\[cq] have this property).
64 Ignore hyphenation code values of the surrounding characters. Use this in
combination with values 2 and 4 (initially no characters have this prop-
erty).
128 Prohibit a line break before the character, but allow a line break after the
character. This works only in combination with flags 256 and 512 and has no
effect otherwise.
256 Prohibit a line break after the character, but allow a line break before the
character. This works only in combination with flags 128 and 512 and has no
effect otherwise.
512 Allow line break before or after the character. This works only in combina-
tion with flags 128 and 256 and has no effect otherwise.
Contrary to flag values 2 and 4, the flags 128, 256, and 512 work pairwise. If,
for example, the left character has value 512, and the right character 128, no line
break gets inserted. If we use value 6 instead for the left character, a line
break after the character can't be suppressed since the right neighbour character
doesn't get examined.
.char c string
[This request can both define characters and glyphs.]
Define entity c to be string. To be more precise, define (or even override) a
groff entity which can be accessed with name c on the input side, and which uses
string on the output side. Every time glyph c needs to be printed, string is pro-
cessed in a temporary environment and the result is wrapped up into a single ob-
ject. Compatibility mode is turned off and the escape character is set to \ while
string is being processed. Any emboldening, constant spacing or track kerning is
applied to this object rather than to individual glyphs in string.
A groff object defined by this request can be used just like a normal glyph pro-
vided by the output device. In particular other characters can be translated to it
with the tr request; it can be made the leader glyph by the lc request; repeated
patterns can be drawn with the glyph using the \l and \L escape sequences; words
containing c can be hyphenated correctly, if the hcode request is used to give the
object a hyphenation code.
There is a special anti-recursion feature: Use of glyph within the glyph's defini-
tion is handled like normal glyphs not defined with char.
A glyph definition can be removed with the rchar request.
.chop xx
Chop the last element off macro, string, or diversion xx. This is useful for re-
moving the newline from the end of diversions that are to be interpolated as
strings.
.class name c1 c2 ...
Assign name to a set of characters c1, c2, ..., so that they can be referred to
from other requests easily (currently .cflags only). Character ranges (indicated
by an intermediate '-') and nested classes are possible also. This is useful to
assign properties to a large set of characters.
.close stream
Close the stream named stream; stream will no longer be an acceptable argument to
the write request. See the open request.
.composite glyph1 glyph2
Map glyph name glyph1 to glyph name glyph2 if it is used in \[...] with more than
one component.
.continue
Finish the current iteration of a while loop. See also the while and break re-
quests.
.color n
If n is non-zero or missing, enable colors (this is the default), otherwise disable
them.
.cp n If n is non-zero or missing, enable compatibility mode, otherwise disable it. In
compatibility mode, long names are not recognized, and the incompatibilities caused
by long names do not arise.
.defcolor xxx scheme color_components
Define color xxx. scheme can be one of the following values: rgb (three compo-
nents), cmy (three components), cmyk (four components), and gray or grey (one com-
ponent). Color components can be given either as a hexadecimal string or as posi-
tive decimal integers in the range 0-65535. A hexadecimal string contains all
color components concatenated; it must start with either # or ##. The former spec-
ifies hex values in the range 0-255 (which are internally multiplied by 257), the
latter in the range 0-65535. Examples: #FFC0CB (pink), ##ffff0000ffff (magenta).
A new scaling indicator f has been introduced which multiplies its value by 65536;
this makes it convenient to specify color components as fractions in the range 0
to 1. Example:
.defcolor darkgreen rgb 0.1f 0.5f 0.2f
Note that f is the default scaling indicator for the defcolor request, thus the
above statement is equivalent to
.defcolor darkgreen rgb 0.1 0.5 0.2
The color named default (which is device-specific) can't be redefined. It is pos-
sible that the default color for \M and \m is not the same.
.de1 xx yy
Similar to .de, but compatibility mode is switched off during execution. On entry,
the current compatibility mode is saved and restored at exit.
.dei xx yy
Define macro indirectly. The following example
.ds xx aa
.ds yy bb
.dei xx yy
is equivalent to
.de aa bb
.dei1 xx yy
Similar to the dei request but compatibility mode is switched off during execution.
.device anything
This is (almost) the same as the \X escape. anything is read in copy mode; a lead-
ing " is stripped.
.devicem xx
This is the same as the \Y escape (to embed the contents of a macro into the inter-
mediate output preceded with 'x X').
.do xxx
Interpret .xxx with compatibility mode disabled. For example,
.do fam T
would have the same effect as
.fam T
except that it would work even if compatibility mode had been enabled. Note that
the previous compatibility mode is restored before any files sourced by xxx are in-
terpreted.
.ds1 xx yy
Similar to .ds, but compatibility mode is switched off during expansion. To be
more precise, a 'compatibility save' token is inserted at the beginning of the
string, and a 'compatibility restore' token at the end.
.ecs Save current escape character.
.ecr Restore escape character saved with ecs. Without a previous call to ecs, '\' will
be the new escape character.
.evc xx
Copy the contents of environment xx to the current environment. No pushing or pop-
ping of environments is done.
