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keytool(1)                                Security Tools                               keytool(1)

NAME
       keytool - Manages a keystore (database) of cryptographic keys, X.509 certificate chains,
       and trusted certificates.

SYNOPSIS
       keytool [commands]

       commands
              See Commands. These commands are categorized by task as follows:

              o Create or Add Data to the Keystore

                o -gencert

                o -genkeypair

                o -genseckey

                o -importcert

                o -importpassword

              o Import Contents From Another Keystore

                o -importkeystore

              o Generate Certificate Request

                o -certreq

              o Export Data

                o -exportcert

              o Display Data

                o -list

                o -printcert

                o -printcertreq

                o -printcrl

              o Manage the Keystore

                o -storepasswd

                o -keypasswd

                o -delete

                o -changealias

              o Get Help

                o -help

DESCRIPTION
       The keytool command is a key and certificate management utility. It enables users to
       administer their own public/private key pairs and associated certificates for use in self-
       authentication (where the user authenticates himself or herself to other users and
       services) or data integrity and authentication services, using digital signatures. The
       keytool command also enables users to cache the public keys (in the form of certificates)
       of their communicating peers.

       A certificate is a digitally signed statement from one entity (person, company, and so
       on.), that says that the public key (and some other information) of some other entity has
       a particular value. (See Certificate.) When data is digitally signed, the signature can be
       verified to check the data integrity and authenticity. Integrity means that the data has
       not been modified or tampered with, and authenticity means the data comes from whoever
       claims to have created and signed it.

       The keytool command also enables users to administer secret keys and passphrases used in
       symmetric encryption and decryption (DES).

       The keytool command stores the keys and certificates in a keystore. See KeyStore aliases.

COMMAND AND OPTION NOTES
       See Commands for a listing and description of the various commands.

       o All command and option names are preceded by a minus sign (-).

       o The options for each command can be provided in any order.

       o All items not italicized or in braces or brackets are required to appear as is.

       o Braces surrounding an option signify that a default value will be used when the option
         is not specified on the command line. See Option Defaults. Braces are also used around
         the -v, -rfc, and -J options, which only have meaning when they appear on the command
         line. They do not have any default values other than not existing.

       o Brackets surrounding an option signify that the user is prompted for the values when the
         option is not specified on the command line. For the -keypass option, if you do not
         specify the option on the command line, then the keytool command first attempts to use
         the keystore password to recover the private/secret key. If this attempt fails, then the
         keytool command prompts you for the private/secret key password.

       o Items in italics (option values) represent the actual values that must be supplied. For
         example, here is the format of the -printcert command:

         keytool -printcert {-file cert_file} {-v}

         When you specify a -printcert command, replace cert_file with the actual file name, as
         follows: keytool -printcert -file VScert.cer

       o Option values must be put in quotation marks when they contain a blank (space).

       o The -help option is the default. The keytool command is the same as keytool -help.

OPTION DEFAULTS
       The following examples show the defaults for various option values.

       -alias "mykey"
       -keyalg
           "DSA" (when using -genkeypair)
           "DES" (when using -genseckey)
       -keysize
           2048 (when using -genkeypair and -keyalg is "RSA")
           1024 (when using -genkeypair and -keyalg is "DSA")
           256 (when using -genkeypair and -keyalg is "EC")
           56 (when using -genseckey and -keyalg is "DES")
           168 (when using -genseckey and -keyalg is "DESede")
       -validity 90
       -keystore <the file named .keystore in the user's home directory>
       -storetype <the value of the "keystore.type" property in the
           security properties file, which is returned by the static
           getDefaultType method in java.security.KeyStore>
       -file
           stdin (if reading)
           stdout (if writing)
       -protected false

       In generating a public/private key pair, the signature algorithm (-sigalg option) is
       derived from the algorithm of the underlying private key:

       o If the underlying private key is of type DSA, then the -sigalg option defaults to
         SHA1withDSA.

       o If the underlying private key is of type RSA, then the -sigalg option defaults to
         SHA256withRSA.

       o If the underlying private key is of type EC, then the -sigalg option defaults to
         SHA256withECDSA.

       For a full list of -keyalg and -sigalg arguments, see Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA)
       Reference Guide at
       http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/security/crypto/CryptoSpec.html#AppA

COMMON OPTIONS
       The -v option can appear for all commands except -help. When the -v option appears, it
       signifies verbose mode, which means that more information is provided in the output.

       There is also a -Jjavaoption argument that can appear for any command. When the
       -Jjavaoption appears, the specified javaoption string is passed directly to the Java
       interpreter. This option does not contain any spaces. It is useful for adjusting the
       execution environment or memory usage. For a list of possible interpreter options, type
       java -h or java -X at the command line.

       These options can appear for all commands operating on a keystore:

       -storetype storetype
              This qualifier specifies the type of keystore to be instantiated.

       -keystore keystore
              The keystore location.

              If the JKS storetype is used and a keystore file does not yet exist, then certain
              keytool commands can result in a new keystore file being created. For example, if
              keytool -genkeypair is called and the -keystore option is not specified, the
              default keystore file named .keystore in the user's home directory is created when
              it does not already exist. Similarly, if the -keystore ks_file option is specified
              but ks_file does not exist, then it is created. For more information on the JKS
              storetype, see the KeyStore Implementation section in KeyStore aliases.

              Note that the input stream from the -keystore option is passed to the KeyStore.load
              method. If NONE is specified as the URL, then a null stream is passed to the
              KeyStore.load method. NONE should be specified if the keystore is not file-based.
              For example, when it resides on a hardware token device.

       -storepass[:env| :file] argument
              The password that is used to protect the integrity of the keystore.

              If the modifier env or file is not specified, then the password has the value
              argument, which must be at least 6 characters long. Otherwise, the password is
              retrieved as follows:

              o env: Retrieve the password from the environment variable named argument.

              o file: Retrieve the password from the file named argument.

       Note: All other options that require passwords, such as -keypass, -srckeypass,
       -destkeypass, -srcstorepass, and -deststorepass, accept the env and file modifiers.
       Remember to separate the password option and the modifier with a colon (:).

       The password must be provided to all commands that access the keystore contents. For such
       commands, when the -storepass option is not provided at the command line, the user is
       prompted for it.

       When retrieving information from the keystore, the password is optional. If no password is
       specified, then the integrity of the retrieved information cannot be verified and a
       warning is displayed.

       -providerName provider_name
              Used to identify a cryptographic service provider's name when listed in the
              security properties file.

       -providerClass provider_class_name
              Used to specify the name of a cryptographic service provider's master class file
              when the service provider is not listed in the security properties file.

       -providerArg provider_arg
              Used with the -providerClass option to represent an optional string input argument
              for the constructor of provider_class_name.

       -protected
              Either true or false. This value should be specified as true when a password must
              be specified by way of a protected authentication path such as a dedicated PIN
              reader.Because there are two keystores involved in the -importkeystore command, the
              following two options -srcprotected and -destprotected are provided for the source
              keystore and the destination keystore respectively.

       -ext {name{:critical} {=value}}
              Denotes an X.509 certificate extension. The option can be used in -genkeypair and
              -gencert to embed extensions into the certificate generated, or in -certreq to show
              what extensions are requested in the certificate request. The option can appear
              multiple times. The name argument can be a supported extension name (see Named
              Extensions) or an arbitrary OID number. The value argument, when provided, denotes
              the argument for the extension. When value is omitted, that means that the default
              value of the extension or the extension requires no argument. The :critical
              modifier, when provided, means the extension's isCritical attribute is true;
              otherwise, it is false. You can use :c in place of :critical.

