On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2024-12-12 09:53 @3.15.225.134 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)
Mail::Message(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation Mail::Message(3pm)
NAME
Mail::Message - general message object
INHERITANCE
Mail::Message has extra code in
Mail::Message::Construct
Mail::Message::Construct::Bounce
Mail::Message::Construct::Build
Mail::Message::Construct::Forward
Mail::Message::Construct::Read
Mail::Message::Construct::Rebuild
Mail::Message::Construct::Reply
Mail::Message::Construct::Text
Mail::Message
is a Mail::Reporter
Mail::Message is extended by
Mail::Box::Message
Mail::Message::Dummy
Mail::Message::Part
Mail::Message::Replace::MailInternet
SYNOPSIS
use Mail::Box::Manager;
my $mgr = Mail::Box::Manager->new;
my $folder = $mgr->open(folder => 'InBox');
my $msg = $folder->message(2); # $msg is a Mail::Message now
my $subject = $msg->subject; # The message's subject
my @cc = $msg->cc; # List of Mail::Address'es
my Mail::Message::Head $head = $msg->head;
my Mail::Message::Body $body = $msg->decoded;
$msg->decoded->print($outfile);
# Send a simple email
Mail::Message->build
( To => 'you AT example.com'
, From => 'me AT example.com'
, Subject => "My subject"
, data => "Some plain text content"
)->send(via => 'postfix');
my $reply_msg = Mail::Message->reply(...);
my $frwd_msg = Mail::Message->forward(...);
DESCRIPTION
A "Mail::Message" object is a container for MIME-encoded message information, as defined
by RFC2822. Everything what is not specificaly related to storing the messages in
mailboxes (folders) is implemented in this class. Methods which are related to folders is
implemented in the Mail::Box::Message extension.
The main methods are get(), to get information from a message header field, and decoded()
to get the intended content of a message. But there are many more which can assist your
program.
Complex message handling, like construction of replies and forwards, are implemented in
separate packages which are autoloaded into this class. This means you can simply use
these methods as if they are part of this class. Those package add functionality to all
kinds of message objects.
Extends "DESCRIPTION" in Mail::Reporter.
METHODS
Extends "METHODS" in Mail::Reporter.
Constructors
Extends "Constructors" in Mail::Reporter.
$obj->clone(%options)
Create a copy of this message. Returned is a "Mail::Message" object. The head and
body, the log and trace levels are taken. Labels are copied with the message, but the
delete and modified flags are not.
BE WARNED: the clone of any kind of message (or a message part) will always be a
"Mail::Message" object. For example, a Mail::Box::Message's clone is detached from
the folder of its original. When you use Mail::Box::addMessage() with the cloned
message at hand, then the clone will automatically be coerced into the right message
type to be added.
See also Mail::Box::Message::copyTo() and Mail::Box::Message::moveTo().
-Option --Default
shallow <false>
shallow_body <false>
shallow_head <false>
shallow => BOOLEAN
When a shallow clone is made, the header and body of the message will not be cloned,
but shared. This is quite dangerous: for instance in some folder types, the header
fields are used to store folder flags. When one of both shallow clones change the
flags, that will update the header and thereby be visible in both.
There are situations where a shallow clone can be used safely. For instance, when
Mail::Box::Message::moveTo() is used and you are sure that the original message
cannot get undeleted after the move.
shallow_body => BOOLEAN
A rather safe bet, because you are not allowed to modify the body of a message: you
may only set a new body with body().
shallow_head => BOOLEAN
Only the head uses is reused, not the body. This is probably a bad choice, because
the header fields can be updated, for instance when labels change.
example:
$copy = $msg->clone;
Mail::Message->new(%options)
-Option --Defined in --Default
body undef
body_type Mail::Message::Body::Lines
deleted <false>
field_type undef
head undef
head_type Mail::Message::Head::Complete
labels {}
log Mail::Reporter 'WARNINGS'
messageId undef
modified <false>
trace Mail::Reporter 'WARNINGS'
trusted <false>
body => OBJECT
Instantiate the message with a body which has been created somewhere before the
message is constructed. The OBJECT must be a sub-class of Mail::Message::Body. See
also body() and storeBody().
body_type => CLASS
Default type of body to be created for readBody().
deleted => BOOLEAN
Is the file deleted from the start?
field_type => CLASS
head => OBJECT
Instantiate the message with a head which has been created somewhere before the
message is constructed. The OBJECT must be a (sub-)class of Mail::Message::Head.
