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IOSTAT(1) Linux User's Manual IOSTAT(1)
NAME
iostat - Report Central Processing Unit (CPU) statistics and input/output statistics for
devices and partitions.
SYNOPSIS
iostat [ -c ] [ -d ] [ -h ] [ -k | -m ] [ -N ] [ -s ] [ -t ] [ -V ] [ -x ] [ -y ] [ -z ] [
--dec={ 0 | 1 | 2 } ] [ { -f | +f } directory ] [ -j { ID | LABEL | PATH | UUID | ... } ]
[ -o JSON ] [ [ -H ] -g group_name ] [ --human ] [ --pretty ] [ -p [ device[,...] | ALL ]
] [ device [...] | ALL ] [ interval [ count ] ]
DESCRIPTION
The iostat command is used for monitoring system input/output device loading by observing
the time the devices are active in relation to their average transfer rates. The iostat
command generates reports that can be used to change system configuration to better bal-
ance the input/output load between physical disks.
The first report generated by the iostat command provides statistics concerning the time
since the system was booted, unless the -y option is used (in this case, this first report
is omitted). Each subsequent report covers the time since the previous report. All sta-
tistics are reported each time the iostat command is run. The report consists of a CPU
header row followed by a row of CPU statistics. On multiprocessor systems, CPU statistics
are calculated system-wide as averages among all processors. A device header row is dis-
played followed by a line of statistics for each device that is configured.
The interval parameter specifies the amount of time in seconds between each report. The
count parameter can be specified in conjunction with the interval parameter. If the count
parameter is specified, the value of count determines the number of reports generated at
interval seconds apart. If the interval parameter is specified without the count parame-
ter, the iostat command generates reports continuously.
REPORTS
The iostat command generates two types of reports, the CPU Utilization report and the De-
vice Utilization report.
CPU Utilization Report
The first report generated by the iostat command is the CPU Utilization Report. For
multiprocessor systems, the CPU values are global averages among all processors.
The report has the following format:
%user Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the
user level (application).
%nice Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the
user level with nice priority.
%system
Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the
system level (kernel).
%iowait
Show the percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle during which the
system had an outstanding disk I/O request.
%steal Show the percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU or
CPUs while the hypervisor was servicing another virtual processor.
%idle Show the percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle and the system
did not have an outstanding disk I/O request.
Device Utilization Report
The second report generated by the iostat command is the Device Utilization Report.
The device report provides statistics on a per physical device or partition basis.
Block devices and partitions for which statistics are to be displayed may be en-
tered on the command line. If no device nor partition is entered, then statistics
are displayed for every device used by the system, and providing that the kernel
maintains statistics for it. If the ALL keyword is given on the command line, then
statistics are displayed for every device defined by the system, including those
that have never been used. Transfer rates are shown in 1K blocks by default, un-
less the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks
are used. The report may show the following fields, depending on the flags used
(e.g. -x, -s and -k or -m):
Device:
This column gives the device (or partition) name as listed in the /dev di-
rectory.
tps Indicate the number of transfers per second that were issued to the device.
A transfer is an I/O request to the device. Multiple logical requests can be
combined into a single I/O request to the device. A transfer is of indeter-
minate size.
Blk_read/s (kB_read/s, MB_read/s)
Indicate the amount of data read from the device expressed in a number of
blocks (kilobytes, megabytes) per second. Blocks are equivalent to sectors
and therefore have a size of 512 bytes.
Blk_wrtn/s (kB_wrtn/s, MB_wrtn/s)
Indicate the amount of data written to the device expressed in a number of
blocks (kilobytes, megabytes) per second.
Blk_dscd/s (kB_dscd/s, MB_dscd/s)
Indicate the amount of data discarded for the device expressed in a number
of blocks (kilobytes, megabytes) per second.
Blk_w+d/s (kB_w+d/s, MB_w+d/s)
Indicate the amount of data written to or discarded for the device expressed
in a number of blocks (kilobytes, megabytes) per second.
Blk_read (kB_read, MB_read)
The total number of blocks (kilobytes, megabytes) read.
Blk_wrtn (kB_wrtn, MB_wrtn)
The total number of blocks (kilobytes, megabytes) written.
Blk_dscd (kB_dscd, MB_dscd)
The total number of blocks (kilobytes, megabytes) discarded.