NAMED EXTENSIONS
       The keytool command supports these named extensions. The names are not case-sensitive).

       BC or BasicContraints
              Values: The full form is: ca:{true|false}[,pathlen:<len>] or <len>, which is short
              for ca:true,pathlen:<len>. When <len> is omitted, you have ca:true.

       KU or KeyUsage
              Values: usage(,usage)*, where usage can be one of digitalSignature, nonRepudiation
              (contentCommitment), keyEncipherment, dataEncipherment, keyAgreement, keyCertSign,
              cRLSign, encipherOnly, decipherOnly. The usage argument can be abbreviated with the
              first few letters (dig for digitalSignature) or in camel-case style (dS for
              digitalSignature or cRLS for cRLSign), as long as no ambiguity is found. The usage
              values are case-sensitive.

       EKU or ExtendedKeyUsage
              Values: usage(,usage)*, where usage can be one of anyExtendedKeyUsage, serverAuth,
              clientAuth, codeSigning, emailProtection, timeStamping, OCSPSigning, or any OID
              string. The usage argument can be abbreviated with the first few letters or in
              camel-case style, as long as no ambiguity is found. The usage values are case-
              sensitive.

       SAN or SubjectAlternativeName
              Values: type:value(,type:value)*, where type can be EMAIL, URI, DNS, IP, or OID.
              The value argument is the string format value for the type.

       IAN or IssuerAlternativeName
              Values: Same as SubjectAlternativeName.

       SIA or SubjectInfoAccess
              Values: method:location-type:location-value (,method:location-type:location-
              value)*, where method can be timeStamping, caRepository or any OID. The location-
              type and location-value arguments can be any type:value supported by the
              SubjectAlternativeName extension.

       AIA or AuthorityInfoAccess
              Values: Same as SubjectInfoAccess. The method argument can be ocsp,caIssuers, or
              any OID.

       When name is OID, the value is the hexadecimal dumped DER encoding of the extnValue for
       the extension excluding the OCTET STRING type and length bytes. Any extra character other
       than standard hexadecimal numbers (0-9, a-f, A-F) are ignored in the HEX string.
       Therefore, both 01:02:03:04 and 01020304 are accepted as identical values. When there is
       no value, the extension has an empty value field.

       A special name honored, used in -gencert only, denotes how the extensions included in the
       certificate request should be honored. The value for this name is a comma separated list
       of all (all requested extensions are honored), name{:[critical|non-critical]} (the named
       extension is honored, but using a different isCritical attribute) and -name (used with
       all, denotes an exception). Requested extensions are not honored by default.

       If, besides the-ext honored option, another named or OID -ext option is provided, this
       extension is added to those already honored. However, if this name (or OID) also appears
       in the honored value, then its value and criticality overrides the one in the request.

       The subjectKeyIdentifier extension is always created. For non-self-signed certificates,
       the authorityKeyIdentifier is created.

       Note: Users should be aware that some combinations of extensions (and other certificate
       fields) may not conform to the Internet standard. See Certificate Conformance Warning.

COMMANDS
       -gencert

              {-rfc} {-infile infile} {-outfile outfile} {-alias alias} {-sigalg sigalg}

              {-dname dname} {-startdate startdate {-ext ext}* {-validity valDays}

              [-keypass keypass] {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass]

              {-storetype storetype} {-providername provider_name}

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}}

              {-v} {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Generates a certificate as a response to a certificate request file (which can be
              created by the keytool-certreq command). The command reads the request from infile
              (if omitted, from the standard input), signs it using alias's private key, and
              outputs the X.509 certificate into outfile (if omitted, to the standard output).
              When-rfc is specified, the output format is Base64-encoded PEM; otherwise, a binary
              DER is created.

              The sigalg value specifies the algorithm that should be used to sign the
              certificate. The startdate argument is the start time and date that the certificate
              is valid. The valDays argument tells the number of days for which the certificate
              should be considered valid.

              When dname is provided, it is used as the subject of the generated certificate.
              Otherwise, the one from the certificate request is used.

              The ext value shows what X.509 extensions will be embedded in the certificate. Read
              Common Options for the grammar of -ext.

              The -gencert option enables you to create certificate chains. The following example
              creates a certificate, e1, that contains three certificates in its certificate
              chain.

              The following commands creates four key pairs named ca, ca1, ca2, and e1:

              keytool -alias ca -dname CN=CA -genkeypair
              keytool -alias ca1 -dname CN=CA -genkeypair
              keytool -alias ca2 -dname CN=CA -genkeypair
              keytool -alias e1 -dname CN=E1 -genkeypair

              The following two commands create a chain of signed certificates; ca signs ca1 and
              ca1 signs ca2, all of which are self-issued:

              keytool -alias ca1 -certreq |
                  keytool -alias ca -gencert -ext san=dns:ca1 |
                  keytool -alias ca1 -importcert
              keytool -alias ca2 -certreq |
                  $KT -alias ca1 -gencert -ext san=dns:ca2 |
                  $KT -alias ca2 -importcert

              The following command creates the certificate e1 and stores it in the file e1.cert,
              which is signed by ca2. As a result, e1 should contain ca, ca1, and ca2 in its
              certificate chain:

              keytool -alias e1 -certreq | keytool -alias ca2 -gencert > e1.cert

       -genkeypair

              {-alias alias} {-keyalg keyalg} {-keysize keysize} {-sigalg sigalg}

              [-dname dname] [-keypass keypass] {-startdate value} {-ext ext}*

              {-validity valDays} {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore}

              [-storepass storepass]

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}}

              {-v} {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Generates a key pair (a public key and associated private key). Wraps the public
              key into an X.509 v3 self-signed certificate, which is stored as a single-element
              certificate chain. This certificate chain and the private key are stored in a new
              keystore entry identified by alias.

              The keyalg value specifies the algorithm to be used to generate the key pair, and
              the keysize value specifies the size of each key to be generated. The sigalg value
              specifies the algorithm that should be used to sign the self-signed certificate.
              This algorithm must be compatible with the keyalg value.

              The dname value specifies the X.500 Distinguished Name to be associated with the
              value of alias, and is used as the issuer and subject fields in the self-signed
              certificate. If no distinguished name is provided at the command line, then the
              user is prompted for one.

              The value of keypass is a password used to protect the private key of the generated
              key pair. If no password is provided, then the user is prompted for it. If you
              press the Return key at the prompt, then the key password is set to the same
              password as the keystore password. The keypass value must be at least 6 characters.

              The value of startdate specifies the issue time of the certificate, also known as
              the "Not Before" value of the X.509 certificate's Validity field.

              The option value can be set in one of these two forms:

              ([+-]nnn[ymdHMS])+

              [yyyy/mm/dd] [HH:MM:SS]

              With the first form, the issue time is shifted by the specified value from the
              current time. The value is a concatenation of a sequence of subvalues. Inside each
              subvalue, the plus sign (+) means shift forward, and the minus sign (-) means shift
              backward. The time to be shifted is nnn units of years, months, days, hours,
              minutes, or seconds (denoted by a single character of y, m, d, H, M, or S
              respectively). The exact value of the issue time is calculated using the
              java.util.GregorianCalendar.add(int field, int amount) method on each subvalue,
              from left to right. For example, by specifying, the issue time will be:

              Calendar c = new GregorianCalendar();
              c.add(Calendar.YEAR, -1);
              c.add(Calendar.MONTH, 1);
              c.add(Calendar.DATE, -1);
              return c.getTime()

              With the second form, the user sets the exact issue time in two parts,
              year/month/day and hour:minute:second (using the local time zone). The user can
              provide only one part, which means the other part is the same as the current date
              (or time). The user must provide the exact number of digits as shown in the format
              definition (padding with 0 when shorter). When both the date and time are provided,
              there is one (and only one) space character between the two parts. The hour should
              always be provided in 24 hour format.

