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pnmhisteq(1) General Commands Manual pnmhisteq(1)
NAME
pnmhisteq - histogram equalise a portable anymap
SYNOPSIS
pnmhisteq [-gray] [-rmap pgmfile] [-wmap pgmfile] [-verbose] [pnmfile]
DESCRIPTION
pnmhisteq increases the contrast of a portable graymap or pixmap through the technique of
histogram equalisation[1]. A histogram of the luminance of pixels in the map is computed,
from which a transfer function is calculated which spreads out intensity levels around
histogram peaks and compresses them at troughs. This has the effect of using the avail-
able levels of intensity more efficiently and thereby increases the detail visible in the
image.
Mathematically, if N[i] is the number of pixels of luminosity i in the image and T is the
total number of pixels, luminosity j is replaced by:
j
---
\
> N[i] / T
---
i=0
If you're processing a related set of images, for example frames of an animation, it's
generally best to apply the same intensity map to every frame, since otherwise you'll get
distracting frame-to-frame changes in the brightness of objects. pnmhisteq's -wmap option
allows you to save, as a portable graymap, the luminosity map computed from an image (usu-
ally a composite of the images you intend to process created with pnmcat). Then, you can
subsequently process each of the individual images using the luminosity map saved in the
file, supplied with the -rmap option.
OPTIONS
-gray When processing a pixmap, only gray pixels (those with identical red, green, and
blue values) are included in the histogram and modified in the output image.
This is a special purpose option intended for images where the actual data are
gray scale, with colour annotations you don't want modified. Weather satellite
images that show continent outlines in colour are best processed using this op-
tion. The option has no effect when the input is a graymap.
-rmap mapfile
Process the image using the luminosity map specified by the portable graymap
mapfile. The graymap, usually created by an earlier run of pnmhisteq with the
-wmap option, contains a single row with number of columns equal to the maxval
(greatest intensity) of the image. Each pixel in the image is transformed by
looking up its luminosity in the corresponding column in the map file and chang-
ing it to the value given by that column.
-wmap mapfile
Creates a portable graymap, mapfile, containing the luminosity map computed from
the histogram of the input image. This map file can be read on subsequent runs
of pnmhisteq with the -rmap option, allowing a group of images to be processed
with an identical map.
-verbose Prints the histogram and luminosity map on standard error.
All flags can be abbreviated to their shortest unique prefix.
BUGS
Histogram equalisation is effective for increasing the visible detail in scientific im-
agery and in some continuous-tone pictures. It is often too drastic, however, for scanned
halftone images, where it does an excellent job of making halftone artifacts apparent.
You might want to experiment with pgnnorm, ppmnorm, and pnmgamma for more subtle contrast
enhancement.
The luminosity map file supplied by the -rmap option must have the same maxval as the in-
put image. This is always the case when the map file was created by the -wmap option of
pnmhisteq. If this restriction causes a problem, simply adjust the maxval of the map with
pnmdepth to agree with the input image.
If the input is a PBM file (on which histogram equalisation is an identity operation), the
only effect of passing the file through pnmhisteq will be the passage of time.
SEE ALSO
pgmnorm(1), pnm(5), pnmcat(1), pnmdepth(1), pnmgamma(1), pnmnorm(1)
[1] Russ, John C. The Image Processing Handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1992. Pages
105-110.
AUTHOR
Copyright (C) 1995 by John Walker (kelvin AT fourmilab.ch).
WWW home page: http://www.fourmilab.ch/
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for
any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, without any conditions or restrictions.
This software is provided ``as is'' without express or implied warranty.
19 March 1995 pnmhisteq(1)
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