.fam xx
Set the current font family to xx. The current font family is part of the current
environment. If xx is missing, switch back to previous font family. The value at
start-up is 'T'. See the description of the sty request for more information on
font families.
.fchar c string
Define fallback character (or glyph) c to be string. The syntax of this request is
the same as the char request; the only difference is that a glyph defined with char
hides the glyph with the same name in the current font, whereas a glyph defined
with fchar is checked only if the particular glyph isn't found in the current font.
This test happens before checking special fonts.
.fcolor c
Set the fill color to c. If c is missing, switch to the previous fill color.
.fschar f c string
Define fallback character (or glyph) c for font f to be string. The syntax of this
request is the same as the char request (with an additional argument to specify the
font); a glyph defined with fschar is searched after the list of fonts declared
with the fspecial request but before the list of fonts declared with .special.
.fspecial f s1 s2 ...
When the current font is f, fonts s1, s2, ..., are special, that is, they are
searched for glyphs not in the current font. Any fonts specified in the special
request are searched after fonts specified in the fspecial request. Without argu-
ment, reset the list of global special fonts to be empty.
.ftr f g
Translate font f to g. Whenever a font named f is referred to in an \f escape se-
quence, in the F and S conditional operators, or in the ft, ul, bd, cs, tkf, spe-
cial, fspecial, fp, or sty requests, font g is used. If g is missing, or equal
to f then font f is not translated.
.fzoom f zoom
Set zoom factor zoom for font f. zoom must a non-negative integer multiple of
1/1000th. If it is missing or is equal to zero, it means the same as 1000, namely
no magnification. f must be a real font name, not a style.
.gcolor c
Set the glyph color to c. If c is missing, switch to the previous glyph color.
.hcode c1 code1 c2 code2 ...
Set the hyphenation code of character c1 to code1 and that of c2 to code2, and so
on. A hyphenation code must be a single input character (not a special character)
other than a digit or a space. Initially each lower-case letter a-z has a hyphena-
tion code, which is itself, and each upper-case letter A-Z has a hyphenation code
which is the lower-case version of itself. See also the hpf request.
.hla lang
Set the current hyphenation language to lang. Hyphenation exceptions specified
with the hw request and hyphenation patterns specified with the hpf request are
both associated with the current hyphenation language. The hla request is usually
invoked by the troffrc file to set up a default language.
.hlm n Set the maximum number of consecutive hyphenated lines to n. If n is negative,
there is no maximum. The default value is -1. This value is associated with the
current environment. Only lines output from an environment count towards the maxi-
mum associated with that environment. Hyphens resulting from \% are counted; ex-
plicit hyphens are not.
.hpf file
Read hyphenation patterns from file; this is searched for in the same way that
name.tmac is searched for when the -mname option is specified. It should have the
same format as (simple) TeX patterns files. More specifically, the following scan-
ning rules are implemented.
o A percent sign starts a comment (up to the end of the line) even if preceded
by a backslash.
o No support for 'digraphs' like \$.
o ^^xx (x is 0-9 or a-f) and ^^x (character code of x in the range 0-127) are
recognized; other use of ^ causes an error.
o No macro expansion.
o hpf checks for the expression \patterns{...} (possibly with whitespace be-
fore and after the braces). Everything between the braces is taken as hy-
phenation patterns. Consequently, { and } are not allowed in patterns.
o Similarly, \hyphenation{...} gives a list of hyphenation exceptions.
o \endinput is recognized also.
o For backwards compatibility, if \patterns is missing, the whole file is
treated as a list of hyphenation patterns (only recognizing the % character
as the start of a comment).
Use the hpfcode request to map the encoding used in hyphenation patterns files to
groff's input encoding. By default, everything maps to itself except letters 'A'
to 'Z' which map to 'a' to 'z'.
The set of hyphenation patterns is associated with the current language set by the
hla request. The hpf request is usually invoked by the troffrc file; a second call
replaces the old patterns with the new ones.
.hpfa file
The same as hpf except that the hyphenation patterns from file are appended to the
patterns already loaded in the current language.
.hpfcode a b c d ...
After reading a hyphenation patterns file with the hpf or hpfa request, convert all
characters with character code a in the recently read patterns to character code b,
character code c to d, etc. Initially, all character codes map to themselves. The
arguments of hpfcode must be integers in the range 0 to 255. Note that it is even
possible to use character codes which are invalid in groff otherwise.
.hym n Set the hyphenation margin to n: when the current adjustment mode is not b, the
line is not hyphenated if the line is no more than n short. The default hyphena-
tion margin is 0. The default scaling indicator for this request is m. The hy-
phenation margin is associated with the current environment. The current hyphena-
tion margin is available in the \n[.hym] register.
.hys n Set the hyphenation space to n: When the current adjustment mode is b don't hyphen-
ate the line if the line can be justified by adding no more than n extra space to
each word space. The default hyphenation space is 0. The default scaling indica-
tor for this request is m. The hyphenation space is associated with the current
environment. The current hyphenation space is available in the \n[.hys] register.
.itc n macro
Variant of .it for which a line interrupted with \c is not counted as an input
line.
