On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2025-11-08 02:09 @216.73.216.119 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)
tput(1) General Commands Manual tput(1)
NAME
tput, reset - initialize a terminal or query terminfo database
SYNOPSIS
tput [-Ttype] capname [parameters]
tput [-Ttype] [-x] clear
tput [-Ttype] init
tput [-Ttype] reset
tput [-Ttype] longname
tput -S <<
tput -V
DESCRIPTION
The tput utility uses the terminfo database to make the values of terminal-dependent capa-
bilities and information available to the shell (see sh(1)), to initialize or reset the
terminal, or return the long name of the requested terminal type. The result depends upon
the capability's type:
string
tput writes the string to the standard output. No trailing newline is supplied.
integer
tput writes the decimal value to the standard output, with a trailing newline.
boolean
tput simply sets the exit code (0 for TRUE if the terminal has the capability, 1
for FALSE if it does not), and writes nothing to the standard output.
Before using a value returned on the standard output, the application should test the exit
code (e.g., $?, see sh(1)) to be sure it is 0. (See the EXIT CODES and DIAGNOSTICS sec-
tions.) For a complete list of capabilities and the capname associated with each, see
terminfo(5).
Options
-S allows more than one capability per invocation of tput. The capabilities must be
passed to tput from the standard input instead of from the command line (see exam-
ple). Only one capname is allowed per line. The -S option changes the meaning of
the 0 and 1 boolean and string exit codes (see the EXIT CODES section).
Because some capabilities may use string parameters rather than numbers, tput uses
a table and the presence of parameters in its input to decide whether to use
tparm(3X), and how to interpret the parameters.
-Ttype indicates the type of terminal. Normally this option is unnecessary, because the
default is taken from the environment variable TERM. If -T is specified, then the
shell variables LINES and COLUMNS will also be ignored.
-V reports the version of ncurses which was used in this program, and exits.
-x do not attempt to clear the terminal's scrollback buffer using the extended "E3"
capability.
Commands
A few commands (init, reset and longname) are special; they are defined by the tput pro-
gram. The others are the names of capabilities from the terminal database (see ter-
minfo(5) for a list). Although init and reset resemble capability names, tput uses sev-
eral capabilities to perform these special functions.
capname
indicates the capability from the terminal database.
If the capability is a string that takes parameters, the arguments following the
capability will be used as parameters for the string.
Most parameters are numbers. Only a few terminal capabilities require string pa-
rameters; tput uses a table to decide which to pass as strings. Normally tput uses
tparm(3X) to perform the substitution. If no parameters are given for the capabil-
ity, tput writes the string without performing the substitution.
init If the terminal database is present and an entry for the user's terminal exists
(see -Ttype, above), the following will occur:
(1) first, tput retrieves the current terminal mode settings for your terminal.
It does this by successively testing
o the standard error,
o standard output,
o standard input and
o ultimately "/dev/tty"
to obtain terminal settings. Having retrieved these settings, tput remembers
which file descriptor to use when updating settings.
(2) if the window size cannot be obtained from the operating system, but the ter-
minal description (or environment, e.g., LINES and COLUMNS variables specify
this), update the operating system's notion of the window size.
(3) the terminal modes will be updated:
o any delays (e.g., newline) specified in the entry will be set in the tty
driver,
o tabs expansion will be turned on or off according to the specification in
the entry, and
o if tabs are not expanded, standard tabs will be set (every 8 spaces).
(4) if present, the terminal's initialization strings will be output as detailed
in the terminfo(5) section on Tabs and Initialization,
(5) output is flushed.
If an entry does not contain the information needed for any of these activities,
that activity will silently be skipped.
reset This is similar to init, with two differences:
(1) before any other initialization, the terminal modes will be reset to a "sane"
state:
o set cooked and echo modes,
o turn off cbreak and raw modes,
o turn on newline translation and
o reset any unset special characters to their default values
(2) Instead of putting out initialization strings, the terminal's reset strings
will be output if present (rs1, rs2, rs3, rf). If the reset strings are not
present, but initialization strings are, the initialization strings will be
output.