See also head().
head_type => CLASS
Default type of head to be created for readHead().
labels => ARRAY|HASH
Initial values of the labels. In case of Mail::Box::Message's, this shall reflect
the state the message is in. For newly constructed Mail::Message's, this may be
anything you want, because coerce() will take care of the folder specifics once the
message is added to one.
log => LEVEL
messageId => STRING
The id on which this message can be recognized. If none specified and not defined
in the header --but one is needed-- there will be one assigned to the message to be
able to pass unique message-ids between objects.
modified => BOOLEAN
Flags this message as being modified from the beginning on. Usually, modification
is auto-detected, but there may be reasons to be extra explicit.
trace => LEVEL
trusted => BOOLEAN
Is this message from a trusted source? If not, the content must be checked before
use. This checking will be performed when the body data is decoded or used for
transmission.
Constructing a message
$obj->bounce( [<$rg_object|%options>] )
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Bounce
Mail::Message->build( [$message|$part|$body], $content )
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Build
Mail::Message->buildFromBody($body, [$head], $headers)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Build
$obj->forward(%options)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Forward
$obj->forwardAttach(%options)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Forward
$obj->forwardEncapsulate(%options)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Forward
$obj->forwardInline(%options)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Forward
$obj->forwardNo(%options)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Forward
$obj->forwardPostlude()
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Forward
$obj->forwardPrelude()
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Forward
$obj->forwardSubject(STRING)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Forward
Mail::Message->read($fh|STRING|SCALAR|ARRAY, %options)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Read
$obj->rebuild(%options)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Rebuild
$obj->reply(%options)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Reply
$obj->replyPrelude( [STRING|$field|$address|ARRAY-$of-$things] )
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Reply
$obj->replySubject(STRING)
Mail::Message->replySubject(STRING)
Inherited, see "Constructing a message" in Mail::Message::Construct::Reply
The message
$obj->container()
If the message is a part of another message, "container" returns the reference to the
containing body.
example:
my Mail::Message $msg = ...
return unless $msg->body->isMultipart;
my $part = $msg->body->part(2);
return unless $part->body->isMultipart;
my $nested = $part->body->part(3);
$nested->container; # returns $msg->body
$nested->toplevel; # returns $msg
$msg->container; # returns undef
$msg->toplevel; # returns $msg
$msg->isPart; # returns false
$part->isPart; # returns true
$obj->isDummy()
Dummy messages are used to fill holes in linked-list and such, where only a message-id
is known, but not the place of the header of body data.
This method is also available for Mail::Message::Dummy objects, where this will return
"true". On any extension of "Mail::Message", this will return "false".
$obj->isPart()
Returns true if the message is a part of another message. This is the case for
Mail::Message::Part extensions of "Mail::Message".
$obj->messageId()
Retrieve the message's id. Every message has a unique message-id. This id is used
mainly for recognizing discussion threads.
$obj->partNumber()
Returns a string representing the location of this part. In case the top message is a
single message, 'undef' is returned. When it is a multipart, '1' up to the number of
multiparts is returned. A multi-level nested part may for instance return '2.5.1'.
Usually, this string is very short. Numbering follows the IMAP4 design, see RFC2060
section 6.4.5.
$obj->print( [$fh] )
Print the message to the FILE-HANDLE, which defaults to the selected filehandle,
without the encapsulation sometimes required by a folder type, like write() does.
example:
$message->print(\*STDERR); # to the error output
$message->print; # to the selected file
my $out = IO::File->new('out', 'w');
$message->print($out); # no encapsulation: no folder
$message->write($out); # with encapsulation: is folder.
$obj->send( [$mailer], %options )
Transmit the message to anything outside this Perl program. Returns false when
sending failed even after retries.
