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MAILDROP(1) Double Precision, Inc. MAILDROP(1)
NAME
maildrop - mail delivery filter/agent
SYNOPSIS
maildrop [option...] [-d user] [arg...]
maildrop [option...] [filename] [arg...]
DESCRIPTION
maildrop is a replacement local mail delivery agent that includes a mail filtering
language. The system administrator can either replace the existing mail delivery agent
with maildrop, or users may run maildrop using the 'forward to program' mechanism of the
existing mail delivery agent.
maildrop first reads the E-mail message on standard input. Trailing carriage return
characters are automatically stripped. An E-mail message consists of header lines,
followed by a blank line, followed by the contents of the message.
maildrop does not accept an mbox-style From_ line before the first header line. maildrop
does not accept leading empty lines before the first non-blank header line. If the message
can possibly start with empty lines, and a From_ line, use reformail -f0 to remove any
initial empty lines, and replace a From_ line with a proper "Return-Path:" header; then
pipe it to maildrop.
If the file /etc/maildroprc exists, mail delivery or mail filtering instructions are read
from that file. maildrop's delivery/filtering instructions may direct maildrop to save
the message in specific mailbox, discard it, return it to sender, or forward it to a
different E-mail address.
If /etc/maildroprc does not exist, or its mail delivery instructions do not completely
dispose of this message, maildrop then reads the mail delivery instructions from
$HOME/.mailfilter. If it doesn't exist, or its mail delivery instructions do not
completely dispose of the message, maildrop then saves the E-mail message in the default
mailbox.
maildrop knows how to deliver mail to an standard mailbox files; it also knows how to
deliver to maildirs. A maildir is a directory-based mail format used by the Courier[1] and
Qmail[2] mail servers. Many other mail servers also know how to read maildirs. When
delivering to mailbox files, maildrop will lock the mailbox for the duration of the
delivery.
This is the general mail delivery behavior. There are minor differences in behavior
depending on maildrop delivery mode, which is determined based on how maildrop was
started. maildrop uses three different primary operating modes:
Manual mode
A file containing filtering instructions - filename is specified as an argument to the
maildrop command. maildrop reads this filename (after /etc/maildroprc) and follows
the instructions in it. Unless the message is explicitly forwarded, bounced, deleted,
or delivered to a specific mailbox, it will be delivered to the user's system mailbox.
Delivery mode
maildrop is the mail server's mail delivery agent. maildrop runs in delivery mode
when no filename is specified on the command line. maildrop changes the current
directory to the user's home directory, then reads /etc/maildroprc, then
$HOME/.mailfilter.
Embedded mode
maildrop functions as a part of another application. The embedded mode is used by the
Courier[1] mail server to integrate mail filtering directly into the process of
receiving mail from a remote mail relay, thus rejecting unwanted mail before it is
even accepted for local mail delivery. Embedded mode is used when either the -m, or
the -M, option is specified, and is described below. See below for a more extensive
description of the embedded mode.
SECURITY
It is safe to install maildrop as a root setuid program. The Courier mail server[1]
installs maildrop as a root setuid program by default, in order to be able to use maildrop
in embedded mode. If root runs maildrop (or it is setuided to root) the -d option may be
used to specify the message's recipient. maildrop immediately resets its userid to the
one specified by the -d option. The user's $HOME/.mailfilter is read (if it exists), and
the message is delivered to the indicated user.
The system administrator can configure maildrop to restrict the -d option for everyone
except the mail system itself.
If in delivery mode the user's home directory has the sticky bit set, maildrop immediately
terminates with an exit code of EX_TEMPFAIL, without doing anything. Mail servers
interpret the EX_TEMPFAIL exit code as a request to reschedule the message for another
delivery attempt later. Setting the sticky bit allows $HOME/.mailfilter to be edited while
temporarily holding all incoming mail.
maildrop also terminates with EX_TEMPFAIL if the user's home directory has world write
permissions.
maildrop immediately terminates with EX_TEMPFAIL if the filename is not owned by the user,
or if it has any group or world permissions. This includes read permissions. The
permissions on $HOME/.mailfilter may only include read and write privileges to the user.
When using the special embedded mode (see below) maildrop immediately terminates with the
exit code set to EX_TEMPFAIL if $HOME/.mailfilters is not owned by the user, or if it has
any group or world permissions.
TEMPORARY FILES
maildrop is heavily optimized and tries to use as little resources as possible. maildrop
reads small messages into memory, then filters and/or delivers the message directly from
memory. For larger messages, maildrop accesses the message directly from the file. If the
standard input is not a file, maildrop writes the message to a temporary file, then
accesses the message from the temporary file. The temporary file is automatically removed
when the message is delivered.
OPTIONS
-a
Makes the Courier Authentication Library usage mandatory, i.e. maildrop will throw a
temporary error code if the call to the authlib mechanism fails for some reason, such
as authdaemon being inaccessible.