Otherwise, reset acts identically to init.
longname
If the terminal database is present and an entry for the user's terminal exists
(see -Ttype above), then the long name of the terminal will be put out. The long
name is the last name in the first line of the terminal's description in the ter-
minfo database [see term(5)].
Aliases
tput handles the clear, init and reset commands specially: it allows for the possibility
that it is invoked by a link with those names.
If tput is invoked by a link named reset, this has the same effect as tput reset. The
tset(1) utility also treats a link named reset specially.
Before ncurses 6.1, the two utilities were different from each other:
o tset utility reset the terminal modes and special characters (not done with tput).
o On the other hand, tset's repertoire of terminal capabilities for resetting the termi-
nal was more limited, i.e., only reset_1string, reset_2string and reset_file in con-
trast to the tab-stops and margins which are set by this utility.
o The reset program is usually an alias for tset, because of this difference with reset-
ting terminal modes and special characters.
With the changes made for ncurses 6.1, the reset feature of the two programs is (mostly)
the same. A few differences remain:
o The tset program waits one second when resetting, in case it happens to be a hardware
terminal.
o The two programs write the terminal initialization strings to different streams (i.e.,
the standard error for tset and the standard output for tput).
Note: although these programs write to different streams, redirecting their output to
a file will capture only part of their actions. The changes to the terminal modes are
not affected by redirecting the output.
If tput is invoked by a link named init, this has the same effect as tput init. Again,
you are less likely to use that link because another program named init has a more well-
established use.
Terminal Size
Besides the special commands (e.g., clear), tput treats certain terminfo capabilities spe-
cially: lines and cols. tput calls setupterm(3X) to obtain the terminal size:
o first, it gets the size from the terminal database (which generally is not provided
for terminal emulators which do not have a fixed window size)
o then it asks the operating system for the terminal's size (which generally works, un-
less connecting via a serial line which does not support NAWS: negotiations about win-
dow size).
o finally, it inspects the environment variables LINES and COLUMNS which may override
the terminal size.
If the -T option is given tput ignores the environment variables by calling use_ti-
octl(TRUE), relying upon the operating system (or finally, the terminal database).
EXAMPLES
tput init
Initialize the terminal according to the type of terminal in the environmental vari-
able TERM. This command should be included in everyone's .profile after the environ-
mental variable TERM has been exported, as illustrated on the profile(5) manual page.
tput -T5620 reset
Reset an AT&T 5620 terminal, overriding the type of terminal in the environmental
variable TERM.
tput cup 0 0
Send the sequence to move the cursor to row 0, column 0 (the upper left corner of the
screen, usually known as the "home" cursor position).
tput clear
Echo the clear-screen sequence for the current terminal.
tput cols
Print the number of columns for the current terminal.
tput -T450 cols
Print the number of columns for the 450 terminal.
bold=`tput smso` offbold=`tput rmso`
Set the shell variables bold, to begin stand-out mode sequence, and offbold, to end
standout mode sequence, for the current terminal. This might be followed by a
prompt: echo "${bold}Please type in your name: ${offbold}\c"
tput hc
Set exit code to indicate if the current terminal is a hard copy terminal.
tput cup 23 4
Send the sequence to move the cursor to row 23, column 4.
tput cup
Send the terminfo string for cursor-movement, with no parameters substituted.
tput longname
Print the long name from the terminfo database for the type of terminal specified in
the environmental variable TERM.
tput -S <<!
> clear
> cup 10 10
> bold
> !
This example shows tput processing several capabilities in one invocation. It clears
the screen, moves the cursor to position 10, 10 and turns on bold (extra bright)
mode. The list is terminated by an exclamation mark (!) on a line by itself.