Blk_w+d (kB_w+d, MB_w+d)
The total number of blocks (kilobytes, megabytes) written or discarded.
r/s The number (after merges) of read requests completed per second for the de-
vice.
w/s The number (after merges) of write requests completed per second for the de-
vice.
d/s The number (after merges) of discard requests completed per second for the
device.
f/s The number (after merges) of flush requests completed per second for the de-
vice. This counts flush requests executed by disks. Flush requests are not
tracked for partitions. Before being merged, flush operations are counted
as writes.
sec/s (kB/s, MB/s)
The number of sectors (kilobytes, megabytes) read from, written to or dis-
carded for the device per second.
rsec/s (rkB/s, rMB/s)
The number of sectors (kilobytes, megabytes) read from the device per sec-
ond.
wsec/s (wkB/s, wMB/s)
The number of sectors (kilobytes, megabytes) written to the device per sec-
ond.
dsec/s (dkB/s, dMB/s)
The number of sectors (kilobytes, megabytes) discarded for the device per
second.
rqm/s The number of I/O requests merged per second that were queued to the device.
rrqm/s The number of read requests merged per second that were queued to the de-
vice.
wrqm/s The number of write requests merged per second that were queued to the de-
vice.
drqm/s The number of discard requests merged per second that were queued to the de-
vice.
%rrqm The percentage of read requests merged together before being sent to the de-
vice.
%wrqm The percentage of write requests merged together before being sent to the
device.
%drqm The percentage of discard requests merged together before being sent to the
device.
areq-sz
The average size (in kilobytes) of the I/O requests that were issued to the
device.
Note: In previous versions, this field was known as avgrq-sz and was ex-
pressed in sectors.
rareq-sz
The average size (in kilobytes) of the read requests that were issued to the
device.
wareq-sz
The average size (in kilobytes) of the write requests that were issued to
the device.
dareq-sz
The average size (in kilobytes) of the discard requests that were issued to
the device.
await The average time (in milliseconds) for I/O requests issued to the device to
be served. This includes the time spent by the requests in queue and the
time spent servicing them.
r_await
The average time (in milliseconds) for read requests issued to the device to
be served. This includes the time spent by the requests in queue and the
time spent servicing them.
w_await
The average time (in milliseconds) for write requests issued to the device
to be served. This includes the time spent by the requests in queue and the
time spent servicing them.
d_await
The average time (in milliseconds) for discard requests issued to the device
to be served. This includes the time spent by the requests in queue and the
time spent servicing them.
f_await
The average time (in milliseconds) for flush requests issued to the device
to be served. The block layer combines flush requests and executes at most
one at a time. Thus flush operations could be twice as long: Wait for cur-
rent flush request, then execute it, then wait for the next one.
aqu-sz The average queue length of the requests that were issued to the device.
Note: In previous versions, this field was known as avgqu-sz.
%util Percentage of elapsed time during which I/O requests were issued to the de-
vice (bandwidth utilization for the device). Device saturation occurs when
this value is close to 100% for devices serving requests serially. But for
devices serving requests in parallel, such as RAID arrays and modern SSDs,
this number does not reflect their performance limits.
OPTIONS
-c Display the CPU utilization report.
-d Display the device utilization report.
--dec={ 0 | 1 | 2 }
Specify the number of decimal places to use (0 to 2, default value is 2).
-f directory
+f directory
Specify an alternative directory for iostat to read devices statistics. Option -f
tells iostat to use only the files located in the alternative directory, whereas
option +f tells it to use both the standard kernel files and the files located in
the alternative directory to read device statistics.
directory is a directory containing files with statistics for devices managed in
userspace. It may contain:
- a "diskstats" file whose format is compliant with that located in "/proc",
- statistics for individual devices contained in files whose format is compliant
with that of files located in "/sys".
In particular, the following files located in directory may be used by iostat:
directory/block/device/stat
directory/block/device/partition/stat
partition files must have an entry in directory/dev/block/ directory, e.g.:
directory/dev/block/major:minor --> ../../block/device/partition
-g group_name { device [...] | ALL }
Display statistics for a group of devices. The iostat command reports statistics
for each individual device in the list then a line of global statistics for the
group displayed as group_name and made up of all the devices in the list. The ALL
keyword means that all the block devices defined by the system shall be included in
the group.
-H This option must be used with option -g and indicates that only global statistics
for the group are to be displayed, and not statistics for individual devices in the
group.
-h This option is equivalent to specifying --human --pretty.