Note
This setting may already be the default, depending on maildrop's configuration.
-A "Header: value"
Adds an additional header to the message. Specifying -A "Foo: Bar" effectively adds
this header to the message being delivered.
The mail transport agent usually adds additional headers when delivering a message to
a local mailbox. The way it's usually done is by the mail transport agent sending the
message using a pipe to the local delivery agent - such as maildrop - and adding some
additional headers in the process. Because maildrop receives the message from a pipe,
maildrop must either save the message in memory or write the message into a temporary
file.
The -A option enables the file containing the message to be provided to maildrop
directly, as standard input, and the additional headers specified on the command line.
Because the standard input is a file, maildrop will not need a temporary file.
Multiple -A options may be specified.
-d user
Run maildrop in delivery mode for this user ID.
The system administrator may optionally restrict the -d option to be available to the
mail system only, so it may not be available to you. In all cases, the -d option is
allowed if user is the same user who is running maildrop. Also, for the -d option to
work at all, maildrop must be executed by root, or maildrop must be a root-owned
program with the setuid bit set. Absence of a filename on maildrop's command line
implies the -d option for the user running maildrop.
If -d is not specified, the first argument following all the options is a name of the
file containing filtering instructions. The remaining arguments, if any, are assigned
to the variables $1, $2, and so on (see "Environment"[3] and "Variable
substitution"[4]).
-f address
Sets the FROM variable (message envelope sender) to address. The system administrator
may optionally disable the -f option for users, so it may not be available to you.
-m
Run maildrop in embedded mode. It's possible to use both the -m, and the -d options,
but it doesn't make much sense to do so. Even if you really wanted to run your message
through someone else's .mailfilter, that .mailfilter probably has at least one
instruction which is not allowed in the embedded mode.
The filename argument to maildrop should be specified. filename is a file that
includes filtering instructions to be processed in embedded mode. The -m option is
used for debugging filter files which are later placed in $HOME/.mailfilters, and used
with the -M option.
-M filterfile
Run maildrop in a special embedded mode. The -d option is implied when -M is used, and
if absent it defaults to the userid running maildrop.
All the requirements for the -d option apply. maildrop must either be executed by
root, or the maildrop program must be owned by root with the setuid bit set. maildrop
immediately gives up root privileges by changing its user ID to the one specified by
-d, then reads $HOME/.mailfilters/filterfile. For security reasons the name of the
file may not begin with a slash or include periods. maildrop is very paranoid: both
$HOME/.mailfilters, and $HOME/.mailfilters/filterfile must be owned by the user, and
may not have any group or world permissions.
The -M option allows for some friendly cooperation between the user running the
application, and the user who provides a filter for the embedded mode. The user
running the application can use someone else's canned filter and be assured that the
filter is not going to run amok and start sending mail or create files all over the
place. The user who provides the filter can be assured that the environment variables
are clean, and that there are no surprises.
maildrop supports the concept of "default" filter files. If the file specified by the
-M option cannot be found in $HOME/.mailfilters, maildrop will try to open
$HOME/.mailfilters/filterfileprefix-default. filterfileprefix is the initial part of
filterfile up until the last '-' character in filterfile.
If $HOME/.mailfilters/filterfileprefix-default does not exist, and there are any other
dashes left in filterfileprefix, maildrop removes the last dash and everything
following it, then tries again.
As a last resort maildrop tries to open $HOME/.mailfilters/default.
For example, if the parameter to the -M option is mailfilter-lists-maildrop, maildrop
will try to open the following files, in order:
Note that maildrop looks for -default files ONLY if -M is used.
-D uuu/ggg
This option is reserved for use by the version of maildrop that comes integrated with
the Courier mail server[1].
-V level
Initialize the VERBOSE variable to level. Because maildrop parses the entire file
before running it, this option is used to produce debugging output in the parsing
phase. Otherwise, if filename has syntax errors, then no debugging output is possible
because the VERBOSE variable is not yet set.
-V is ignored when maildrop runs in delivery mode.
-w N
The -w N option places a warning message into the maildir if the maildir has a quota
setting, and after the message was successfully delivered the maildir was at least N
percent full.
-W filename
Copy the warning message from filename, or from /etc/quotawarnmsg if this option is
not specified, with the addition of the "Date:" and "Message-Id:" headers. The warning
is repeated every 24 hours (at least), until the maildir drops below N percent full.
-t socket
This option is available if maildrop is compiled with optional Dovecot authentication
support. socket specifies the location of Dovecot master authentication socket, for
example /var/run/dovecot/auth-master.
DELIVERY MODE
If a filename is not specified on the command line, or if the -d option is used, maildrop
will run in delivery mode. In delivery mode, maildrop changes to the home directory of the
user specified by the -d option (or the user who is running maildrop if the -d option was
not given) and reads $HOME/.mailfilter for filtering instructions. $HOME/.mailfilter must
be owned by the user, and have no group or global permissions (maildrop terminates if it
does).