.kern n
If n is non-zero or missing, enable pairwise kerning, otherwise disable it.
.length xx string
Compute the length of string and return it in the number register xx (which is not
necessarily defined before).
.linetabs n
If n is non-zero or missing, enable line-tabs mode, otherwise disable it (which is
the default). In line-tabs mode, tab distances are computed relative to the (cur-
rent) output line. Otherwise they are taken relative to the input line. For exam-
ple, the following
.ds x a\t\c
.ds y b\t\c
.ds z c
.ta 1i 3i
\*x
\*y
\*z
yields
a b c
In line-tabs mode, the same code gives
a b c
Line-tabs mode is associated with the current environment; the read-only number
register \n[.linetabs] is set to 1 if in line-tabs mode, and 0 otherwise.
.lsm xx
Set the leading spaces macro to xx. If there are leading spaces in an input line,
it is invoked instead of the usual troff behaviour; the leading spaces are removed.
Registers \n[lsn] and \n[lss] hold the number of removed leading spaces and the
corresponding horizontal space, respectively.
.mso file
The same as the so request except that file is searched for in the same directories
as macro files for the -m command-line option. If the file name to be included has
the form name.tmac and it isn't found, mso tries to include tmac.name instead and
vice versa. A warning of type file is generated if file can't be loaded, and the
request is ignored.
.nop anything
Execute anything. This is similar to '.if 1'.
.nroff Make the n built-in condition true and the t built-in condition false. This can be
reversed using the troff request.
.open stream filename
Open filename for writing and associate the stream named stream with it. See also
the close and write requests.
.opena stream filename
Like open, but if filename exists, append to it instead of truncating it.
.output string
Emit string directly to the intermediate output (subject to copy-mode interpreta-
tion); this is similar to \! used at the top level. An initial double quote in
string is stripped off to allow initial blanks.
.pev Print the current environment and each defined environment state on stderr.
.pnr Print the names and contents of all currently defined number registers on stderr.
.psbb filename
Get the bounding box of a PostScript image filename. This file must conform to
Adobe's Document Structuring Conventions; the command looks for a %%BoundingBox
comment to extract the bounding box values. After a successful call, the coordi-
nates (in PostScript units) of the lower left and upper right corner can be found
in the registers \n[llx], \n[lly], \n[urx], and \n[ury], respectively. If some er-
ror has occurred, the four registers are set to zero.
.pso command
This behaves like the so request except that input comes from the standard output
of command.
.ptr Print the names and positions of all traps (not including input line traps and di-
version traps) on stderr. Empty slots in the page trap list are printed as well,
because they can affect the priority of subsequently planted traps.
.pvs +-n
Set the post-vertical line space to n; default scale indicator is p. This value is
added to each line after it has been output. With no argument, the post-vertical
line space is set to its previous value.
The total vertical line spacing consists of four components: .vs and \x with a neg-
ative value which are applied before the line is output, and .pvs and \x with a
positive value which are applied after the line is output.
.rchar c1 c2 ...
Remove the definitions of glyphs c1, c2, ... This undoes the effect of a char re-
quest.
.return
Within a macro, return immediately. If called with an argument, return twice,
namely from the current macro and from the macro one level higher. No effect oth-
erwise.
.rfschar c1 c2 ...
Remove the font-specific definitions of glyphs c1, c2, ... This undoes the effect
of an fschar request.
.rj
.rj n Right justify the next n input lines. Without an argument right justify the next
input line. The number of lines to be right justified is available in the \n[.rj]
register. This implicitly does .ce 0. The ce request implicitly does .rj 0.
.rnn xx yy
Rename number register xx to yy.
.schar c string
Define global fallback character (or glyph) c to be string. The syntax of this re-
quest is the same as the char request; a glyph defined with schar is searched after
the list of fonts declared with the special request but before the mounted special
fonts.
.shc c Set the soft hyphen character to c. If c is omitted, the soft hyphen character is
set to the default \[hy]. The soft hyphen character is the glyph which is inserted
when a word is hyphenated at a line break. If the soft hyphen character does not
exist in the font of the glyph immediately preceding a potential break point, then
the line is not broken at that point. Neither definitions (specified with the char
request) nor translations (specified with the tr request) are considered when find-
ing the soft hyphen character.
.shift n
In a macro, shift the arguments by n positions: argument i becomes argument i-n;
arguments 1 to n are no longer available. If n is missing, arguments are shifted
by 1. Shifting by negative amounts is currently undefined.
.sizes s1 s2 ... sn [0]
This command is similar to the sizes command of a DESC file. It sets the available
font sizes for the current font to s1, s2, ..., sn scaled points. The list of
sizes can be terminated by an optional 0. Each si can also be a range of sizes
m-n. Contrary to the font file command, the list can't extend over more than a
single line.
.special s1 s2 ...
Fonts s1, s2, ..., are special and are searched for glyphs not in the current font.
Without arguments, reset the list of special fonts to be empty.