FILES
/etc/terminfo
compiled terminal description database
/usr/share/tabset/*
tab settings for some terminals, in a format appropriate to be output to the termi-
nal (escape sequences that set margins and tabs); for more information, see the
Tabs and Initialization, section of terminfo(5)
EXIT CODES
If the -S option is used, tput checks for errors from each line, and if any errors are
found, will set the exit code to 4 plus the number of lines with errors. If no errors are
found, the exit code is 0. No indication of which line failed can be given so exit code 1
will never appear. Exit codes 2, 3, and 4 retain their usual interpretation. If the -S
option is not used, the exit code depends on the type of capname:
boolean
a value of 0 is set for TRUE and 1 for FALSE.
string a value of 0 is set if the capname is defined for this terminal type (the value
of capname is returned on standard output); a value of 1 is set if capname is
not defined for this terminal type (nothing is written to standard output).
integer
a value of 0 is always set, whether or not capname is defined for this terminal
type. To determine if capname is defined for this terminal type, the user must
test the value written to standard output. A value of -1 means that capname is
not defined for this terminal type.
other reset or init may fail to find their respective files. In that case, the exit
code is set to 4 + errno.
Any other exit code indicates an error; see the DIAGNOSTICS section.
DIAGNOSTICS
tput prints the following error messages and sets the corresponding exit codes.
exit code error message
---------------------------------------------------------------------
0 (capname is a numeric variable that is not specified in
the terminfo(5) database for this terminal type, e.g.
tput -T450 lines and tput -Thp2621 xmc)
1 no error message is printed, see the EXIT CODES section.
2 usage error
3 unknown terminal type or no terminfo database
4 unknown terminfo capability capname
>4 error occurred in -S
---------------------------------------------------------------------
HISTORY
The tput command was begun by Bill Joy in 1980. The initial version only cleared the
screen.
AT&T System V provided a different tput command:
o SVr2 provided a rudimentary tput which checked the parameter against each predefined
capability and returned the corresponding value. This version of tput did not use
tparm(3X) for the capabilities which are parameterized.
o SVr3 replaced that, a year later, by a more extensive program whose init and reset
subcommands (more than half the program) were incorporated from the reset feature of
BSD tset written by Eric Allman.
o SVr4 added color initialization using the orig_colors and orig_pairs capabilities in
the init subcommand.
Keith Bostic replaced the BSD tput command in 1989 with a new implementation based on the
AT&T System V program tput. Like the AT&T program, Bostic's version accepted some parame-
ters named for terminfo capabilities (clear, init, longname and reset). However (because
he had only termcap available), it accepted termcap names for other capabilities. Also,
Bostic's BSD tput did not modify the terminal I/O modes as the earlier BSD tset had done.
At the same time, Bostic added a shell script named "clear", which used tput to clear the
screen.
Both of these appeared in 4.4BSD, becoming the "modern" BSD implementation of tput.
This implementation of tput began from a different source than AT&T or BSD: Ross Ridge's
mytinfo package, published on comp.sources.unix in December 1992. Ridge's program made
more sophisticated use of the terminal capabilities than the BSD program. Eric Raymond
used that tput program (and other parts of mytinfo) in ncurses in June 1995. Using the
portions dealing with terminal capabilities almost without change, Raymond made improve-
ments to the way the command-line parameters were handled.
PORTABILITY
This implementation of tput differs from AT&T tput in two important areas:
o tput capname writes to the standard output. That need not be a regular terminal.
However, the subcommands which manipulate terminal modes may not use the standard out-
put.
The AT&T implementation's init and reset commands use the BSD (4.1c) tset source,
which manipulates terminal modes. It successively tries standard output, standard er-
ror, standard input before falling back to "/dev/tty" and finally just assumes a
1200Bd terminal. When updating terminal modes, it ignores errors.