              When the option is not provided, the start date is the current time. The option can
              be provided at most once.

              The value of valDays specifies the number of days (starting at the date specified
              by -startdate, or the current date when -startdate is not specified) for which the
              certificate should be considered valid.

              This command was named -genkey in earlier releases. The old name is still supported
              in this release. The new name, -genkeypair, is preferred going forward.

       -genseckey

              {-alias alias} {-keyalg keyalg} {-keysize keysize} [-keypass keypass]

              {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass]

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}} {-v}

              {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Generates a secret key and stores it in a new KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry identified by
              alias.

              The value of keyalg specifies the algorithm to be used to generate the secret key,
              and the value of keysize specifies the size of the key to be generated. The keypass
              value is a password that protects the secret key. If no password is provided, then
              the user is prompted for it. If you press the Return key at the prompt, then the
              key password is set to the same password that is used for the keystore. The keypass
              value must be at least 6 characters.

       -importcert

              {-alias alias} {-file cert_file} [-keypass keypass] {-noprompt} {-trustcacerts}

              {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass]

              {-providerName provider_name}

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}}

              {-v} {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Reads the certificate or certificate chain (where the latter is supplied in a
              PKCS#7 formatted reply or a sequence of X.509 certificates) from the file
              cert_file, and stores it in the keystore entry identified by alias. If no file is
              specified, then the certificate or certificate chain is read from stdin.

              The keytool command can import X.509 v1, v2, and v3 certificates, and PKCS#7
              formatted certificate chains consisting of certificates of that type. The data to
              be imported must be provided either in binary encoding format or in printable
              encoding format (also known as Base64 encoding) as defined by the Internet RFC 1421
              standard. In the latter case, the encoding must be bounded at the beginning by a
              string that starts with -----BEGIN, and bounded at the end by a string that starts
              with -----END.

              You import a certificate for two reasons: To add it to the list of trusted
              certificates, and to import a certificate reply received from a certificate
              authority (CA) as the result of submitting a Certificate Signing Request to that CA
              (see the -certreq option in Commands).

              Which type of import is intended is indicated by the value of the -alias option. If
              the alias does not point to a key entry, then the keytool command assumes you are
              adding a trusted certificate entry. In this case, the alias should not already
              exist in the keystore. If the alias does already exist, then the keytool command
              outputs an error because there is already a trusted certificate for that alias, and
              does not import the certificate. If the alias points to a key entry, then the
              keytool command assumes you are importing a certificate reply.

       -importpassword

              {-alias alias} [-keypass keypass] {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore}

              [-storepass storepass]

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}}

              {-v} {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Imports a passphrase and stores it in a new KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry identified by
              alias. The passphrase may be supplied via the standard input stream; otherwise the
              user is prompted for it. keypass is a password used to protect the imported
              passphrase. If no password is provided, the user is prompted for it. If you press
              the Return key at the prompt, the key password is set to the same password as that
              used for the keystore. keypass must be at least 6 characters long.

       -importkeystore

              {-srcstoretype srcstoretype} {-deststoretype deststoretype}

              [-srcstorepass srcstorepass] [-deststorepass deststorepass] {-srcprotected}

              {-destprotected}

              {-srcalias srcalias {-destalias destalias} [-srckeypass srckeypass]}

              [-destkeypass destkeypass] {-noprompt}

              {-srcProviderName src_provider_name} {-destProviderName dest_provider_name}

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}} {-v}

              {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Imports a single entry or all entries from a source keystore to a destination
              keystore.

              When the -srcalias option is provided, the command imports the single entry
              identified by the alias to the destination keystore. If a destination alias is not
              provided with destalias, then srcalias is used as the destination alias. If the
              source entry is protected by a password, then srckeypass is used to recover the
              entry. If srckeypass is not provided, then the keytool command attempts to use
              srcstorepass to recover the entry. If srcstorepass is either not provided or is
              incorrect, then the user is prompted for a password. The destination entry is
              protected with destkeypass. If destkeypass is not provided, then the destination
              entry is protected with the source entry password. For example, most third-party
              tools require storepass and keypass in a PKCS #12 keystore to be the same. In order
              to create a PKCS #12 keystore for these tools, always specify a -destkeypass to be
              the same as -deststorepass.

              If the -srcalias option is not provided, then all entries in the source keystore
              are imported into the destination keystore. Each destination entry is stored under
              the alias from the source entry. If the source entry is protected by a password,
              then srcstorepass is used to recover the entry. If srcstorepass is either not
              provided or is incorrect, then the user is prompted for a password. If a source
              keystore entry type is not supported in the destination keystore, or if an error
              occurs while storing an entry into the destination keystore, then the user is
              prompted whether to skip the entry and continue or to quit. The destination entry
              is protected with the source entry password.

              If the destination alias already exists in the destination keystore, then the user
              is prompted to either overwrite the entry or to create a new entry under a
              different alias name.

              If the -noprompt option is provided, then the user is not prompted for a new
              destination alias. Existing entries are overwritten with the destination alias
              name. Entries that cannot be imported are skipped and a warning is displayed.

       -printcertreq

              {-file file}

              Prints the content of a PKCS #10 format certificate request, which can be generated
              by the keytool-certreq command. The command reads the request from file. If there
              is no file, then the request is read from the standard input.

       -certreq

              {-alias alias} {-dname dname} {-sigalg sigalg} {-file certreq_file}

              [-keypass keypass] {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore}

              [-storepass storepass] {-providerName provider_name}

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}}

              {-v} {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Generates a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) using the PKCS #10 format.

              A CSR is intended to be sent to a certificate authority (CA). The CA authenticates
              the certificate requestor (usually off-line) and will return a certificate or
              certificate chain, used to replace the existing certificate chain (which initially
              consists of a self-signed certificate) in the keystore.

              The private key associated with alias is used to create the PKCS #10 certificate
              request. To access the private key, the correct password must be provided. If
              keypass is not provided at the command line and is different from the password used
              to protect the integrity of the keystore, then the user is prompted for it. If
              dname is provided, then it is used as the subject in the CSR. Otherwise, the X.500
              Distinguished Name associated with alias is used.

              The sigalg value specifies the algorithm that should be used to sign the CSR.

              The CSR is stored in the file certreq_file. If no file is specified, then the CSR
              is output to stdout.

              Use the importcert command to import the response from the CA.

       -exportcert

              {-alias alias} {-file cert_file} {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore}

              [-storepass storepass] {-providerName provider_name}

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}}

              {-rfc} {-v} {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Reads from the keystore the certificate associated with alias and stores it in the
              cert_file file. When no file is specified, the certificate is output to stdout.

              The certificate is by default output in binary encoding. If the -rfc option is
              specified, then the output in the printable encoding format defined by the Internet
              RFC 1421 Certificate Encoding Standard.

              If alias refers to a trusted certificate, then that certificate is output.
              Otherwise, alias refers to a key entry with an associated certificate chain. In
              that case, the first certificate in the chain is returned. This certificate
              authenticates the public key of the entity addressed by alias.

              This command was named -export in earlier releases. The old name is still supported
              in this release. The new name, -exportcert, is preferred going forward.