.spreadwarn limit
Make troff emit a warning if the additional space inserted for each space between
words in an output line is larger or equal to limit. A negative value is changed
to zero; no argument toggles the warning on and off without changing limit. The
default scaling indicator is m. At startup, spreadwarn is deactivated, and limit
is set to 3m. For example, .spreadwarn 0.2m causes a warning if troff must add
0.2m or more for each interword space in a line. This request is active only if
text is justified to both margins (using .ad b).
.sty n f
Associate style f with font position n. A font position can be associated either
with a font or with a style. The current font is the index of a font position and
so is also either a font or a style. When it is a style, the font that is actually
used is the font the name of which is the concatenation of the name of the current
family and the name of the current style. For example, if the current font is 1
and font position 1 is associated with style R and the current font family is T,
then font TR is used. If the current font is not a style, then the current family
is ignored. When the requests cs, bd, tkf, uf, or fspecial are applied to a style,
then they are applied instead to the member of the current family corresponding to
that style. The default family can be set with the -f command-line option. The
styles command in the DESC file controls which font positions (if any) are ini-
tially associated with styles rather than fonts.
.substring xx n1 [n2]
Replace the string named xx with the substring defined by the indices n1 and n2.
The first character in the string has index 0. If n2 is omitted, it is taken to be
equal to the string's length. If the index value n1 or n2 is negative, it is
counted from the end of the string, going backwards: The last character has in-
dex -1, the character before the last character has index -2, etc.
.tkf f s1 n1 s2 n2
Enable track kerning for font f. When the current font is f the width of every
glyph is increased by an amount between n1 and n2; when the current point size is
less than or equal to s1 the width is increased by n1; when it is greater than or
equal to s2 the width is increased by n2; when the point size is greater than or
equal to s1 and less than or equal to s2 the increase in width is a linear function
of the point size.
.tm1 string
Similar to the tm request, string is read in copy mode and written on the standard
error, but an initial double quote in string is stripped off to allow initial
blanks.
.tmc string
Similar to tm1 but without writing a final newline.
.trf filename
Transparently output the contents of file filename. Each line is output as if pre-
ceded by \!; however, the lines are not subject to copy-mode interpretation. If
the file does not end with a newline, then a newline is added. For example, you
can define a macro x containing the contents of file f, using
.di x
.trf f
.di
Unlike with the cf request, the file cannot contain characters, such as NUL, that
are not valid troff input characters.
.trin abcd
This is the same as the tr request except that the asciify request uses the charac-
ter code (if any) before the character translation. Example:
.trin ax
.di xxx
a
.br
.di
.xxx
.trin aa
.asciify xxx
.xxx
The result is x a. Using tr, the result would be x x.
.trnt abcd
This is the same as the tr request except that the translations do not apply to
text that is transparently throughput into a diversion with \!. For example,
.tr ab
.di x
\!.tm a
.di
.x
prints b; if trnt is used instead of tr it prints a.
.troff Make the n built-in condition false, and the t built-in condition true. This un-
does the effect of the nroff request.
.unformat xx
This request 'unformats' the diversion xx. Contrary to the asciify request, which
tries to convert formatted elements of the diversion back to input tokens as much
as possible, .unformat only handles tabs and spaces between words (usually caused
by spaces or newlines in the input) specially. The former are treated as if they
were input tokens, and the latter are stretchable again. Note that the vertical
size of lines is not preserved. Glyph information (font, font size, space width,
etc.) is retained. Useful in conjunction with the box and boxa requests.
.vpt n Enable vertical position traps if n is non-zero, disable them otherwise. Vertical
position traps are traps set by the wh or dt requests. Traps set by the it request
are not vertical position traps. The parameter that controls whether vertical po-
sition traps are enabled is global. Initially vertical position traps are enabled.
.warn n
Control warnings. n is the sum of the numbers associated with each warning that is
to be enabled; all other warnings are disabled. The number associated with each
warning is listed in troff(1). For example, .warn 0 disables all warnings, and
.warn 1 disables all warnings except that about missing glyphs. If n is not given,
all warnings are enabled.
.warnscale si
Set the scaling indicator used in warnings to si. Valid values for si are u, i, c,
p, and P. At startup, it is set to i.
.while c anything
While condition c is true, accept anything as input; c can be any condition accept-
able to an if request; anything can comprise multiple lines if the first line
starts with \{ and the last line ends with \}. See also the break and continue re-
quests.
.write stream anything
Write anything to the stream named stream. stream must previously have been the
subject of an open request. anything is read in copy mode; a leading " is
stripped.
.writec stream anything
Similar to write but without writing a final newline.
.writem stream xx
Write the contents of the macro or string xx to the stream named stream. stream
must previously have been the subject of an open request. xx is read in copy mode.
Extended escape sequences
\D'...'
All drawing commands of groff's intermediate output are accepted. See subsection
"Drawing Commands" below.
Extended requests
.cf filename
When used in a diversion, this embeds in the diversion an object which, when
reread, will cause the contents of filename to be transparently copied through to
the output. In Unix troff, the contents of filename is immediately copied through
to the output regardless of whether there is a current diversion; this behaviour is
so anomalous that it must be considered a bug.