If $HOME/.mailfilter does not exist, maildrop will simply deliver the message to the
user's mailbox.
If the file /etc/maildroprc exists, maildrop reads filtering instructions from this file
first, before reading $HOME/.mailfilter. This allows the system administrator to provide
global filtering instructions for all users.
Note
/etc/maildroprc is read only in delivery mode.
VIRTUAL ACCOUNTS
The -d option can also specify a name of a virtual account or mailbox. See the
makeuserdb(1) manual page in the Courier Authentication library's documentation for more
information.
EMBEDDED MODE
The embedded mode is used when maildrop's filtering abilities are desired, but no actual
mail delivery is needed. In embedded mode maildrop is executed by another application, and
is passed the -m or the -M option.[5] maildrop reads the message, then runs the filtering
rules specified in filename.
filename may contain any filtering instructions EXCEPT the following:
` ... `
Text strings delimited by back-tick characters (run shell command) are not allowed.
cc[6]
The cc command is not allowed in embedded mode.
dotlock[7]
The dotlock command is not allowed in embedded mode.
flock[8]
The flock command is not allowed in embedded mode.
gdbmopen[9]
In embedded mode, GDBM databases may be opened only for reading.
log[10]
The log command is not allowed in embedded mode.
logfile[10]
The logfile command is not allowed in embedded mode.
system[11]
The system command is not allowed in embedded mode.
to[12]
The to command is not allowed in embedded mode.
xfilter[13]
The xfilter command is not allowed in embedded mode.
Normally when the filename does not explicitly delivers a message, maildrop will deliver
the message to the user's default mailbox. This is also disabled in embedded mode.
The filename may communicate with the parent application by using the echo[14] statement
and the EXITCODE environment variable.
/etc/maildroprcs
If maildrop encounters an include[15] statement where the filename starts with
/etc/maildroprcs/, the normal restrictions for the embedded mode are suspended while
executing the filter file in the /etc/maildroprcs directory. The restrictions are also
suspended for any additional filter files that are included from /etc/maildroprcs. The
restrictions resume once maildrop finishes executing the file from /etc/maildroprcs.
This allows the system administrator to have a controlled environment for running external
commands (via the backticks, the system[11] or the xfilter[13] commands).
The name of the file may not contain any periods (so that a creative individual can't
write include "/etc/maildroprcs/../../home/user/recipe").
Before executing the commands in the /etc/maildroprcs file, maildrop automatically resets
the following variables to their initial values: DEFAULT, HOME, LOCKEXT, LOCKSLEEP,
LOCKTIMEOUT, LOCKREFRESH, LOGNAME, PATH, SENDMAIL, and SHELL. Please note that the
previous values of these variables (if they were changed) will NOT be restored once
maildrop finishes executing the commands from /etc/maildroprcs.
WATCHDOG TIMER
maildrop has a watchdog timer that attempts to abort runaway filtering. If filtering is
not complete within a predefined time interval (defined by the system administrator,
usually five minutes), maildrop terminates.
FILES
/etc/passwd
Sets user's home directory, and related variables. If NIS/YP is install, that will be
used as well.
/etc/maildroprc
Global filtering instructions for delivery mode.
/var/mail
System mailbox (actual directory defined by the system administrator).
/usr/sbin/sendmail
Program to forward mail (exact program defined by the system administrator).
$HOME/.mailfilter
Filtering instructions in delivery mode.
$HOME/.mailfilters
Directory containing files used in special embedded mode.
SEE ALSO
lockmail(1)[16], maildropfilter(7)[17], makedat(1)[18], maildropgdbm(7)[9],
maildropex(7)[19], reformail(1)[20], makemime(1)[21], reformime(1)[22], egrep(1), grep(1),
, courier(8)[23], sendmail(8), http://www.qmail.org.
AUTHOR
Sam Varshavchik
Author
NOTES
1. Courier
http://www.courier-mta.org
2. Qmail
http://www.qmail.org
3. "Environment"
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#environment
4. "Variable substitution"
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#varsubst
5. is passed the -m or the -M option.
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/#options
6. cc
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#cc
7. dotlock
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#dotlock
8. flock
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#flock
9. gdbmopen
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropgdbm.html
10. log
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#log
11. system
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#system
12. to
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#to
13. xfilter
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#xfilter
14. echo
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#echo
15. include
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html#include
16. lockmail(1)
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/lockmail.html
17. maildropfilter(7)
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html
18. makedat(1)
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/makedat.html
19. maildropex(7)
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropex.html
20. reformail(1)
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/reformail.html
21. makemime(1)
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/makemime.html
22. reformime(1)
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/reformime.html
23. courier(8)
http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/courier.html
Courier Mail Server 07/24/2017 MAILDROP(1)
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