       -list

              {-alias alias} {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass]

              {-providerName provider_name}

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}}

              {-v | -rfc} {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Prints to stdout the contents of the keystore entry identified by alias. If no
              alias is specified, then the contents of the entire keystore are printed.

              This command by default prints the SHA1 fingerprint of a certificate. If the -v
              option is specified, then the certificate is printed in human-readable format, with
              additional information such as the owner, issuer, serial number, and any
              extensions. If the -rfc option is specified, then the certificate contents are
              printed using the printable encoding format, as defined by the Internet RFC 1421
              Certificate Encoding Standard.

              You cannot specify both -v and -rfc.

       -printcert

              {-file cert_file | -sslserver host[:port]} {-jarfile JAR_file {-rfc} {-v}

              {-Jjavaoption}

              Reads the certificate from the file cert_file, the SSL server located at host:port,
              or the signed JAR file JAR_file (with the -jarfile option and prints its contents
              in a human-readable format. When no port is specified, the standard HTTPS port 443
              is assumed. Note that -sslserver and -file options cannot be provided at the same
              time. Otherwise, an error is reported. If neither option is specified, then the
              certificate is read from stdin.

              When-rfc is specified, the keytool command prints the certificate in PEM mode as
              defined by the Internet RFC 1421 Certificate Encoding standard. See Internet RFC
              1421 Certificate Encoding Standard.

              If the certificate is read from a file or stdin, then it might be either binary
              encoded or in printable encoding format, as defined by the RFC 1421 Certificate
              Encoding standard.

              If the SSL server is behind a firewall, then the -J-Dhttps.proxyHost=proxyhost and
              -J-Dhttps.proxyPort=proxyport options can be specified on the command line for
              proxy tunneling. See Java Secure Socket Extension (JSSE) Reference Guide at
              http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/security/jsse/JSSERefGuide.html

              Note: This option can be used independently of a keystore.

       -printcrl

              -file crl_ {-v}

              Reads the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) from the file crl_. A CRL is a list of
              digital certificates that were revoked by the CA that issued them. The CA generates
              the crl_ file.

              Note: This option can be used independently of a keystore.

       -storepasswd

              [-new new_storepass] {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore}

              [-storepass storepass] {-providerName provider_name}

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}}

              {-v} {-Jjavaoption}

              Changes the password used to protect the integrity of the keystore contents. The
              new password is new_storepass, which must be at least 6 characters.

       -keypasswd

              {-alias alias} [-keypass old_keypass] [-new new_keypass] {-storetype storetype}

              {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass] {-providerName provider_name}

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}} {-v}

              {-Jjavaoption}

              Changes the password under which the private/secret key identified by alias is
              protected, from old_keypass to new_keypass, which must be at least 6 characters.

              If the -keypass option is not provided at the command line, and the key password is
              different from the keystore password, then the user is prompted for it.

              If the -new option is not provided at the command line, then the user is prompted
              for it

       -delete

              [-alias alias] {-storetype storetype} {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass]

              {-providerName provider_name}

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}}

              {-v} {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Deletes from the keystore the entry identified by alias. The user is prompted for
              the alias, when no alias is provided at the command line.

       -changealias

              {-alias alias} [-destalias destalias] [-keypass keypass] {-storetype storetype}

              {-keystore keystore} [-storepass storepass] {-providerName provider_name}

              {-providerClass provider_class_name {-providerArg provider_arg}} {-v}

              {-protected} {-Jjavaoption}

              Move an existing keystore entry from the specified alias to a new alias, destalias.
              If no destination alias is provided, then the command prompts for one. If the
              original entry is protected with an entry password, then the password can be
              supplied with the -keypass option. If no key password is provided, then the
              storepass (if provided) is attempted first. If the attempt fails, then the user is
              prompted for a password.

       -help
              Lists the basic commands and their options.

              For more information about a specific command, enter the following, where
              command_name is the name of the command: keytool -command_name -help.

EXAMPLES
       This example walks through the sequence of steps to create a keystore for managing
       public/private key pair and certificates from trusted entities.

   GENERATE THE KEY PAIR
       First, create a keystore and generate the key pair. You can use a command such as the
       following typed as a single line:

       keytool -genkeypair -dname "cn=Mark Jones, ou=Java, o=Oracle, c=US"
           -alias business -keypass <new password for private key>
           -keystore /working/mykeystore
           -storepass <new password for keystore> -validity 180

       The command creates the keystore named mykeystore in the working directory (assuming it
       does not already exist), and assigns it the password specified by <new password for
       keystore>. It generates a public/private key pair for the entity whose distinguished name
       has a common name of Mark Jones, organizational unit of Java, organization of Oracle and
       two-letter country code of US. It uses the default DSA key generation algorithm to create
       the keys; both are 1024 bits.

       The command uses the default SHA1withDSA signature algorithm to create a self-signed
       certificate that includes the public key and the distinguished name information. The
       certificate is valid for 180 days, and is associated with the private key in a keystore
       entry referred to by the alias business. The private key is assigned the password
       specified by <new password for private key>.

       The command is significantly shorter when the option defaults are accepted. In this case,
       no options are required, and the defaults are used for unspecified options that have
       default values. You are prompted for any required values. You could have the following:

       keytool -genkeypair

       In this case, a keystore entry with the alias mykey is created, with a newly generated key
       pair and a certificate that is valid for 90 days. This entry is placed in the keystore
       named .keystore in your home directory. The keystore is created when it does not already
       exist. You are prompted for the distinguished name information, the keystore password, and
       the private key password.

       The rest of the examples assume you executed the -genkeypair command without options
       specified, and that you responded to the prompts with values equal to those specified in
       the first -genkeypair command. For example, a distinguished name of cn=Mark Jones,
       ou=Java, o=Oracle, c=US).

   REQUEST A SIGNED CERTIFICATE FROM A CA
       Generating the key pair created a self-signed certificate. A certificate is more likely to
       be trusted by others when it is signed by a Certification Authority (CA). To get a CA
       signature, first generate a Certificate Signing Request (CSR), as follows:

       keytool -certreq -file MarkJ.csr

       This creates a CSR for the entity identified by the default alias mykey and puts the
       request in the file named MarkJ.csr. Submit this file to a CA, such as VeriSign. The CA
       authenticates you, the requestor (usually off-line), and returns a certificate, signed by
       them, authenticating your public key. In some cases, the CA returns a chain of
       certificates, each one authenticating the public key of the signer of the previous
       certificate in the chain.

   IMPORT A CERTIFICATE FOR THE CA
       You now need to replace the self-signed certificate with a certificate chain, where each
       certificate in the chain authenticates the public key of the signer of the previous
       certificate in the chain, up to a root CA.

       Before you import the certificate reply from a CA, you need one or more trusted
       certificates in your keystore or in the cacerts keystore file. See -importcert in
       Commands.

       o If the certificate reply is a certificate chain, then you need the top certificate of
         the chain. The root CA certificate that authenticates the public key of the CA.

       o If the certificate reply is a single certificate, then you need a certificate for the
         issuing CA (the one that signed it). If that certificate is not self-signed, then you
         need a certificate for its signer, and so on, up to a self-signed root CA certificate.

       The cacerts keystore file ships with several VeriSign root CA certificates, so you
       probably will not need to import a VeriSign certificate as a trusted certificate in your
       keystore. But if you request a signed certificate from a different CA, and a certificate
       authenticating that CA's public key was not added to cacerts, then you must import a
       certificate from the CA as a trusted certificate.