Until changes made after ncurses 6.0, tput did not modify terminal modes. tput now
uses a similar scheme, using functions shared with tset (and ultimately based on the
4.4BSD tset). If it is not able to open a terminal, e.g., when running in cron, tput
will return an error.
o AT&T tput guesses the type of its capname operands by seeing if all of the characters
are numeric, or not.
Most implementations which provide support for capname operands use the tparm function
to expand parameters in it. That function expects a mixture of numeric and string pa-
rameters, requiring tput to know which type to use.
This implementation uses a table to determine the parameter types for the standard
capname operands, and an internal library function to analyze nonstandard capname op-
erands.
Besides providing more reliable operation than AT&T's utility, a portability problem
is introduced by this analysis: An OpenBSD developer adapted the internal library
function from ncurses to port NetBSD's termcap-based tput to terminfo. That had been
modified to interpret multiple commands on a line. Portable applications should not
rely upon this feature; ncurses provides it to support applications written specifi-
cally for OpenBSD.
This implementation (unlike others) can accept both termcap and terminfo names for the
capname feature, if termcap support is compiled in. However, the predefined termcap and
terminfo names have two ambiguities in this case (and the terminfo name is assumed):
o The termcap name dl corresponds to the terminfo name dl1 (delete one line).
The terminfo name dl corresponds to the termcap name DL (delete a given number of
lines).
o The termcap name ed corresponds to the terminfo name rmdc (end delete mode).
The terminfo name ed corresponds to the termcap name cd (clear to end of screen).
The longname and -S options, and the parameter-substitution features used in the cup exam-
ple, were not supported in BSD curses before 4.3reno (1989) or in AT&T/USL curses before
SVr4 (1988).
IEEE Std 1003.1/The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7 (POSIX.1-2008) documents only
the operands for clear, init and reset. There are a few interesting observations to make
regarding that:
o In this implementation, clear is part of the capname support. The others (init and
longname) do not correspond to terminal capabilities.
o Other implementations of tput on SVr4-based systems such as Solaris, IRIX64 and HPUX
as well as others such as AIX and Tru64 provide support for capname operands.
o A few platforms such as FreeBSD recognize termcap names rather than terminfo capabil-
ity names in their respective tput commands. Since 2010, NetBSD's tput uses terminfo
names. Before that, it (like FreeBSD) recognized termcap names.
Beginning in 2021, FreeBSD uses the ncurses tput, configured for both terminfo (tested
first) and termcap (as a fallback).
Because (apparently) all of the certified Unix systems support the full set of capability
names, the reasoning for documenting only a few may not be apparent.
o X/Open Curses Issue 7 documents tput differently, with capname and the other features
used in this implementation.
o That is, there are two standards for tput: POSIX (a subset) and X/Open Curses (the
full implementation). POSIX documents a subset to avoid the complication of including
X/Open Curses and the terminal capabilities database.
o While it is certainly possible to write a tput program without using curses, none of
the systems which have a curses implementation provide a tput utility which does not
provide the capname feature.
X/Open Curses Issue 7 (2009) is the first version to document utilities. However that
part of X/Open Curses does not follow existing practice (i.e., Unix features documented in
SVID 3):
o It assigns exit code 4 to "invalid operand", which may be the same as unknown capabil-
ity. For instance, the source code for Solaris' xcurses uses the term "invalid" in
this case.
o It assigns exit code 255 to a numeric variable that is not specified in the terminfo
database. That likely is a documentation error, confusing the -1 written to the stan-
dard output for an absent or cancelled numeric value versus an (unsigned) exit code.
The various Unix systems (AIX, HPUX, Solaris) use the same exit-codes as ncurses.
NetBSD curses documents different exit codes which do not correspond to either ncurses or
X/Open.
SEE ALSO
clear(1), stty(1), tabs(1), tset(1), termcap(3NCURSES), terminfo(5).
This describes ncurses version 6.3 (patch 20211021).
tput(1)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2025-11-08 02:09 @216.73.216.119 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)