.de xx yy
.am xx yy
.ds xx yy
.as xx yy
In compatibility mode, these requests behaves similar to .de1, .am1, .ds1, and
.as1, respectively: A 'compatibility save' token is inserted at the beginning, and
a 'compatibility restore' token at the end, with compatibility mode switched on
during execution.
.ev xx If xx is not a number, this switches to a named environment called xx. The envi-
ronment should be popped with a matching ev request without any arguments, just as
for numbered environments. There is no limit on the number of named environments;
they are created the first time that they are referenced.
.hy n New additive values 16 and 32 are available; the former enables hyphenation before
the last character, the latter enables hyphenation after the first character.
.ss m n
When two arguments are given to the ss request, the second argument gives the sen-
tence space size. If the second argument is not given, the sentence space size is
the same as the word space size. Like the word space size, the sentence space is
in units of one twelfth of the spacewidth parameter for the current font. Ini-
tially both the word space size and the sentence space size are 12. Contrary to
Unix troff, GNU troff handles this request in nroff mode also; a given value is
then rounded down to the nearest multiple of 12. The sentence space size is used
in two circumstances. If the end of a sentence occurs at the end of a line in fill
mode, then both an inter-word space and a sentence space are added; if two spaces
follow the end of a sentence in the middle of a line, then the second space is a
sentence space. Note that the behaviour of Unix troff is exactly that exhibited by
GNU troff if a second argument is never given to the ss request. In GNU troff, as
in Unix troff, you should always follow a sentence with either a newline or two
spaces.
.ta n1 n2 ... nn T r1 r2 ... rn
Set tabs at positions n1, n2, ..., nn and then set tabs at nn+r1, nn+r2, ..., nn+rn
and then at nn+rn+r1, nn+rn+r2, ..., nn+rn+rn, and so on. For example,
.ta T .5i
sets tabs every half an inch.
New number registers
The following read-only registers are available:
\n[.br]
Within a macro call, it is set to 1 if the macro is called with the 'normal' con-
trol character ('.' by default), and set to 0 otherwise. This allows the reliable
modification of requests.
.als bp*orig bp
.de bp
.tm before bp
.ie \\n[.br] .bp*orig
.el 'bp*orig
.tm after bp
..
Using this register outside of a macro makes no sense (it always returns zero in
such cases).
\n[.C] 1 if compatibility mode is in effect, 0 otherwise.
\n[.cdp]
The depth of the last glyph added to the current environment. It is positive if
the glyph extends below the baseline.
\n[.ce]
The number of lines remaining to be centered, as set by the ce request.
\n[.cht]
The height of the last glyph added to the current environment. It is positive if
the glyph extends above the baseline.
\n[.color]
1 if colors are enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.csk]
The skew of the last glyph added to the current environment. The skew of a glyph
is how far to the right of the center of a glyph the center of an accent over that
glyph should be placed.
\n[.ev]
The name or number of the current environment. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.fam]
The current font family. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.fn]
The current (internal) real font name. This is a string-valued register. If the
current font is a style, the value of \n[.fn] is the proper concatenation of family
and style name.
\n[.fp]
The number of the next free font position.
\n[.g] Always 1. Macros should use this to determine whether they are running under GNU
troff.
\n[.height]
The current height of the font as set with \H.
\n[.hla]
The current hyphenation language as set by the hla request.
\n[.hlc]
The number of immediately preceding consecutive hyphenated lines.
\n[.hlm]
The maximum allowed number of consecutive hyphenated lines, as set by the hlm re-
quest.
\n[.hy]
The current hyphenation flags (as set by the hy request).
\n[.hym]
The current hyphenation margin (as set by the hym request).
\n[.hys]
The current hyphenation space (as set by the hys request).
\n[.in]
The indentation that applies to the current output line.
\n[.int]
Set to a positive value if last output line is interrupted (i.e., if it contains
\c).
\n[.kern]
1 if pairwise kerning is enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.lg]
The current ligature mode (as set by the lg request).
\n[.linetabs]
The current line-tabs mode (as set by the linetabs request).
\n[.ll]
The line length that applies to the current output line.
\n[.lt]
The title length as set by the lt request.
\n[.m] The name of the current drawing color. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.M] The name of the current background color. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.ne]
The amount of space that was needed in the last ne request that caused a trap to be
sprung. Useful in conjunction with the \n[.trunc] register.
\n[.ns]
1 if no-space mode is active, 0 otherwise.
\n[.O] The current output level as set with \O.
\n[.P] 1 if the current page is in the output list set with -o.
\n[.pe]
1 during a page ejection caused by the bp request, 0 otherwise.
\n[.pn]
The number of the next page, either the value set by a pn request, or the number of
the current page plus 1.
\n[.ps]
The current point size in scaled points.
\n[.psr]
The last-requested point size in scaled points.
\n[.pvs]
The current post-vertical line space as set with the pvs request.
\n[.rj]
The number of lines to be right-justified as set by the rj request.
\n[.slant]
The slant of the current font as set with \S.
\n[.sr]
The last requested point size in points as a decimal fraction. This is a string-
valued register.
\n[.ss]
\n[.sss]
These give the values of the parameters set by the first and second arguments of
the ss request.