The optional $mailer is a Mail::Transport::Send object. When the $mailer is not
specified, one will be created and kept as default for the next messages as well.
The %options are mailer specific, and a mixture of what is usable for the creation of
the mailer object and the sending itself. Therefore, see for possible options
Mail::Transport::Send::new() and Mail::Transport::Send::send(). That object also
provides a "trySend()" method which gives more low-level control.
example:
$message->send;
is short (but little less flexibile) for
my $mailer = Mail::Transport::SMTP->new(@smtpopts);
$mailer->send($message, @sendopts);
See examples/send.pl in the distribution of Mail::Box.
example:
$message->send(via => 'sendmail')
$obj->size()
Returns an estimated size of the whole message in bytes. In many occasions, the
functions which process the message further, for instance send() or print() will need
to add/change header lines or add CR characters, so the size is only an estimate with
a few percent margin of the real result.
The computation assumes that each line ending is represented by one character (like
UNIX, MacOS, and sometimes Cygwin), and not two characters (like Windows and sometimes
Cygwin). If you write the message to file on a system which uses CR and LF to end a
single line (all Windows versions), the result in that file will be at least nrLines()
larger than this method returns.
$obj->toplevel()
Returns a reference to the main message, which will be the current message if the
message is not part of another message.
$obj->write( [$fh] )
Write the message to the FILE-HANDLE, which defaults to the selected $fh, with all
surrounding information which is needed to put it correctly in a folder file.
In most cases, the result of "write" will be the same as with print(). The main
exception is for Mbox folder messages, which will get printed with their leading 'From
' line and a trailing blank. Each line of their body which starts with 'From ' will
have an '>' added in front.
The header
$obj->bcc()
Returns the addresses which are specified on the "Bcc" header line (or lines) A list
of Mail::Address objects is returned. "Bcc" stands for Blind Carbon Copy:
destinations of the message which are not listed in the messages actually sent. So,
this field will be empty for received messages, but may be present in messages you
construct yourself.
$obj->cc()
Returns the addresses which are specified on the "Cc" header line (or lines) A list of
Mail::Address objects is returned. "Cc" stands for Carbon Copy; the people addressed
on this line receive the message informational, and are usually not expected to reply
on its content.
$obj->date()
Method has been removed for reasons of consistency. Use timestamp() or
"$msg->head->get('Date')".
$obj->destinations()
Returns a list of Mail::Address objects which contains the combined info of active
"To", "Cc", and "Bcc" addresses. Double addresses are removed if detectable.
$obj->from()
Returns the addresses from the senders. It is possible to have more than one address
specified in the "From" field of the message, according to the specification.
Therefore a list of Mail::Address objects is returned, which usually has length 1.
If you need only one address from a sender, for instance to create a "original message
by" line in constructed forwarded message body, then use sender().
example: using from() to get all sender addresses
my @from = $message->from;
$obj->get($fieldname)
Returns the value which is stored in the header field with the specified name. The
$fieldname is case insensitive. The unfolded body of the field is returned, stripped
from any attributes. See Mail::Message::Field::body().
If the field has multiple appearances in the header, only the last instance is
returned. If you need more complex handing of fields, then call
Mail::Message::Head::get() yourself. See study() when you want to be smart, doing the
better (but slower) job.
example: the get() short-cut for header fields
print $msg->get('Content-Type'), "\n";
Is equivalent to:
print $msg->head->get('Content-Type')->body, "\n";
$obj->guessTimestamp()
Return an estimate on the time this message was sent. The data is derived from the
header, where it can be derived from the "date" and "received" lines. For MBox-like
folders you may get the date from the from-line as well.
This method may return "undef" if the header is not parsed or only partially known.
If you require a time, then use the timestamp() method, described below.
example: using guessTimestamp() to get a transmission date
print "Receipt ", ($message->timestamp || 'unknown'), "\n";
$obj->head( [$head] )
Return (optionally after setting) the $head of this message. The head must be an
(sub-)class of Mail::Message::Head. When the head is added, status information is
taken from it and transformed into labels. More labels can be added by the LABELS
hash. They are added later.
example:
my $header = Mail::Message::Head->new;
$msg->head($header); # set
my $head = $msg->head; # get
$obj->nrLines()
Returns the number of lines used for the whole message.