--human
Print sizes in human readable format (e.g. 1.0k, 1.2M, etc.) The units displayed
with this option supersede any other default units (e.g. kilobytes, sectors...)
associated with the metrics.
-j { ID | LABEL | PATH | UUID | ... } [ device [...] | ALL ]
Display persistent device names. Keywords ID, LABEL, etc. specify the type of the
persistent name. These keywords are not limited, only prerequisite is that direc-
tory with required persistent names is present in /dev/disk. Optionally, multiple
devices can be specified in the chosen persistent name type. Because persistent
device names are usually long, option --pretty is implicitly set with this option.
-k Display statistics in kilobytes per second.
-m Display statistics in megabytes per second.
-N Display the registered device mapper names for any device mapper devices. Useful
for viewing LVM2 statistics.
-o JSON
Display the statistics in JSON (Javascript Object Notation) format. JSON output
field order is undefined, and new fields may be added in the future.
-p [ { device[,...] | ALL } ]
Display statistics for block devices and all their partitions that are used by the
system. If a device name is entered on the command line, then statistics for it
and all its partitions are displayed. Last, the ALL keyword indicates that statis-
tics have to be displayed for all the block devices and partitions defined by the
system, including those that have never been used. If option -j is defined before
this option, devices entered on the command line can be specified with the chosen
persistent name type.
--pretty
Make the Device Utilization Report easier to read by a human.
-s Display a short (narrow) version of the report that should fit in 80 characters
wide screens.
-t Print the time for each report displayed. The timestamp format may depend on the
value of the S_TIME_FORMAT environment variable (see below).
-V Print version number then exit.
-x Display extended statistics.
-y Omit first report with statistics since system boot, if displaying multiple records
at given interval.
-z Tell iostat to omit output for any devices for which there was no activity during
the sample period.
ENVIRONMENT
The iostat command takes into account the following environment variables:
POSIXLY_CORRECT
When this variable is set, transfer rates are shown in 512-byte blocks instead of
the default 1K blocks.
S_COLORS
By default statistics are displayed in color when the output is connected to a ter-
minal. Use this variable to change the settings. Possible values for this variable
are never, always or auto (the latter is equivalent to the default settings).
Please note that the color (being red, yellow, or some other color) used to display
a value is not indicative of any kind of issue simply because of the color. It only
indicates different ranges of values.
S_COLORS_SGR
Specify the colors and other attributes used to display statistics on the terminal.
Its value is a colon-separated list of capabilities that defaults to
H=31;1:I=32;22:M=35;1:N=34;1:Z=34;22. Supported capabilities are:
H= SGR (Select Graphic Rendition) substring for percentage values greater than
or equal to 75%.
I= SGR substring for device names.
M= SGR substring for percentage values in the range from 50% to 75%.
N= SGR substring for non-zero statistics values.
Z= SGR substring for zero values.
S_TIME_FORMAT
If this variable exists and its value is ISO then the current locale will be ig-
nored when printing the date in the report header. The iostat command will use the
ISO 8601 format (YYYY-MM-DD) instead. The timestamp displayed with option -t will
also be compliant with ISO 8601 format.
EXAMPLES
iostat Display a single history since boot report for all CPU and Devices.
iostat -d 2
Display a continuous device report at two second intervals.
iostat -d 2 6
Display six reports at two second intervals for all devices.
iostat -x sda sdb 2 6
Display six reports of extended statistics at two second intervals for devices sda
and sdb.
iostat -p sda 2 6
Display six reports at two second intervals for device sda and all its partitions
(sda1, etc.)
BUGS
/proc filesystem must be mounted for iostat to work.
Kernels older than 2.6.x are no longer supported.
Although iostat speaks of kilobytes (kB), megabytes (MB)..., it actually uses kibibytes
(kiB), mebibytes (MiB)... A kibibyte is equal to 1024 bytes, and a mebibyte is equal to
1024 kibibytes.
FILES
/proc/stat contains system statistics.
/proc/uptime contains system uptime.
/proc/diskstats contains disks statistics.
/sys contains statistics for block devices.
/proc/self/mountstats contains statistics for network filesystems.
/dev/disk contains persistent device names.
AUTHOR
Sebastien Godard (sysstat <at> orange.fr)
SEE ALSO
sar(1), pidstat(1), mpstat(1), vmstat(8), tapestat(1), nfsiostat(1), cifsiostat(1)
https://github.com/sysstat/sysstat
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/sebastien.godard/
Linux OCTOBER 2020 IOSTAT(1)
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