\n[.sty]
The current font style. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.tabs]
A string representation of the current tab settings suitable for use as an argument
to the ta request.
\n[.trunc]
The amount of vertical space truncated by the most recently sprung vertical posi-
tion trap, or, if the trap was sprung by an ne request, minus the amount of verti-
cal motion produced by the ne request. In other words, at the point a trap is
sprung, it represents the difference of what the vertical position would have been
but for the trap, and what the vertical position actually is. Useful in conjunc-
tion with the \n[.ne] register.
\n[.U] Set to 1 if in safer mode and to 0 if in unsafe mode (as given with the -U command-
line option).
\n[.vpt]
1 if vertical position traps are enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.warn]
The sum of the numbers associated with each of the currently enabled warnings. The
number associated with each warning is listed in troff(1).
\n[.x] The major version number. For example, if the version number is 1.03, then \n[.x]
contains 1.
\n[.y] The minor version number. For example, if the version number is 1.03, then \n[.y]
contains 03.
\n[.Y] The revision number of groff.
\n[.zoom]
The zoom value of the current font, in multiples of 1/1000th. Zero if no magnifi-
cation.
\n[llx]
\n[lly]
\n[urx]
\n[ury]
These four read/write registers are set by the psbb request and contain the bound-
ing box values (in PostScript units) of a given PostScript image.
The following read/write registers are set by the \w escape sequence:
\n[rst]
\n[rsb]
Like the st and sb registers, but take account of the heights and depths of glyphs.
\n[ssc]
The amount of horizontal space (possibly negative) that should be added to the last
glyph before a subscript.
\n[skw]
How far to right of the center of the last glyph in the \w argument, the center of
an accent from a roman font should be placed over that glyph.
Other available read/write number registers are:
\n[c.] The current input line number. \n[.c] is a read-only alias to this register.
\n[hours]
The number of hours past midnight. Initialized at start-up.
\n[hp] The current horizontal position at input line.
\n[lsn]
\n[lss]
If there are leading spaces in an input line, these registers hold the number of
leading spaces and the corresponding horizontal space, respectively.
\n[minutes]
The number of minutes after the hour. Initialized at start-up.
\n[seconds]
The number of seconds after the minute. Initialized at start-up.
\n[systat]
The return value of the system() function executed by the last sy request.
\n[slimit]
If greater than 0, the maximum number of objects on the input stack. If less than
or equal to 0, there is no limit on the number of objects on the input stack. With
no limit, recursion can continue until virtual memory is exhausted.
\n[year]
The current year. Note that the traditional troff number register \n[yr] is the
current year minus 1900.
Miscellaneous
troff predefines a single (read/write) string-based register, \*[.T], which contains the
argument given to the -T command-line option, namely the current output device (for exam-
ple, latin1 or ascii). Note that this is not the same as the (read-only) number register
\n[.T] which is defined to be 1 if troff is called with the -T command-line option, and
zero otherwise. This behaviour is different from Unix troff.
Fonts not listed in the DESC file are automatically mounted on the next available font po-
sition when they are referenced. If a font is to be mounted explicitly with the fp re-
quest on an unused font position, it should be mounted on the first unused font position,
which can be found in the \n[.fp] register; although troff does not enforce this strictly,
it does not allow a font to be mounted at a position whose number is much greater than
that of any currently used position.
Interpolating a string does not hide existing macro arguments. Thus in a macro, a more
efficient way of doing
.xx \\$@
is
\\*[xx]\\
If the font description file contains pairwise kerning information, glyphs from that font
are kerned. Kerning between two glyphs can be inhibited by placing a \& between them.
In a string comparison in a condition, characters that appear at different input levels to
the first delimiter character are not recognized as the second or third delimiters. This
applies also to the tl request. In a \w escape sequence, a character that appears at a
different input level to the starting delimiter character is not recognized as the closing
delimiter character. The same is true for \A, \b, \B, \C, \l, \L, \o, \X, and \Z. When
decoding a macro or string argument that is delimited by double quotes, a character that
appears at a different input level to the starting delimiter character is not recognized
as the closing delimiter character. The implementation of \$@ ensures that the double
quotes surrounding an argument appear at the same input level, which is different to the
input level of the argument itself. In a long escape name ] is not recognized as a clos-
ing delimiter except when it occurs at the same input level as the opening [. In compati-
bility mode, no attention is paid to the input-level.
There are some new types of condition:
.if rxxx
True if there is a number register named xxx.
.if dxxx
True if there is a string, macro, diversion, or request named xxx.
.if mxxx
True if there is a color named xxx.
.if cch
True if there is a character (or glyph) ch available; ch is either an ASCII charac-
ter or a glyph (special character) \N'xxx', \(xx or \[xxx]; the condition is also
true if ch has been defined by the char request.
.if Ff True if font f exists. f is handled as if it was opened with the ft request (this
is, font translation and styles are applied), without actually mounting it.
.if Ss True if style s has been registered. Font translation is applied.
The tr request can now map characters onto \~.
The space width emitted by the \| and \^ escape sequences can be controlled on a per-font
basis. If there is a glyph named \| or \^, respectively (note the leading backslash), de-
fined in the current font file, use this glyph's width instead of the default value.