       A certificate from a CA is usually either self-signed or signed by another CA, in which
       case you need a certificate that authenticates that CA's public key. Suppose company ABC,
       Inc., is a CA, and you obtain a file named ABCCA.cer that is supposed to be a self-signed
       certificate from ABC, that authenticates that CA's public key. Be careful to ensure the
       certificate is valid before you import it as a trusted certificate. View it first with the
       keytool -printcert command or the keytool -importcert command without the -noprompt
       option, and make sure that the displayed certificate fingerprints match the expected ones.
       You can call the person who sent the certificate, and compare the fingerprints that you
       see with the ones that they show or that a secure public key repository shows. Only when
       the fingerprints are equal is it guaranteed that the certificate was not replaced in
       transit with somebody else's (for example, an attacker's) certificate. If such an attack
       takes place, and you did not check the certificate before you imported it, then you would
       be trusting anything the attacker has signed.

       If you trust that the certificate is valid, then you can add it to your keystore with the
       following command:

       keytool -importcert -alias abc -file ABCCA.cer

       This command creates a trusted certificate entry in the keystore, with the data from the
       file ABCCA.cer, and assigns the alias abc to the entry.

   IMPORT THE CERTIFICATE REPLY FROM THE CA
       After you import a certificate that authenticates the public key of the CA you submitted
       your certificate signing request to (or there is already such a certificate in the cacerts
       file), you can import the certificate reply and replace your self-signed certificate with
       a certificate chain. This chain is the one returned by the CA in response to your request
       (when the CA reply is a chain), or one constructed (when the CA reply is a single
       certificate) using the certificate reply and trusted certificates that are already
       available in the keystore where you import the reply or in the cacerts keystore file.

       For example, if you sent your certificate signing request to VeriSign, then you can import
       the reply with the following, which assumes the returned certificate is named VSMarkJ.cer:

       keytool -importcert -trustcacerts -file VSMarkJ.cer

   EXPORT A CERTIFICATE THAT AUTHENTICATES THE PUBLIC KEY
       If you used the jarsigner command to sign a Java Archive (JAR) file, then clients that
       want to use the file will want to authenticate your signature. One way the clients can
       authenticate you is by first importing your public key certificate into their keystore as
       a trusted entry.

       You can export the certificate and supply it to your clients. As an example, you can copy
       your certificate to a file named MJ.cer with the following command that assumes the entry
       has an alias of mykey:

       keytool -exportcert -alias mykey -file MJ.cer

       With the certificate and the signed JAR file, a client can use the jarsigner command to
       authenticate your signature.

   IMPORT KEYSTORE
       The command importkeystore is used to import an entire keystore into another keystore,
       which means all entries from the source keystore, including keys and certificates, are all
       imported to the destination keystore within a single command. You can use this command to
       import entries from a different type of keystore. During the import, all new entries in
       the destination keystore will have the same alias names and protection passwords (for
       secret keys and private keys). If the keytool command cannot recover the private keys or
       secret keys from the source keystore, then it prompts you for a password. If it detects
       alias duplication, then it asks you for a new alias, and you can specify a new alias or
       simply allow the keytool command to overwrite the existing one.

       For example, to import entries from a typical JKS type keystore key.jks into a PKCS #11
       type hardware-based keystore, use the command:

       keytool -importkeystore
           -srckeystore key.jks -destkeystore NONE
           -srcstoretype JKS -deststoretype PKCS11
           -srcstorepass <src keystore password>
           -deststorepass <destination keystore pwd>

       The importkeystore command can also be used to import a single entry from a source
       keystore to a destination keystore. In this case, besides the options you see in the
       previous example, you need to specify the alias you want to import. With the -srcalias
       option specified, you can also specify the destination alias name in the command line, as
       well as protection password for a secret/private key and the destination protection
       password you want. The following command demonstrates this:

       keytool -importkeystore
           -srckeystore key.jks -destkeystore NONE
           -srcstoretype JKS -deststoretype PKCS11
           -srcstorepass <src keystore password>
           -deststorepass <destination keystore pwd>
           -srcalias myprivatekey -destalias myoldprivatekey
           -srckeypass <source entry password>
           -destkeypass <destination entry password>
           -noprompt

   GENERATE CERTIFICATES FOR AN SSL SERVER
       The following are keytool commands to generate key pairs and certificates for three
       entities: Root CA (root), Intermediate CA (ca), and SSL server (server). Ensure that you
       store all the certificates in the same keystore. In these examples, RSA is the recommended
       the key algorithm.

       keytool -genkeypair -keystore root.jks -alias root -ext bc:c
       keytool -genkeypair -keystore ca.jks -alias ca -ext bc:c
       keytool -genkeypair -keystore server.jks -alias server
       keytool -keystore root.jks -alias root -exportcert -rfc > root.pem
       keytool -storepass <storepass> -keystore ca.jks -certreq -alias ca |
           keytool -storepass <storepass> -keystore root.jks
           -gencert -alias root -ext BC=0 -rfc > ca.pem
       keytool -keystore ca.jks -importcert -alias ca -file ca.pem
       keytool -storepass <storepass> -keystore server.jks -certreq -alias server |
           keytool -storepass <storepass> -keystore ca.jks -gencert -alias ca
           -ext ku:c=dig,kE -rfc > server.pem
       cat root.pem ca.pem server.pem |
           keytool -keystore server.jks -importcert -alias server

TERMS
       Keystore
              A keystore is a storage facility for cryptographic keys and certificates.

       Keystore entries
              Keystores can have different types of entries. The two most applicable entry types
              for the keytool command include the following:

              Key entries: Each entry holds very sensitive cryptographic key information, which
              is stored in a protected format to prevent unauthorized access. Typically, a key
              stored in this type of entry is a secret key, or a private key accompanied by the
              certificate chain for the corresponding public key. See Certificate Chains. The
              keytool command can handle both types of entries, while the jarsigner tool only
              handles the latter type of entry, that is private keys and their associated
              certificate chains.

              Trusted certificate entries: Each entry contains a single public key certificate
              that belongs to another party. The entry is called a trusted certificate because
              the keystore owner trusts that the public key in the certificate belongs to the
              identity identified by the subject (owner) of the certificate. The issuer of the
              certificate vouches for this, by signing the certificate.

       KeyStore aliases
              All keystore entries (key and trusted certificate entries) are accessed by way of
              unique aliases.

              An alias is specified when you add an entity to the keystore with the -genseckey
              command to generate a secret key, the -genkeypair command to generate a key pair
              (public and private key), or the -importcert command to add a certificate or
              certificate chain to the list of trusted certificates. Subsequent keytool commands
              must use this same alias to refer to the entity.

              For example, you can use the alias duke to generate a new public/private key pair
              and wrap the public key into a self-signed certificate with the following command.
              See Certificate Chains.

              keytool -genkeypair -alias duke -keypass dukekeypasswd

              This example specifies an initial password of dukekeypasswd required by subsequent
              commands to access the private key associated with the alias duke. If you later
              want to change Duke's private key password, use a command such as the following:

              keytool -keypasswd -alias duke -keypass dukekeypasswd -new newpass

              This changes the password from dukekeypasswd to newpass. A password should not be
              specified on a command line or in a script unless it is for testing purposes, or
              you are on a secure system. If you do not specify a required password option on a
              command line, then you are prompted for it.

       KeyStore implementation
              The KeyStore class provided in the java.security package supplies well-defined
              interfaces to access and modify the information in a keystore. It is possible for
              there to be multiple different concrete implementations, where each implementation
              is that for a particular type of keystore.