$obj->sender()
Returns exactly one address, which is the originator of this message. The returned
Mail::Address object is taken from the "Sender" header field, unless that field does
not exists, in which case the first address from the "From" field is taken. If none
of both provide an address, "undef" is returned.
example: using sender() to get exactly one sender address
my $sender = $message->sender;
print "Reply to: ", $sender->format, "\n" if defined $sender;
$obj->study($fieldname)
Study the content of a field, like get() does, with as main difference that a
Mail::Message::Field::Full object is returned. These objects stringify to an utf8
decoded representation of the data contained in the field, where get() does not
decode. When the field does not exist, then "undef" is returned. See
Mail::Message::Field::study().
example: the study() short-cut for header fields
print $msg->study('to'), "\n";
Is equivalent to:
print $msg->head->study('to'), "\n"; # and
print $msg->head->get('to')->study, "\n";
or better:
if(my $to = $msg->study('to')) { print "$to\n" }
if(my $to = $msg->get('to')) { print $to->study, "\n" }
$obj->subject()
Returns the message's subject, or the empty string. The subject may have encoded
characters in it; use study() to get rit of that.
example: using subject() to get the message's subject
print $msg->subject;
print $msg->study('subject');
$obj->timestamp()
Get a good timestamp for the message, doesn't matter how much work it is. The value
returned is compatible with the platform dependent result of function time().
In these days, the timestamp as supplied by the message (in the "Date" field) is not
trustable at all: many spammers produce illegal or unreal dates to influence their
location in the displayed folder.
To start, the received headers are tried for a date (see
Mail::Message::Head::Complete::recvstamp()) and only then the "Date" field. In very
rare cases, only with some locally produced messages, no stamp can be found.
$obj->to()
Returns the addresses which are specified on the "To" header line (or lines). A list
of Mail::Address objects is returned. The people addressed here are the targets of
the content, and should read it contents carefully.
example: using to() to get all primar destination addresses
my @to = $message->to;
The body
$obj->body( [$body] )
Return the body of this message. BE WARNED that this returns you an object which may
be encoded: use decoded() to get a body with usable data.
With options, a new $body is set for this message. This is not for normal use unless
you understand the consequences: you change the message content without changing the
message-ID. The right way to go is via
$message = Mail::Message->buildFromBody($body); # or
$message = Mail::Message->build($body); # or
$message = $origmsg->forward(body => $body);
The $body must be an (sub-)class of Mail::Message::Body. In this case, information
from the specified body will be copied into the header. The body object will be
encoded if needed, because messages written to file or transmitted shall not contain
binary data. The converted body is returned.
When $body is "undef", the current message body will be dissected from the message.
All relation will be cut. The body is returned, and can be connected to a different
message.
example:
my $body = $msg->body;
my @encoded = $msg->body->lines;
my $new = Mail::Message::Body->new(mime_type => 'text/html');
my $converted = $msg->body($new);
$obj->contentType()
Returns the content type header line, or "text/plain" if it is not defined. The
parameters will be stripped off.
$obj->decoded(%options)
Decodes the body of this message, and returns it as a body object. Short for
"$msg->body->decoded" All %options are passed-on.
$obj->encode(%options)
Encode the message to a certain format. Read the details in the dedicated manual page
Mail::Message::Body::Encode. The %options which can be specified here are those of
the Mail::Message::Body::encode() method.
$obj->isMultipart()
Check whether this message is a multipart message (has attachments). To find this
out, we need at least the header of the message; there is no need to read the body of
the message to detect this.
$obj->isNested()
Returns "true" for "message/rfc822" messages and message parts.
$obj->parts( [<'ALL'|'ACTIVE'|'DELETED'|'RECURSE'|$filter>] )
Returns the parts of this message. Maybe a bit inconvenient: it returns the message
itself when it is not a multipart.
Usually, the term part is used with multipart messages: messages which are
encapsulated in the body of a message. To abstract this concept: this method will
return you all header-body combinations which are stored within this message except
the multipart and message/rfc822 wrappers. Objects returned are "Mail::Message"'s and
Mail::Message::Part's.