It is now possible to have whitespace between the first and second dot (or the name of the
ending macro) to end a macro definition. Example:
.if t \{\
. de bar
. nop Hello, I'm 'bar'.
. .
.\}
INTERMEDIATE OUTPUT FORMAT
This section describes the format output by GNU troff. The output format used by GNU
troff is very similar to that used by Unix device-independent troff. Only the differences
are documented here.
Units
The argument to the s command is in scaled points (units of points/n, where n is the argu-
ment to the sizescale command in the DESC file). The argument to the x Height command is
also in scaled points.
Text Commands
Nn Print glyph with index n (a non-negative integer) of the current font.
If the tcommand line is present in the DESC file, troff uses the following two commands.
txxx xxx is any sequence of characters terminated by a space or a newline (to be more
precise, it is a sequence of glyphs which are accessed with the corresponding char-
acters); the first character should be printed at the current position, the current
horizontal position should be increased by the width of the first character, and so
on for each character. The width of the glyph is that given in the font file, ap-
propriately scaled for the current point size, and rounded so that it is a multiple
of the horizontal resolution. Special characters cannot be printed using this com-
mand.
un xxx This is same as the t command except that after printing each character, the cur-
rent horizontal position is increased by the sum of the width of that character
and n.
Note that single characters can have the eighth bit set, as can the names of fonts and
special characters.
The names of glyphs and fonts can be of arbitrary length; drivers should not assume that
they are only two characters long.
When a glyph is to be printed, that glyph is always in the current font. Unlike device-
independent troff, it is not necessary for drivers to search special fonts to find a
glyph.
For color support, some new commands have been added:
mc cyan magenta yellow
md
mg gray
mk cyan magenta yellow black
mr red green blue
Set the color components of the current drawing color, using various color schemes.
md resets the drawing color to the default value. The arguments are integers in
the range 0 to 65536.
The x device control command has been extended.
x u n If n is 1, start underlining of spaces. If n is 0, stop underlining of spaces.
This is needed for the cu request in nroff mode and is ignored otherwise.
Drawing Commands
The D drawing command has been extended. These extensions are not used by GNU pic if the
-n option is given.
Df n\n Set the shade of gray to be used for filling solid objects to n; n must be an inte-
ger between 0 and 1000, where 0 corresponds solid white and 1000 to solid black,
and values in between correspond to intermediate shades of gray. This applies only
to solid circles, solid ellipses and solid polygons. By default, a level of 1000
is used. Whatever color a solid object has, it should completely obscure every-
thing beneath it. A value greater than 1000 or less than 0 can also be used: this
means fill with the shade of gray that is currently being used for lines and text.
Normally this is black, but some drivers may provide a way of changing this.
The corresponding \D'f...' command shouldn't be used since its argument is always
rounded to an integer multiple of the horizontal resolution which can lead to sur-
prising results.
DC d\n Draw a solid circle with a diameter of d with the leftmost point at the current po-
sition.
DE dx dy\n
Draw a solid ellipse with a horizontal diameter of dx and a vertical diameter of dy
with the leftmost point at the current position.
Dp dx1 dy1 dx2 dy2 ... .lf 3501
dxn dyn\n Draw a polygon with, for i=1,...,n+1, the i-th vertex at the current po-
sition +<Sigma>(dxj,dyj). At the moment, GNU pic only uses this command to gener-
ate triangles and rectangles.
DP dx1 dy1 dx2 dy2 ... .lf 3513
dxn dyn\n Like Dp but draw a solid rather than outlined polygon.
Dt n\n Set the current line thickness to n machine units. Traditionally Unix troff driv-
ers use a line thickness proportional to the current point size; drivers should
continue to do this if no Dt command has been given, or if a Dt command has been
given with a negative value of n. A zero value of n selects the smallest available
line thickness.
A difficulty arises in how the current position should be changed after the execution of
these commands. This is not of great importance since the code generated by GNU pic does
not depend on this. Given a drawing command of the form
\D'c x1 y1 x2 y2 ... .lf 3546 xn yn'
where c is not one of c, e, l, a, or ~, Unix troff treats each of the xi as a horizontal
quantity, and each of the yi as a vertical quantity and assumes that the width of the
drawn object is <Sigma>xi, and that the height is <Sigma>yi. (The assumption about the
height can be seen by examining the st and sb registers after using such a D command in a
\w escape sequence). This rule also holds for all the original drawing commands with the
exception of De. For the sake of compatibility GNU troff also follows this rule, even
though it produces an ugly result in the case of the Dt and Df, and, to a lesser extent,
DE commands. Thus after executing a D command of the form
Dc x1 y1 x2 y2 ... .lf 3590 xn yn\n
the current position should be increased by (<Sigma>xi,<Sigma>yi).
Another set of extensions is
DFc cyan magenta yellow\n
DFd\n
DFg gray\n
DFk cyan magenta yellow black\n
DFr red green blue\n
Set the color components of the filling color similar to the m commands above.
The current position isn't changed by those colour commands (contrary to Df).