              Currently, two command-line tools (keytool and jarsigner) and a GUI-based tool
              named Policy Tool make use of keystore implementations. Because the KeyStore class
              is public, users can write additional security applications that use it.

              There is a built-in default implementation, provided by Oracle. It implements the
              keystore as a file with a proprietary keystore type (format) named JKS. It protects
              each private key with its individual password, and also protects the integrity of
              the entire keystore with a (possibly different) password.

              Keystore implementations are provider-based. More specifically, the application
              interfaces supplied by KeyStore are implemented in terms of a Service Provider
              Interface (SPI). That is, there is a corresponding abstract KeystoreSpi class, also
              in the java.security package, which defines the Service Provider Interface methods
              that providers must implement. The term provider refers to a package or a set of
              packages that supply a concrete implementation of a subset of services that can be
              accessed by the Java Security API. To provide a keystore implementation, clients
              must implement a provider and supply a KeystoreSpi subclass implementation, as
              described in How to Implement a Provider in the Java Cryptography Architecture at
              http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/security/crypto/HowToImplAProvider.html

              Applications can choose different types of keystore implementations from different
              providers, using the getInstance factory method supplied in the KeyStore class. A
              keystore type defines the storage and data format of the keystore information, and
              the algorithms used to protect private/secret keys in the keystore and the
              integrity of the keystore. Keystore implementations of different types are not
              compatible.

              The keytool command works on any file-based keystore implementation. It treats the
              keystore location that is passed to it at the command line as a file name and
              converts it to a FileInputStream, from which it loads the keystore information.)The
              jarsigner and policytool commands can read a keystore from any location that can be
              specified with a URL.

              For keytool and jarsigner, you can specify a keystore type at the command line,
              with the -storetype option. For Policy Tool, you can specify a keystore type with
              the Keystore menu.

              If you do not explicitly specify a keystore type, then the tools choose a keystore
              implementation based on the value of the keystore.type property specified in the
              security properties file. The security properties file is called java.security, and
              resides in the security properties directory, java.home\lib\security on Windows and
              java.home/lib/security on Oracle Solaris, where java.home is the runtime
              environment directory. The jre directory in the SDK or the top-level directory of
              the Java Runtime Environment (JRE).

              Each tool gets the keystore.type value and then examines all the currently
              installed providers until it finds one that implements a keystores of that type. It
              then uses the keystore implementation from that provider.The KeyStore class defines
              a static method named getDefaultType that lets applications and applets retrieve
              the value of the keystore.type property. The following line of code creates an
              instance of the default keystore type as specified in the keystore.type property:

              KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());

              The default keystore type is jks, which is the proprietary type of the keystore
              implementation provided by Oracle. This is specified by the following line in the
              security properties file:

              keystore.type=jks

              To have the tools utilize a keystore implementation other than the default, you can
              change that line to specify a different keystore type. For example, if you have a
              provider package that supplies a keystore implementation for a keystore type called
              pkcs12, then change the line to the following:

              keystore.type=pkcs12

              Note: Case does not matter in keystore type designations. For example, JKS would be
              considered the same as jks.

       Certificate
              A certificate (or public-key certificate) is a digitally signed statement from one
              entity (the issuer), saying that the public key and some other information of
              another entity (the subject) has some specific value. The following terms are
              related to certificates:

              Public Keys: These are numbers associated with a particular entity, and are
              intended to be known to everyone who needs to have trusted interactions with that
              entity. Public keys are used to verify signatures.

              Digitally Signed: If some data is digitally signed, then it is stored with the
              identity of an entity and a signature that proves that entity knows about the data.
              The data is rendered unforgeable by signing with the entity's private key.

              Identity: A known way of addressing an entity. In some systems, the identity is the
              public key, and in others it can be anything from an Oracle Solaris UID to an email
              address to an X.509 distinguished name.

              Signature: A signature is computed over some data using the private key of an
              entity. The signer, which in the case of a certificate is also known as the issuer.

              Private Keys: These are numbers, each of which is supposed to be known only to the
              particular entity whose private key it is (that is, it is supposed to be kept
              secret). Private and public keys exist in pairs in all public key cryptography
              systems (also referred to as public key crypto systems). In a typical public key
              crypto system, such as DSA, a private key corresponds to exactly one public key.
              Private keys are used to compute signatures.

              Entity: An entity is a person, organization, program, computer, business, bank, or
              something else you are trusting to some degree.

              Public key cryptography requires access to users' public keys. In a large-scale
              networked environment, it is impossible to guarantee that prior relationships
              between communicating entities were established or that a trusted repository exists
              with all used public keys. Certificates were invented as a solution to this public
              key distribution problem. Now a Certification Authority (CA) can act as a trusted
              third party. CAs are entities such as businesses that are trusted to sign (issue)
              certificates for other entities. It is assumed that CAs only create valid and
              reliable certificates because they are bound by legal agreements. There are many
              public Certification Authorities, such as VeriSign, Thawte, Entrust, and so on.

              You can also run your own Certification Authority using products such as Microsoft
              Certificate Server or the Entrust CA product for your organization. With the
              keytool command, it is possible to display, import, and export certificates. It is
              also possible to generate self-signed certificates.

              The keytool command currently handles X.509 certificates.

       X.509 Certificates
              The X.509 standard defines what information can go into a certificate and describes
              how to write it down (the data format). All the data in a certificate is encoded
              with two related standards called ASN.1/DER. Abstract Syntax Notation 1 describes
              data. The Definite Encoding Rules describe a single way to store and transfer that
              data.

              All X.509 certificates have the following data, in addition to the signature:

              Version: This identifies which version of the X.509 standard applies to this
              certificate, which affects what information can be specified in it. Thus far, three
              versions are defined. The keytool command can import and export v1, v2, and v3
              certificates. It generates v3 certificates.

              X.509 Version 1 has been available since 1988, is widely deployed, and is the most
              generic.

              X.509 Version 2 introduced the concept of subject and issuer unique identifiers to
              handle the possibility of reuse of subject or issuer names over time. Most
              certificate profile documents strongly recommend that names not be reused and that
              certificates should not make use of unique identifiers. Version 2 certificates are
              not widely used.

              X.509 Version 3 is the most recent (1996) and supports the notion of extensions
              where anyone can define an extension and include it in the certificate. Some common
              extensions are: KeyUsage (limits the use of the keys to particular purposes such as
              signing-only) and AlternativeNames (allows other identities to also be associated
              with this public key, for example. DNS names, email addresses, IP addresses).
              Extensions can be marked critical to indicate that the extension should be checked
              and enforced or used. For example, if a certificate has the KeyUsage extension
              marked critical and set to keyCertSign, then when this certificate is presented
              during SSL communication, it should be rejected because the certificate extension
              indicates that the associated private key should only be used for signing
              certificates and not for SSL use.

              Serial number: The entity that created the certificate is responsible for assigning
              it a serial number to distinguish it from other certificates it issues. This
              information is used in numerous ways. For example, when a certificate is revoked
              its serial number is placed in a Certificate Revocation List (CRL).

              Signature algorithm identifier: This identifies the algorithm used by the CA to
              sign the certificate.

              Issuer name: The X.500 Distinguished Name of the entity that signed the
              certificate. See X.500 Distinguished Names. This is typically a CA. Using this
              certificate implies trusting the entity that signed this certificate. In some
              cases, such as root or top-level CA certificates, the issuer signs its own
              certificate.