The option default to 'ALL', which will return the message itself for single-parts,
the nested content of a message/rfc822 object, respectively the parts of a multipart
without recursion. In case of 'RECURSE', the parts of multiparts will be collected
recursively. This option cannot be combined with the other options, which you may
want: it that case you have to test yourself.
'ACTIVE' and 'DELETED' check for the deleted flag on messages and message parts. The
$filter is a code reference, which is called for each part of the message; each part
as "RECURSE" would return.
example:
my @parts = $msg->parts; # $msg not multipart: returns ($msg)
my $parts = $msg->parts('ACTIVE'); # returns ($msg)
$msg->delete;
my @parts = $msg->parts; # returns ($msg)
my $parts = $msg->parts('ACTIVE'); # returns ()
Flags
$obj->delete()
Flag the message to be deleted, which is a shortcut for
$msg->label(deleted => time); The real deletion only takes place on a synchronization
of the folder. See deleted() as well.
The time stamp of the moment of deletion is stored as value, but that is not always
preserved in the folder (depends on the implementation). When the same message is
deleted more than once, the first time stamp will stay.
example:
$message->delete;
$message->deleted(1); # exactly the same
$message->label(deleted => 1);
delete $message;
$obj->deleted( [BOOLEAN] )
Set the delete flag for this message. Without argument, the method returns the same
as isDeleted(), which is preferred. When a true value is given, delete() is called.
example:
$message->deleted(1); # delete
$message->delete; # delete (preferred)
$message->deleted(0); # undelete
if($message->deleted) {...} # check
if($message->isDeleted) {...} # check (preferred)
$obj->isDeleted()
Short-cut for
$msg->label('deleted')
For some folder types, you will get the time of deletion in return. This depends on
the implementation.
example:
next if $message->isDeleted;
if(my $when = $message->isDeleted) {
print scalar localtime $when;
}
$obj->isModified()
Returns whether this message is flagged as being modified. Modifications are changes
in header lines, when a new body is set to the message (dangerous), or when labels
change.
$obj->label($label|PAIRS)
Return the value of the $label, optionally after setting some values. In case of
setting values, you specify key-value PAIRS.
Labels are used to store knowledge about handling of the message within the folder.
Flags about whether a message was read, replied to, or scheduled for deletion.
Some labels are taken from the header's "Status" and "X-Status" lines. Folder types
like MH define a separate label file, and Maildir adds letters to the message
filename. But the MailBox labels are always the same.
example:
print $message->label('seen');
if($message->label('seen')) {...};
$message->label(seen => 1);
$message->label(deleted => 1); # same as $message->delete
$obj->labels()
Returns all known labels. In SCALAR context, it returns the knowledge as reference to
a hash. This is a reference to the original data, but you shall *not* change that
data directly: call "label" for changes!
In LIST context, you get a list of names which are defined. Be warned that they will
not all evaluate to true, although most of them will.
$obj->labelsToStatus()
When the labels were changed, that may effect the "Status" and/or "X-Status" header
lines of mbox messages. Read about the relation between these fields and the labels
in the DETAILS chapter.
The method will carefully only affect the result of modified() when there is a real
change of flags, so not for each call to label().
$obj->modified( [BOOLEAN] )
Returns (optionally after setting) whether this message is flagged as being modified.
See isModified().
$obj->statusToLabels()
Update the labels according the status lines in the header. See the description in
the DETAILS chapter.
The whole message as text
$obj->file()
Inherited, see "The whole message as text" in Mail::Message::Construct::Text
$obj->lines()
Inherited, see "The whole message as text" in Mail::Message::Construct::Text
$obj->printStructure( [$fh|undef],[$indent] )
Inherited, see "The whole message as text" in Mail::Message::Construct::Text
$obj->string()
Inherited, see "The whole message as text" in Mail::Message::Construct::Text
Internals
$obj->clonedFrom()
Returns the $message which is the source of this message, which was created by a
clone() operation.
Mail::Message->coerce($message, %options)
Coerce a $message into a Mail::Message. In some occasions, for instance where you add
a message to a folder, this coercion is automatically called to ensure that the
correct message type is stored.