Device Control Commands
There is a continuation convention which permits the argument to the x X command to con-
tain newlines: when outputting the argument to the x X command, GNU troff follows each
newline in the argument with a + character (as usual, it terminates the entire argument
with a newline); thus if the line after the line containing the x X command starts with +,
then the newline ending the line containing the x X command should be treated as part of
the argument to the x X command, the + should be ignored, and the part of the line follow-
ing the + should be treated like the part of the line following the x X command.
The first three output commands are guaranteed to be:
x T device
x res n h v
x init
INCOMPATIBILITIES
In spite of the many extensions, groff has retained compatibility to classical troff to a
large degree. For the cases where the extensions lead to collisions, a special compati-
bility mode with the restricted, old functionality was created for groff.
Groff Language
groff provides a compatibility mode that allows the processing of roff code written for
classical troff or for other implementations of roff in a consistent way.
Compatibility mode can be turned on with the -C command-line option, and turned on or off
with the .cp request. The number register \n(.C is 1 if compatibility mode is on, 0 oth-
erwise.
This became necessary because the GNU concept for long names causes some incompatibili-
ties. Classical troff interprets
.dsabcd
as defining a string ab with contents cd. In groff mode, this is considered as a call of
a macro named dsabcd.
Also classical troff interprets \*[ or \n[ as references to a string or number register
called [ while groff takes this as the start of a long name.
In compatibility mode, groff interprets these things in the traditional way; so long names
are not recognized.
On the other hand, groff in GNU native mode does not allow to use the single-character es-
capes \\ (backslash), \| (vertical bar), \^ (caret), \& (ampersand), \{ (opening brace),
\} (closing brace), '\ ' (space), \' (single quote), \` (backquote), \- (minus), \_ (un-
derline), \! (bang), \% (percent), and \c (character c) in names of strings, macros, di-
versions, number registers, fonts or environments, whereas classical troff does.
The \A escape sequence can be helpful in avoiding these escape sequences in names.
Fractional point sizes cause one noteworthy incompatibility. In classical troff, the ps
request ignores scale indicators and so
.ps 10u
sets the point size to 10 points, whereas in groff native mode the point size is set to
10 scaled points.
In groff, there is a fundamental difference between unformatted input characters, and for-
matted output characters (glyphs). Everything that affects how a glyph is output is
stored with the glyph; once a glyph has been constructed it is unaffected by any subse-
quent requests that are executed, including the bd, cs, tkf, tr, or fp requests.
Normally glyphs are constructed from input characters at the moment immediately before the
glyph is added to the current output line. Macros, diversions and strings are all, in
fact, the same type of object; they contain lists of input characters and glyphs in any
combination.
Special characters can be both; before being added to the output, they act as input enti-
ties, afterwards they denote glyphs.
A glyph does not behave like an input character for the purposes of macro processing; it
does not inherit any of the special properties that the input character from which it was
constructed might have had. The following example makes things clearer.
.di x
\\\\
.br
.di
.x
With GNU troff this is printed as \\. So each pair of input backslashes '\\' is turned
into a single output backslash glyph '\' and the resulting output backslashes are not in-
terpreted as escape characters when they are reread.
Classical troff would interpret them as escape characters when they were reread and would
end up printing a single backslash '\'.
In GNU, the correct way to get a printable version of the backslash character '\' is the
\(rs escape sequence, but classical troff does not provide a clean feature for getting a
non-syntactical backslash. A close method is the printable version of the current escape
character using the \e escape sequence; this works if the current escape character is not
redefined. It works in both GNU mode and compatibility mode, while dirty tricks like
specifying a sequence of multiple backslashes do not work reliably; for the different han-
dling in diversions, macro definitions, or text mode quickly leads to a confusion about
the necessary number of backslashes.
To store an escape sequence in a diversion that is interpreted when the diversion is
reread, either the traditional \! transparent output facility or the new \? escape se-
quence can be used.
Intermediate Output
The groff intermediate output format is in a state of evolution. So far it has some in-
compatibilities, but it is intended to establish a full compatibility to the classical
troff output format. Actually the following incompatibilities exist:
o The positioning after the drawing of the polygons conflicts with the classical defini-
tion.
o The intermediate output cannot be rescaled to other devices as classical 'device-inde-
pendent' troff did.
AUTHORS
This document was written by James Clark <jjc AT jclark.com> and modified by Werner Lemberg
<wl AT gnu.org> and Bernd Warken <groff-bernd.warken-72 AT web.de>.
SEE ALSO
Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, by Trent A. Fisher and Werner Lemberg, is the pri-
mary groff manual. You can browse it interactively with "info groff".
groff(1)
A list of all documentation around groff.
groff(7)
A description of the groff language, including a short, but complete reference of
all predefined requests, registers, and escapes of plain groff. From the command
line, this is called using
man 7 groff
roff(7)
A survey of roff systems, including pointers to further historical documentation.
[CSTR #54]
The Nroff/Troff User's Manual by J. F. Ossanna of 1976 in the revision of Brian
Kernighan of 1992, being the classical troff documentation <http://
cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cstr/54.ps.gz>.
groff 1.22.4 23 March 2022 GROFF_DIFF(7)
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