              Validity period: Each certificate is valid only for a limited amount of time. This
              period is described by a start date and time and an end date and time, and can be
              as short as a few seconds or almost as long as a century. The validity period
              chosen depends on a number of factors, such as the strength of the private key used
              to sign the certificate, or the amount one is willing to pay for a certificate.
              This is the expected period that entities can rely on the public value, when the
              associated private key has not been compromised.

              Subject name: The name of the entity whose public key the certificate identifies.
              This name uses the X.500 standard, so it is intended to be unique across the
              Internet. This is the X.500 Distinguished Name (DN) of the entity. See X.500
              Distinguished Names. For example,

              CN=Java Duke, OU=Java Software Division, O=Oracle Corporation, C=US

              These refer to the subject's common name (CN), organizational unit (OU),
              organization (O), and country (C).

              Subject public key information: This is the public key of the entity being named
              with an algorithm identifier that specifies which public key crypto system this key
              belongs to and any associated key parameters.

       Certificate Chains
              The keytool command can create and manage keystore key entries that each contain a
              private key and an associated certificate chain. The first certificate in the chain
              contains the public key that corresponds to the private key.

              When keys are first generated, the chain starts off containing a single element, a
              self-signed certificate. See -genkeypair in Commands. A self-signed certificate is
              one for which the issuer (signer) is the same as the subject. The subject is the
              entity whose public key is being authenticated by the certificate. Whenever the
              -genkeypair command is called to generate a new public/private key pair, it also
              wraps the public key into a self-signed certificate.

              Later, after a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) was generated with the -certreq
              command and sent to a Certification Authority (CA), the response from the CA is
              imported with -importcert, and the self-signed certificate is replaced by a chain
              of certificates. See the -certreq and -importcert options in Commands. At the
              bottom of the chain is the certificate (reply) issued by the CA authenticating the
              subject's public key. The next certificate in the chain is one that authenticates
              the CA's public key.

              In many cases, this is a self-signed certificate, which is a certificate from the
              CA authenticating its own public key, and the last certificate in the chain. In
              other cases, the CA might return a chain of certificates. In this case, the bottom
              certificate in the chain is the same (a certificate signed by the CA,
              authenticating the public key of the key entry), but the second certificate in the
              chain is a certificate signed by a different CA that authenticates the public key
              of the CA you sent the CSR to. The next certificate in the chain is a certificate
              that authenticates the second CA's key, and so on, until a self-signed root
              certificate is reached. Each certificate in the chain (after the first)
              authenticates the public key of the signer of the previous certificate in the
              chain.

              Many CAs only return the issued certificate, with no supporting chain, especially
              when there is a flat hierarchy (no intermediates CAs). In this case, the
              certificate chain must be established from trusted certificate information already
              stored in the keystore.

              A different reply format (defined by the PKCS #7 standard) includes the supporting
              certificate chain in addition to the issued certificate. Both reply formats can be
              handled by the keytool command.

              The top-level (root) CA certificate is self-signed. However, the trust into the
              root's public key does not come from the root certificate itself, but from other
              sources such as a newspaper. This is because anybody could generate a self-signed
              certificate with the distinguished name of, for example, the VeriSign root CA. The
              root CA public key is widely known. The only reason it is stored in a certificate
              is because this is the format understood by most tools, so the certificate in this
              case is only used as a vehicle to transport the root CA's public key. Before you
              add the root CA certificate to your keystore, you should view it with the
              -printcert option and compare the displayed fingerprint with the well-known
              fingerprint obtained from a newspaper, the root CA's Web page, and so on.

       The cacerts Certificates File
              A certificates file named cacerts resides in the security properties directory,
              java.home\lib\security on Windows and java.home/lib/security on Oracle Solaris,
              where java.home is the runtime environment's directory, which would be the jre
              directory in the SDK or the top-level directory of the JRE.

              The cacerts file represents a system-wide keystore with CA certificates. System
              administrators can configure and manage that file with the keytool command by
              specifying jks as the keystore type. The cacerts keystore file ships with a default
              set of root CA certificates. You can list the default certificates with the
              following command:

              keytool -list -keystore java.home/lib/security/cacerts

              The initial password of the cacerts keystore file is changeit. System
              administrators should change that password and the default access permission of
              that file upon installing the SDK.

              Note: It is important to verify your cacerts file. Because you trust the CAs in the
              cacerts file as entities for signing and issuing certificates to other entities,
              you must manage the cacerts file carefully. The cacerts file should contain only
              certificates of the CAs you trust. It is your responsibility to verify the trusted
              root CA certificates bundled in the cacerts file and make your own trust decisions.

              To remove an untrusted CA certificate from the cacerts file, use the delete option
              of the keytool command. You can find the cacerts file in the JRE installation
              directory. Contact your system administrator if you do not have permission to edit
              this file

       Internet RFC 1421 Certificate Encoding Standard
              Certificates are often stored using the printable encoding format defined by the
              Internet RFC 1421 standard, instead of their binary encoding. This certificate
              format, also known as Base64 encoding, makes it easy to export certificates to
              other applications by email or through some other mechanism.

              Certificates read by the -importcert and -printcert commands can be in either this
              format or binary encoded. The -exportcert command by default outputs a certificate
              in binary encoding, but will instead output a certificate in the printable encoding
              format, when the -rfc option is specified.

              The -list command by default prints the SHA1 fingerprint of a certificate. If the
              -v option is specified, then the certificate is printed in human-readable format.
              If the -rfc option is specified, then the certificate is output in the printable
              encoding format.

              In its printable encoding format, the encoded certificate is bounded at the
              beginning and end by the following text:

              -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
              encoded certificate goes here.
              -----END CERTIFICATE-----

       X.500 Distinguished Names
              X.500 Distinguished Names are used to identify entities, such as those that are
              named by the subject and issuer (signer) fields of X.509 certificates. The keytool
              command supports the following subparts:

              commonName: The common name of a person such as Susan Jones.

              organizationUnit: The small organization (such as department or division) name. For
              example, Purchasing.

              localityName: The locality (city) name, for example, Palo Alto.

              stateName: State or province name, for example, California.

              country: Two-letter country code, for example, CH.

              When you supply a distinguished name string as the value of a -dname option, such
              as for the -genkeypair command, the string must be in the following format:

              CN=cName, OU=orgUnit, O=org, L=city, S=state, C=countryCode

              All the italicized items represent actual values and the previous keywords are
              abbreviations for the following:

              CN=commonName
              OU=organizationUnit
              O=organizationName
              L=localityName
              S=stateName
              C=country

              A sample distinguished name string is:

              CN=Mark Smith, OU=Java, O=Oracle, L=Cupertino, S=California, C=US

              A sample command using such a string is:

              keytool -genkeypair -dname "CN=Mark Smith, OU=Java, O=Oracle, L=Cupertino,
              S=California, C=US" -alias mark

              Case does not matter for the keyword abbreviations. For example, CN, cn, and Cn are
              all treated the same.

              Order matters; each subcomponent must appear in the designated order. However, it
              is not necessary to have all the subcomponents. You can use a subset, for example:

              CN=Steve Meier, OU=Java, O=Oracle, C=US

              If a distinguished name string value contains a comma, then the comma must be
              escaped by a backslash (\) character when you specify the string on a command line,
              as in:

              cn=Peter Schuster, ou=Java\, Product Development, o=Oracle, c=US

              It is never necessary to specify a distinguished name string on a command line.
              When the distinguished name is needed for a command, but not supplied on the
              command line, the user is prompted for each of the subcomponents. In this case, a
              comma does not need to be escaped by a backslash (\).