The coerced message is returned on success, otherwise "undef". The coerced message
may be a reblessed version of the original message or a new object. In case the
message has to be specialized, for instance from a general Mail::Message into a
Mail::Box::Mbox::Message, no copy is needed. However, to coerce a Mail::Internet
object into a Mail::Message, a lot of copying and converting will take place.
Valid MESSAGEs which can be coerced into Mail::Message objects are of type
o Any type of Mail::Box::Message
o MIME::Entity objects, using Mail::Message::Convert::MimeEntity
o Mail::Internet objects, using Mail::Message::Convert::MailInternet
o Email::Simple objects, using Mail::Message::Convert::EmailSimple
o Email::Abstract objects
Mail::Message::Part's, which are extensions of "Mail::Message"'s, can also be coerced
directly from a Mail::Message::Body.
example:
my $folder = Mail::Box::Mbox->new;
my $message = Mail::Message->build(...);
my $coerced = Mail::Box::Mbox::Message->coerce($message);
$folder->addMessage($coerced);
Simpler replacement for the previous two lines:
my $coerced = $folder->addMessage($message);
$obj->isDelayed()
Check whether the message is delayed (not yet read from file). Returns true or false,
dependent on the body type.
$obj->readBody( $parser, $head, [$bodytype] )
Read a body of a message. The $parser is the access to the folder's file, and the
$head is already read. Information from the $head is used to create expectations
about the message's length, but also to determine the mime-type and encodings of the
body data.
The $bodytype determines which kind of body will be made and defaults to the value
specified by new(body_type). $bodytype may be the name of a body class, or a
reference to a routine which returns the body's class when passed the $head as only
argument.
$obj->readFromParser( $parser, [$bodytype] )
Read one message from file. The $parser is opened on the file. First readHead() is
called, and the head is stored in the message. Then readBody() is called, to produce
a body. Also the body is added to the message without decodings being done.
The optional $bodytype may be a body class or a reference to a code which returns a
body-class based on the header.
$obj->readHead( $parser, [$class] )
Read a head into an object of the specified $class. The $class defaults to
new(head_type). The $parser is the access to the folder's file.
$obj->recursiveRebuildPart($part, %options)
Inherited, see "Internals" in Mail::Message::Construct::Rebuild
$obj->storeBody($body)
Where the body() method can be used to set and get a body, with all the necessary
checks, this method is bluntly adding the specified body to the message. No
conversions, not checking.
$obj->takeMessageId( [STRING] )
Take the message-id from the STRING, or create one when the "undef" is specified. If
not STRING nor "undef" is given, the current header of the message is requested for
the value of the 'Message-ID' field.
Angles (if present) are removed from the id.
Error handling
Extends "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter.
$obj->AUTOLOAD()
Inherited, see "METHODS" in Mail::Message::Construct
$obj->addReport($object)
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->defaultTrace( [$level]|[$loglevel, $tracelevel]|[$level, $callback] )
Mail::Message->defaultTrace( [$level]|[$loglevel, $tracelevel]|[$level, $callback] )
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->errors()
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->log( [$level, [$strings]] )
Mail::Message->log( [$level, [$strings]] )
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->logPriority($level)
Mail::Message->logPriority($level)
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->logSettings()
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->notImplemented()
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->report( [$level] )
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->reportAll( [$level] )
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->shortSize( [$value] )
Mail::Message->shortSize( [$value] )
Represent an integer $value representing the size of file or memory, (which can be
large) into a short string using M and K (Megabytes and Kilobytes). Without $value,
the size of the message head is used.
$obj->shortString()
Convert the message header to a short string (without trailing newline), representing
the most important facts (for debugging purposes only). For now, it only reports size
and subject.
$obj->trace( [$level] )
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->warnings()
Inherited, see "Error handling" in Mail::Reporter
Cleanup
Extends "Cleanup" in Mail::Reporter.
$obj->DESTROY()
Inherited, see "Cleanup" in Mail::Reporter
$obj->destruct()
Remove the information contained in the message object. This will be ignored when
more than one reference to the same message object exists, because the method has the
same effect as assigning "undef" to the variable which contains the reference. Normal
garbage collection will call "DESTROY()" when possible.
This method is only provided to hide differences with messages which are located in
folders: their Mail::Box::Message::destruct() works quite differently.
example: of Mail::Message destruct
my $msg = Mail::Message->read;
$msg->destruct;
$msg = undef; # same
DETAILS
Structure of a Message
A MIME-compliant message is build upon two parts: the header and the body.
The header
The header is a list of fields, some spanning more than one line (folded) each telling
something about the message. Information stored in here are for instance the sender of the
message, the receivers of the message, when it was transported, how it was transported,
etc. Headers can grow quite large.
In MailBox, each message object manages exactly one header object (a Mail::Message::Head)
and one body object (a Mail::Message::Body). The header contains a list of header fields,
which are represented by Mail::Message::Field objects.
The body
The body contains the "payload": the data to be transferred. The data can be encoded,
only accessible with a specific application, and may use some weird character-set, like
Vietnamese; the MailBox distribution tries to assist you with handling these e-mails
without the need to know all the details. This additional information ("meta-
information") about the body data is stored in the header. The header contains more
information, for instance about the message transport and relations to other messages.
Message object implementation
The general idea about the structure of a message is
Mail::Message
| |
| `-has-one--Mail::Message::Body
|
`----has-one--Mail::Message::Head
|
`-has-many--Mail::Message::Field
However: there are about 7 kinds of body objects, 3 kinds of headers and 3 kinds of
fields. You will usually not see too much of these kinds, because they are merely created
for performance reasons and can be used all the same, with the exception of the multipart
bodies.
A multipart body is either a Mail::Message::Body::Multipart (mime type "multipart/*") or a
Mail::Message::Body::Nested (mime type "message/rfc822"). These bodies are more complex:
Mail::Message::Body::Multipart
|
`-has-many--Mail::Message::Part
| |
| `-has-one--Mail::Message::Body
|
`----has-one--Mail::Message::Head
Before you try to reconstruct multiparts or nested messages yourself, you can better take
a look at Mail::Message::Construct::Rebuild.
Message class implementation
The class structure of messages is very close to that of folders. For instance, a
Mail::Box::File::Message relates to a Mail::Box::File folder.
As extra level of inheritance, it has a Mail::Message, which is a message without
location. And there is a special case of message: Mail::Message::Part is a message
encapsulated in a multipart body.
The message types are:
Mail::Box::Mbox::Message Mail::Box::POP3::Message
| Mail::Box::Dbx::Message Mail::Box::IMAP4::Message |
| | | |
Mail::Box::File::Message Mail::Box::Net::Message
| |
| Mail::Box::Maildir::Message |
| | Mail::Box::MH::Message |
| | | |
| Mail::Box::Dir::Message |
| | |
`------------. | .-----------------'
| | |
Mail::Box::Message Mail::Message::Part
| |
| .-------------'
| |
Mail::Message
|
|
Mail::Reporter (general base class)
By far most folder features are implemented in Mail::Box, so available to all folder
types. Sometimes, features which appear in only some of the folder types are simulated
for folders that miss them, like sub-folder support for MBOX.
Two strange other message types are defined: the Mail::Message::Dummy, which fills holes
in Mail::Box::Thread::Node lists, and a Mail::Box::Message::Destructed, this is an on
purpose demolished message to reduce memory consumption.
Labels
Labels (also named "Flags") are used to indicate some special condition on the message,
primary targeted on organizational issues: which messages are already read or should be
deleted. There is a very strong user relation to labels.
The main complication is that each folder type has its own way of storing labels. To give
an indication: MBOX folders use "Status" and "X-Status" header fields, MH uses a
".mh-sequences" file, MAILDIR encodes the flags in the message's filename, and IMAP has
flags as part of the protocol.
Besides, some folder types can store labels with user defined names, where other lack that
feature. Some folders have case-insensitive labels, other don't. Read all about the
specifics in the manual page of the message type you actually have.