WARNINGS
   IMPORTING TRUSTED CERTIFICATES WARNING
       Important: Be sure to check a certificate very carefully before importing it as a trusted
       certificate.

       Windows Example:

       View the certificate first with the -printcert command or the -importcert command without
       the -noprompt option. Ensure that the displayed certificate fingerprints match the
       expected ones. For example, suppose sends or emails you a certificate that you put it in a
       file named \tmp\cert. Before you consider adding the certificate to your list of trusted
       certificates, you can execute a -printcert command to view its fingerprints, as follows:

         keytool -printcert -file \tmp\cert
           Owner: CN=ll, OU=ll, O=ll, L=ll, S=ll, C=ll
           Issuer: CN=ll, OU=ll, O=ll, L=ll, S=ll, C=ll
           Serial Number: 59092b34
           Valid from: Thu Sep 25 18:01:13 PDT 1997 until: Wed Dec 24 17:01:13 PST 1997
           Certificate Fingerprints:
                MD5:  11:81:AD:92:C8:E5:0E:A2:01:2E:D4:7A:D7:5F:07:6F
                SHA1: 20:B6:17:FA:EF:E5:55:8A:D0:71:1F:E8:D6:9D:C0:37:13:0E:5E:FE
                SHA256: 90:7B:70:0A:EA:DC:16:79:92:99:41:FF:8A:FE:EB:90:
                        17:75:E0:90:B2:24:4D:3A:2A:16:A6:E4:11:0F:67:A4

       Oracle Solaris Example:

       View the certificate first with the -printcert command or the -importcert command without
       the -noprompt option. Ensure that the displayed certificate fingerprints match the
       expected ones. For example, suppose someone sends or emails you a certificate that you put
       it in a file named /tmp/cert. Before you consider adding the certificate to your list of
       trusted certificates, you can execute a -printcert command to view its fingerprints, as
       follows:

         keytool -printcert -file /tmp/cert
           Owner: CN=ll, OU=ll, O=ll, L=ll, S=ll, C=ll
           Issuer: CN=ll, OU=ll, O=ll, L=ll, S=ll, C=ll
           Serial Number: 59092b34
           Valid from: Thu Sep 25 18:01:13 PDT 1997 until: Wed Dec 24 17:01:13 PST 1997
           Certificate Fingerprints:
                MD5:  11:81:AD:92:C8:E5:0E:A2:01:2E:D4:7A:D7:5F:07:6F
                SHA1: 20:B6:17:FA:EF:E5:55:8A:D0:71:1F:E8:D6:9D:C0:37:13:0E:5E:FE
                SHA256: 90:7B:70:0A:EA:DC:16:79:92:99:41:FF:8A:FE:EB:90:
                        17:75:E0:90:B2:24:4D:3A:2A:16:A6:E4:11:0F:67:A4

       Then call or otherwise contact the person who sent the certificate and compare the
       fingerprints that you see with the ones that they show. Only when the fingerprints are
       equal is it guaranteed that the certificate was not replaced in transit with somebody
       else's certificate such as an attacker's certificate. If such an attack took place, and
       you did not check the certificate before you imported it, then you would be trusting
       anything the attacker signed, for example, a JAR file with malicious class files inside.

       Note: It is not required that you execute a -printcert command before importing a
       certificate. This is because before you add a certificate to the list of trusted
       certificates in the keystore, the -importcert command prints out the certificate
       information and prompts you to verify it. You can then stop the import operation. However,
       you can do this only when you call the -importcert command without the -noprompt option.
       If the -noprompt option is specified, then there is no interaction with the user.

   PASSWORDS WARNING
       Most commands that operate on a keystore require the store password. Some commands require
       a private/secret key password. Passwords can be specified on the command line in the
       -storepass and -keypass options. However, a password should not be specified on a command
       line or in a script unless it is for testing, or you are on a secure system. When you do
       not specify a required password option on a command line, you are prompted for it.

   CERTIFICATE CONFORMANCE WARNING
       The Internet standard RFC 5280 has defined a profile on conforming X.509 certificates,
       which includes what values and value combinations are valid for certificate fields and
       extensions. See the standard at http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5280.txt

       The keytool command does not enforce all of these rules so it can generate certificates
       that do not conform to the standard. Certificates that do not conform to the standard
       might be rejected by JRE or other applications. Users should ensure that they provide the
       correct options for -dname, -ext, and so on.

NOTES
   IMPORT A NEW TRUSTED CERTIFICATE
       Before you add the certificate to the keystore, the keytool command verifies it by
       attempting to construct a chain of trust from that certificate to a self-signed
       certificate (belonging to a root CA), using trusted certificates that are already
       available in the keystore.

       If the -trustcacerts option was specified, then additional certificates are considered for
       the chain of trust, namely the certificates in a file named cacerts.

       If the keytool command fails to establish a trust path from the certificate to be imported
       up to a self-signed certificate (either from the keystore or the cacerts file), then the
       certificate information is printed, and the user is prompted to verify it by comparing the
       displayed certificate fingerprints with the fingerprints obtained from some other
       (trusted) source of information, which might be the certificate owner. Be very careful to
       ensure the certificate is valid before importing it as a trusted certificate. See
       Importing Trusted Certificates Warning. The user then has the option of stopping the
       import operation. If the -noprompt option is specified, then there is no interaction with
       the user.

   IMPORT A CERTIFICATE REPLY
       When you import a certificate reply, the certificate reply is validated with trusted
       certificates from the keystore, and optionally, the certificates configured in the cacerts
       keystore file when the -trustcacerts option is specified. See The cacerts Certificates
       File.

       The methods of determining whether the certificate reply is trusted are as follows:

       o If the reply is a single X.509 certificate, then the keytool command attempts to
         establish a trust chain, starting at the certificate reply and ending at a self-signed
         certificate (belonging to a root CA). The certificate reply and the hierarchy of
         certificates is used to authenticate the certificate reply from the new certificate
         chain of aliases. If a trust chain cannot be established, then the certificate reply is
         not imported. In this case, the keytool command does not print the certificate and
         prompt the user to verify it, because it is very difficult for a user to determine the
         authenticity of the certificate reply.

       o If the reply is a PKCS #7 formatted certificate chain or a sequence of X.509
         certificates, then the chain is ordered with the user certificate first followed by zero
         or more CA certificates. If the chain ends with a self-signed root CA certificate and
         the-trustcacerts option was specified, the keytool command attempts to match it with any
         of the trusted certificates in the keystore or the cacerts keystore file. If the chain
         does not end with a self-signed root CA certificate and the -trustcacerts option was
         specified, the keytool command tries to find one from the trusted certificates in the
         keystore or the cacerts keystore file and add it to the end of the chain. If the
         certificate is not found and the -noprompt option is not specified, the information of
         the last certificate in the chain is printed, and the user is prompted to verify it.

       If the public key in the certificate reply matches the user's public key already stored
       with alias, then the old certificate chain is replaced with the new certificate chain in
       the reply. The old chain can only be replaced with a valid keypass, and so the password
       used to protect the private key of the entry is supplied. If no password is provided, and
       the private key password is different from the keystore password, the user is prompted for
       it.

       This command was named -import in earlier releases. This old name is still supported in
       this release. The new name, -importcert, is preferred going forward.

SEE ALSO
       o jar(1)

       o jarsigner(1)

       o Trail: Security Features in Java SE at
         http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/security/index.html

JDK 8                                     03 March 2015                                keytool(1)

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