Predefined labels
To standardize the folder types, MailBox has defined the following labels, which can be
used with the label() and labels() methods on all kinds of messages:
o deleted
This message is flagged to be deleted once the folder closes. Be very careful about
the concept of 'delete' in a folder context : it is only a flag, and does not involve
immediate action! This means, for instance, that the memory which is used by Perl to
store the message is not released immediately (see destruct() if you need to).
The methods delete(), deleted(), and isDeleted() are only short-cuts for managing the
"delete" label (as of MailBox 2.052).
o draft
The user has prepared this message, but is has not been send (yet). This flag is not
automatically added to a message by MailBox, and has only a meaning in user
applications.
o flagged
Messages can be flagged for some purpose, for instance as result of a search for spam
in a folder. The Mail::Box::messages() method can be used to collect all these
flagged messages from the folder.
Probably it is more useful to use an understandable name (like "spam") for these
selections, however these self-defined labels can not stored in all folder types.
o old
The message was already in the folder when it was opened the last time, so was not
recently added to the folder. This flag will never automatically be set by MailBox,
because it would probably conflict with the user's idea of what is old.
o passed
Not often used or kept, this flag indicates that the message was bounced or forwarded
to someone else.
o replied
The user (or application) has sent a message back to the sender of the message, as
response of this one. This flag is automatically set if you use reply(), but not with
forward() or bounce().
o seen
When this flag is set, the receiver of the message has consumed the message. A mail
user agent (MUA) will set this flag when the user has opened the message once.
Status and X-Status fields
Mbox folders have no special means of storing information about messages (except the
message separator line), and therefore have to revert to adding fields to the message
header when something special comes up. This feature is also enabled for POP3, although
whether that works depends on the POP server.
All applications which can handle mbox folders support the "Status" and "X-Status" field
convensions. The following encoding is used:
Flag Field Label
R Status => seen (Read)
O Status => old (not recent)
A X-Status => replied (Answered)
F X-Status => flagged
There is no special flag for "deleted", which most other folders support: messages flagged
to be deleted will never be written to a folder file when it is closed.
DIAGNOSTICS
Error: Cannot coerce a $class object into a $class object
Error: Cannot include forward source as $include.
Unknown alternative for the forward(include). Valid choices are "NO", "INLINE",
"ATTACH", and "ENCAPSULATE".
Error: Cannot include reply source as $include.
Unknown alternative for the "include" option of reply(). Valid choices are "NO",
"INLINE", and "ATTACH".
Error: Method bounce requires To, Cc, or Bcc
The message bounce() method forwards a received message off to someone else without
modification; you must specified it's new destination. If you have the urge not to
specify any destination, you probably are looking for reply(). When you wish to modify
the content, use forward().
Error: Method forwardAttach requires a preamble
Error: Method forwardEncapsulate requires a preamble
Error: No address to create forwarded to.
If a forward message is created, a destination address must be specified.
Error: No default mailer found to send message.
The message send() mechanism had not enough information to automatically find a mail
transfer agent to sent this message. Specify a mailer explicitly using the "via"
options.
Error: No rebuild rule $name defined.
Error: Only build() Mail::Message's; they are not in a folder yet
You may wish to construct a message to be stored in a some kind of folder, but you
need to do that in two steps. First, create a normal Mail::Message, and then add it
to the folder. During this Mail::Box::addMessage() process, the message will get
coerce()-d into the right message type, adding storage information and the like.
Error: Package $package does not implement $method.
Fatal error: the specific package (or one of its superclasses) does not implement this
method where it should. This message means that some other related classes do
implement this method however the class at hand does not. Probably you should
investigate this and probably inform the author of the package.
Error: coercion starts with some object
SEE ALSO
This module is part of Mail-Message distribution version 3.012, built on February 11,
2022. Website: http://perl.overmeer.net/CPAN/
LICENSE
Copyrights 2001-2022 by [Mark Overmeer <markov AT cpan.org>]. For other contributors see
ChangeLog.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself. See http://dev.perl.org/licenses/
perl v5.34.0 2022-02-14 Mail::Message(3pm)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache
Under GNU General Public License
2024-12-12 09:53 @3.15.225.134 CrawledBy Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)